Kokain
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Kokain
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| Ngaran sistimatik (IUPAC) | |
| métil (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3- (bénzoiloksi)-8-métil-8-azabisiklo[3.2.1] oktana-2-karboksilat | |
| Identifiers | |
| Nomer CAS | |
| Sandi ATC | N01 R02, S01, S02 |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| Data kimia | |
| Rumus | C17H21NO4 |
| Mass. mol. | 303.353 g/mol |
| SMILES | & |
| Synonyms | métilbénzoilékgonin, bénzoilmétilékgonin |
| Data fisika | |
| Titik lééh | 195 °C (383 °F) |
| Kelarutan dina Cai | 1800 mg/mL (20 °C) |
| Data farmakokinetik | |
| Bioavailabilitas | Oral: 33%[1] Insufflated: 60[2]–80%[3] Nasal Spray: 25[4]–43%[1] |
| Metabolism | CYP3A4 hépatik |
| Half life | 1 jam |
| Excretion | Rénal (bénzoilékgonin jeung ékgonin métil éster) |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. |
? |
| Legal status | |
| Dependence Liability | Luhur |
| Routes | Topikal, Oral, Insuflasi, IV, PO |
Kokain (bénzoilmétilékgonin) nyaéta alkaloid tropana kristalin nu diala tina daun tangkal koka[5]. Ngaran 'kokain' dicokot tina ngaran tangkalna ditambah ahiran alkaloid -in (-ina, numutkeun aturan baku), jadi kokain. Ieu alkaloid téh stimulan sistem saraf puseur, hususna salaku inhibitor reuptake dopamin, norépinéfrin, jeung serotonin. Kusabab mangaruhan jalur reward mésolimbik, kokain jadi matak nyandu[6].
kokain tré tré bon pouir toi
Daptar eusi |
Watesan [édit]
Produksi, distribusi, jeung jual-beuli produk kokain diwates pisan (lolobana mah kaasup ilégal). Sababaraha nagara, kayaning Péru jeung Bolivia ngawenangkeun tatanén daun koka pikeun konsumsi tradisional ku masarakat pituin. Di Éropah jeung Australia, kokain olahan diwenangkeun pikeun kaperluan kadokteran.
Pamaké [édit]
Numutkeun laporan PBB taun 2007, kokain panglobana dipaké di Spanyol (3,0% ti jalma sawawa)[7]. Nagara séjén anu pamakéanana sahanteuna 1,5% nyaéta AS (2,8%), Inggris (2,4%), Kanada (2,3%), Italia (2,1%), Bolivia (1,9%), Cili (1,8%), jeung Skotlandia (1,5%)[7].
Baca ogé [édit]
Rujukan [édit]
- Cocaine (dicutat 16 Séptémber 2009)
- ↑ a b Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D (July 2000). "Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 56 (4): 305–10.
- ↑ Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R (1981). "Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans". J Ethnopharmacol 3 (2-3): 353–66.
- ↑ Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metab. Dispos. 17 (2): 153–9.
- ↑ Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R (March 1980). "Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 27 (3): 386–94.
- ↑ Aggrawal, Anil. Narcotic Drugs. National Book Trust, India (1995), p. 52-3. ISBN 81-237-1383-5.
- ↑ Fattore L, Piras G, Corda MG, Giorgi O (April 2009). "The Roman high- and low-avoidance rat lines differ in the acquisition, maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of intravenous cocaine self-administration". Neuropsychopharmacology 34 (5): 1091–101.
- ↑ a b (PDF) World Drug Report 2007, New York: United Nations, 17 Méi 2007, http://www.unodc.org/pdf/research/wdr07/WDR_2007.pdf, k. 243.
Tumbu kaluar [édit]
- Cocaine in Egyptian Mummies
- EMCDDA drugs profile: Cocaine(2007)
- Erowid -> Cocaine Information — Kumpulan data ngeunaan dosis, pangaruh, kimia, status hukum, gambar, jeung sajabana
- Slang Dictionary for Cocaine.
- Cocaine content of plants
- Cocaine - The History and the Risks at h2g2
- Cocaine Frequently Asked Questions
- Cocaine users are destroying the rainforest - at 4 square metres a gram | World news | The Guardian
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