Romanisasi aksara Jepang: Béda antarrépisi

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Révisi nurutkeun 31 Juli 2006 00.48

Tulisan Jepang

Kanji 漢字

Kana 仮名

Pamakéan

Rōmaji ローマ字

Romanisasi kecap Basa Jepang, nyaeta nuliskeun karakter nu asalna tina tulisan (kanji) Basa Cina jeung skrip suku kata (kana) kana hurup Latin, keur kaperluan nuliskeun tanda jalan, ngaran sarta dina kamus jeung teks book keur urang luar nu hayang diajar Basa Jepang.

Aya sababaraha sistem romanisasi, tilu sistim nu penting nyaeta Hepburn romanization, Kunrei-shiki (ISO 3602), jeung Nihon-shiki (ISO 3602 Strict). Variasi Hepburn nu leuwih remen dipake.

Masyarakat Jepang nu sakola dasar ti mimiti Perang Dunya Kadua diajar maca jeung nulis tulisan latin, disebutna rōmaji (ローマ字, rōmaji^?) dina Basa Jepang. Romanisasi oge ilahar dipake keur kecap Basa Jepang dina pengolah kata jeung komputer. Kusabab kitu, ngan sabagean leutik ti generasi kolot, nu bisa maca jeung nulis make, sanajan sabagean tina buku teks jeung nu diajar Basa Jepang jarang ditulis dina tulisan latin sacara lengkep. Loba kecap dina Basa Jepang mun dituliskeun kana romaji malah jadi ngabingungkeun nu maca.

Sajarah

Sistim romanisasi Basa Jepang mimiti dumasar kana ortografi Basa Portugis. Mimiti dimekarkeun kira-kira taun 1548 ku urang Jepang Katolik nyaeta Yajiro. Penerbit Yesus make sistim dina runtuyan buku Katolik keur kaperluan misionaris dina hotbah jeung pangajaran Kristen sangkan teu kudu diajar maca tulisan Basa Jepang. Pamakean buku ieu loba gunana keur diajar cara ngucapkeun Basa Jepang Modern sarta keur kaperluan romanisasi mimiti dina Nippo jisho, kamus Basa Jepang-Portugis nu ditulis dina tau 1603. Sacara ilahat, sistim Basa Portugis mimiti ampir sarua jeung Nihon-shiki dina ngagunakeun vowel. Sababaraha konsonan ditranslasi beda-beda: contona, konsonan /k/ dijieun "c", sarta konsonan /ɸ/ (ayeuna diucapkeun /h/) dijieun "f", mangka Nihon no kotoba ("Basa Jepang") diejana "Nifon no cotoba". Penerbit Yesus oge ngaluarkeun sababaraha buku sekuler di romanisasi Basa Jepang, nyaeta buku nu mimiti terbit dina Basa Jepang Klasik The Tale of the Heike, diromanisasi jadi Feiqe no monogatari, sarta koleksi Aesop's Fables (diromanisasi jadi Esopo no fabvlas). Nu kadua terus dicetak sarta dibaca sanggeus era Kristenisasi (Chibbett, 1977).

Nuturkeun pangusiran Kristen ti Jepang dian ahir taun 1590-an sarta awal taun 1600, rōmaji jadi jarang dipake sarta dipake sacara sporadis keur teks basa asing sanggeus pertengahan taun 1800-an, basa Jepang terbuka deui. Sistim nu dipake ayeuna dimekarkeun dina pertengahan abad ka-19.

Sistim nu mimiti dimekarkeun nyaeta sistim Hepburn, dimitian ku kamus James Curtis Hepburnsarta loba dipake keur kaperluan urang asing.

Dina Meiji era, sababaraha sarjana Basa Jepang ngusulkeun keur ngaleuingitkeun sistim tulisan Jepang jeung make rōmaji keur gagantina. Romanisasi Nihon shiki tumuwuh ku ayana gerakan ieu. Sababaraha teks Basa Jepang diterbitkeun dina rōmaji dina periode ieu, tapi gagal ditarima, sabab sabagian gede homophone dina Basa Jepang, nu diucapkeun sarua tapi beda dina karakter tulisan. Saterusna, mimiti abad ka-20, sababaraha sarjana mikirkeun sistim suku kata keur karakter nu asalna tina Basa Latin; tapi ieu oge henteu populer, sabab teu didasarkeun kana sajarah pamakean alpabetLatin.

Sistim Kiwari

Romanisasi nu teu-baku

Conto kecap nu ditulis dina unggal sistim romanisasi

Basa Sunda	Basa Jepang	Ngeja kana	Romanisasi
Basa Sunda	Basa Jepang	Ngeja kana	Revised Hepburn	Kunrei-shiki	Nihon-shiki
Roman characters	ローマ字	ローマじ	rōmaji	rômazi	rômazi
Gunung Fuji	富士山	ふじさん	Fujisan	Huzisan	Huzisan
teh	お茶	おちゃ	ocha	otya	otya
gubernur	知事	ちじ	chiji	tizi	tizi
surut	縮む	ちぢむ	chijimu	tizimu	tidimu
saterusna	続く	つづく	tsuzuku	tuzuku	tuduku

Chart romanisasi

Chart nembongkeun beda nu jelas dina sistim romanisasi utama.

Kana	Revised Hepburn	Kunrei-shiki	Nihon-shiki
うう	ū	û	û
おう, おお	ō	ô	ô
し	shi	si	si
しゃ	sha	sya	sya
しゅ	shu	syu	syu
しょ	sho	syo	syo
じ	ji	zi	zi
じゃ	ja	zya	zya
じゅ	ju	zyu	zyu
じょ	jo	zyo	zyo
ち	chi	ti	ti
つ	tsu	tu	tu
ちゃ	cha	tya	tya
ちゅ	chu	tyu	tyu
ちょ	cho	tyo	tyo
ぢ	ji	zi	di
づ	zu	zu	du
ぢゃ	ja	zya	dya
ぢゅ	ju	zyu	dyu
ぢょ	jo	zyo	dyo
ふ	fu	hu	hu

Huruf alpabet dina Basa Jepang

Di handap nembongkeun cuma ngeja Latin unggal karatker atawa akronim dina Basa Jepang. Contona, NHK dieja enu-eichi-kei, (エヌエイチケイ).

A; ē or ei (エー or エイ)
B; bī (ビー, cara maca sejenna bē, ベー)
C; shī (シー or シィー, kadangkala dibaca sī, スィー)
D; dī (ディー, cara maca sejenna dē, デー)
E; ī (イー)
F; efu (エフ)
G; jī (ジー)
H; eichi (エイチ)
I; ai (アイ)
J; jē or jei (ジェー or ジェイ)
K; kē or kei (ケー or ケイ)
L; eru (エル)
M; emu (エム)
N; enu (エヌ)
O; ō (オー)
P; pī (ピー, cara maca sejenna pē, ペー)
Q; kyū (キュー)
R; āru (アール)
S; esu (エス)
T; tī (ティー, cara maca sejenna chī, チー, jeung cara maca sejenna tē, テー)
U; yū (ユー)
V; vi (ヴィ, cara maca sejenna bui, ブイ)
W; daburyū (ダブリュー)
X; ekkusu (エックス)
Y; wai (ワイ)
Z; zeddo or zī (ゼッド or ズィー, cara maca sejenna jī, ジー)

Kana tanpa bentuk romaji

Rujukan

Chibbett, David (1977). The History of Japanese Printing and Book Illustration. Kodansha International Ltd. ISBN 0-87011-288-0.
Jun'ichirō Kida (紀田順一郎, Kida Jun'ichirō^?). Nihongo Daihakubutsukan (日本語大博物館, Nihongo Daihakubutsukan^?). ISBN 4883090469. (Dina Basa Jepang).

Tempo oge

Cyrillization of Japanese
Wikipedia:Manual of Style for Japan-related articles explains the Wikipedia conventions for romanization of Japanese.
Transcribing English to Japanese

Tumbu kaluar

Convert Kanji to Romaji and Hiragana
Rōmaji sōdan shitsu (in Japanese) contains an extremely extensive and accurate collection of materials relating to romaji, including standards documents and even HTML versions of Hepburn's original dictionaries.
The romaji conundrum from Andrew Horvat's Total Quality Japanese contains a discussion of the problems caused by the variety of confusing romanization systems in use in Japan today.
All free Japanese romaji dictionaries
Romaji to Kana translator
Converts Romaji to Kana, Hepburn System
Converts Romaji to Kana, Hepburn System Same link with Frames disabled

Artikel ieu keur dikeureuyeuh, ditarjamahkeun tina basa Inggris.
Bantuanna didagoan pikeun narjamahkeun.

@@ Baris ka-10: / Baris ka-10: @@
 Sistim romanisasi Basa Jepang mimiti dumasar kana [[Orthography of Portuguese|ortografi Basa Portugis]]. Mimiti dimekarkeun kira-kira taun 1548 ku urang Jepang Katolik nyaeta Yajiro. Penerbit [[Society of Jesus|Yesus]] make sistim dina runtuyan buku [[Roman Catholicism|Katolik]] keur kaperluan misionaris dina hotbah jeung pangajaran Kristen sangkan teu kudu diajar maca tulisan Basa Jepang. Pamakean buku ieu loba gunana keur diajar cara ngucapkeun Basa Jepang Modern sarta keur kaperluan romanisasi mimiti dina ''[[Nippo jisho]]'', kamus Basa Jepang-Portugis nu ditulis dina tau 1603. Sacara ilahat, sistim [[Portuguese|Basa Portugis]] mimiti ampir sarua jeung Nihon-shiki dina ngagunakeun ''vowel''. Sababaraha konsonan ditranslasi beda-beda: contona, konsonan /k/ dijieun "c", sarta konsonan /ɸ/ (ayeuna diucapkeun /h/) dijieun "f", mangka ''Nihon no kotoba'' ("Basa Jepang") diejana "Nifon no cotoba". Penerbit Yesus oge ngaluarkeun sababaraha buku sekuler di romanisasi Basa Jepang, nyaeta buku nu mimiti terbit dina Basa Jepang Klasik ''[[The Tale of the Heike]]'', diromanisasi jadi ''Feiqe no monogatari'', sarta koleksi ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' (diromanisasi jadi ''Esopo no fabvlas''). Nu kadua terus dicetak sarta dibaca sanggeus era Kristenisasi (Chibbett, 1977).
+Nuturkeun pangusiran Kristen ti Jepang dian ahir taun 1590-an sarta awal taun 1600, ''rōmaji'' jadi jarang dipake sarta dipake sacara sporadis keur teks basa asing sanggeus pertengahan  taun 1800-an, basa Jepang terbuka deui. Sistim nu dipake ayeuna dimekarkeun dina pertengahan [[19th century|abad ka-19]].
-Following the expulsion of Christians from Japan in the late 1590s and early 1600s, ''rōmaji'' fell out of use, and were only used sporadically in foreign texts until the mid-1800s, when Japan opened up again. The systems used today all developed in the latter half of the [[19th century]].
-The first system to be developed was the Hepburn system, developed for [[James Curtis Hepburn]]'s dictionary of Japanese words and intended for foreigners to use.
+Sistim nu mimiti dimekarkeun nyaeta sistim Hepburn, dimitian ku kamus [[James Curtis Hepburn]]sarta loba dipake keur kaperluan urang asing.
-In the [[Meiji era]], some Japanese scholars advocated abolishing the Japanese writing system entirely and using ''rōmaji'' in its stead. The ''Nihon shiki'' romanization was an outgrowth of this movement. Several Japanese texts were published entirely in ''rōmaji'' during this period, but it failed to catch on, perhaps because of the large number of [[homophone]]s in Japanese, which are pronounced similarly but written in different characters. Later, in the early [[20th century]], some scholars devised [[syllabary]] systems with characters derived from Latin; these were even less popular, because they were not based on any historical use of the Latin alphabet.
+Dina [[Meiji era]], sababaraha sarjana Basa Jepang ngusulkeun keur ngaleuingitkeun sistim tulisan Jepang jeung make ''rōmaji'' keur gagantina. Romanisasi ''Nihon shiki'' tumuwuh ku ayana gerakan ieu. Sababaraha teks Basa Jepang diterbitkeun dina ''rōmaji'' dina periode ieu, tapi gagal ditarima, sabab sabagian gede [[homophone]] dina Basa Jepang, nu diucapkeun sarua tapi beda dina karakter tulisan. Saterusna, mimiti [[20th century|abad ka-20]], sababaraha sarjana mikirkeun sistim [[syllabary|suku kata]] keur karakter nu asalna tina Basa Latin; tapi ieu oge henteu populer, sabab teu didasarkeun kana sajarah pamakean alpabetLatin.
--->
 ==Sistim Kiwari==