Romanisasi aksara Jepang: Béda antarrépisi

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{{main|Nihon-shiki}}
{{main|Nihon-shiki}}


'''Nihon-shiki''' sistim nu pangjarangna dipake diantara tilu sistim nu aya. Aslina metoda ieu dipake keur nuliskeun Basa Jepang kana basana sorangan. Sistim ieu nuturkeun fonologi jeung suku kata sacara disiplin, sarta hiji-hijina sistim romanisasi utama nu ngidinan keur metakeun ti jeung ka [[kana]]. Sistim ieu dibakukeun dina ISO 3602.
'''Nihon-shiki''' is probably the least used of the three main systems. It was originally invented as a method for the Japanese to write their own language. It follows Japanese phonology and the syllabary order very strictly and is hence the only major system of romanization that allows lossless mapping to and from kana. It has also been standardized as ISO 3602 strict form.


===Kunrei-shiki===
===Kunrei-shiki===

Révisi nurutkeun 31 Juli 2006 01.16

Romanisasi kecap Basa Jepang, nyaeta nuliskeun karakter nu asalna tina tulisan (kanji) Basa Cina jeung skrip suku kata (kana) kana hurup Latin, keur kaperluan nuliskeun tanda jalan, ngaran sarta dina kamus jeung teks book keur urang luar nu hayang diajar Basa Jepang.

Aya sababaraha sistem romanisasi, tilu sistim nu penting nyaeta Hepburn romanization, Kunrei-shiki (ISO 3602), jeung Nihon-shiki (ISO 3602 Strict). Variasi Hepburn nu leuwih remen dipake.

Masyarakat Jepang nu sakola dasar ti mimiti Perang Dunya Kadua diajar maca jeung nulis tulisan latin, disebutna rōmaji (ローマ字?) dina Basa Jepang. Romanisasi oge ilahar dipake keur kecap Basa Jepang dina pengolah kata jeung komputer. Kusabab kitu, ngan sabagean leutik ti generasi kolot, nu bisa maca jeung nulis make, sanajan sabagean tina buku teks jeung nu diajar Basa Jepang jarang ditulis dina tulisan latin sacara lengkep. Loba kecap dina Basa Jepang mun dituliskeun kana romaji malah jadi ngabingungkeun nu maca.

Sajarah

Sistim romanisasi Basa Jepang mimiti dumasar kana ortografi Basa Portugis. Mimiti dimekarkeun kira-kira taun 1548 ku urang Jepang Katolik nyaeta Yajiro. Penerbit Yesus make sistim ieu dina runtuyan buku Katolik keur kaperluan misionaris dina hotbah jeung pangajaran Kristen sangkan teu kudu diajar maca tulisan Basa Jepang. Pamakean buku ieu loba gunana keur diajar cara ngucapkeun Basa Jepang Modern sarta keur kaperluan romanisasi mimiti dina Nippo jisho, kamus Basa Jepang-Portugis nu ditulis dina tau 1603. Sacara ilahar, sistim Basa Portugis mimiti ampir sarua jeung Nihon-shiki dina ngagunakeun vowel. Sababaraha konsonan ditranslasi beda-beda: contona, konsonan /k/ dijieun "c", sarta konsonan /ɸ/ (ayeuna diucapkeun /h/) dijieun "f", mangka Nihon no kotoba ("Basa Jepang") diejana "Nifon no cotoba". Penerbit Yesus oge ngaluarkeun sababaraha buku sekuler di romanisasi Basa Jepang, nyaeta buku nu mimiti terbit dina Basa Jepang Klasik The Tale of the Heike, diromanisasi jadi Feiqe no monogatari, sarta koleksi Aesop's Fables (diromanisasi jadi Esopo no fabvlas). Nu kadua terus dicetak sarta dibaca sanggeus era Kristenisasi (Chibbett, 1977).

Nuturkeun pangusiran Kristen ti Jepang dina ahir taun 1590-an sarta awal taun 1600, rōmaji jadi jarang dipake sarta dipake sacara sporadis keur teks basa asing sanggeus pertengahan taun 1800-an, waktu Jepang terbuka deui. Sistim nu dipake ayeuna dimekarkeun dina pertengahan abad ka-19.

Sistim nu mimiti dimekarkeun nyaeta sistim Hepburn, dimimitian ku kamus James Curtis Hepburnsarta loba dipake keur kaperluan urang asing.

Dina Meiji era, sababaraha sarjana Basa Jepang ngusulkeun keur ngaleungitkeun sistim tulisan Jepang jeung make rōmaji keur gagantina. Romanisasi Nihon shiki tumuwuh ku ayana gerakan ieu. Sababaraha teks Basa Jepang diterbitkeun dina rōmaji dina periode ieu, tapi gagal ditarima, sabab sabagian gede homophone dina Basa Jepang, nu diucapkeun sarua tapi beda dina karakter tulisan. Saterusna, mimiti abad ka-20, sababaraha sarjana mikirkeun sistim suku kata keur karakter nu asalna tina Basa Latin; tapi ieu oge henteu populer, sabab teu didasarkeun kana sajarah pamakean alpabet Latin.

Sistim Kiwari

Hepburn

 Artikel utama: Hepburn romanization.

Romanisasi sistim Hepburn Revisi make macron keur nembongkeun sababaraha vowel panjang, jeung apostrophe keur misahkeun fonem nu ngabingungkeun. Contona, ngaran じゅんいちろう, ditulis dina karakter kana ju-n-i-chi-ro-u, sarta diromanisasi jadi Jun'ichirō dina Hepburn Revisi. Sistim ieu loba dipake di Jepang, diantara mahasiswa asing jeung akademik.

Romanisasi Hepburn ilaharna nuturkeun fonologi Basa Inggris ku vowel Roman, sarta metoda inituisi nembongkeun cara ngucapkeun Anglophone kecap Basa Jepang. Sistim ieu geus dibakukeun di Amerika nyaeta American National Standard System for the Romanization of Japanese (Modified Hepburn), tapi status ieu dileungitkeun dina 6 Oktober, 1994. Hepburn ngarupakeun sistim romanisasi nu pangilaharna dipake, hususna keur obrolan make Basa Inggris. Sistim Hepburn dikritik sabab aya distorsi dina fonologi Basa Jepang nyabab hese keur ngaharkeun Basa Jepang ka urang asing.

Nihon-shiki

 Artikel utama: Nihon-shiki.

Nihon-shiki sistim nu pangjarangna dipake diantara tilu sistim nu aya. Aslina metoda ieu dipake keur nuliskeun Basa Jepang kana basana sorangan. Sistim ieu nuturkeun fonologi jeung suku kata sacara disiplin, sarta hiji-hijina sistim romanisasi utama nu ngidinan keur metakeun ti jeung ka kana. Sistim ieu dibakukeun dina ISO 3602.

Kunrei-shiki

 Artikel utama: Kunrei-shiki.

Kunrei-shiki is a slightly modified version of Nihon-shiki which eliminates differences between the kana syllabary and modern pronunciation. For example, when the words kana かな and tsukai つかい are combined, the result is written in kana as かなづかい with a dakuten (voicing sign) ゛on the つ (tsu) kana to indicate that the tsu つ is now voiced. The づ kana is pronounced in the same way as a different kana, す (su), with dakuten, ず. Kunrei-shiki and Hepburn ignore the difference in kana and represent the sound in the same way, as kanazukai, using the same letters "zu" as are used to romanize ず. Nihon-shiki retains the difference, and romanizes the word as kanadukai, differentiating the づ and ず kana, which is romanized as zu, even though they are pronounced identically. Similarly for the pair じ and ぢ, which are both zi in Kunrei-shiki and both ji in Hepburn romanization, but are zi and di respectively in Nihon-shiki. See the table below for full details.

Kunrei-shiki has been standardized by the Japanese Government and ISO (ISO 3602). Kunrei-shiki is taught to Japanese elementary school students in their fourth year.

Other variants

It is possible to elaborate these romanizations to enable non-native speakers to pronounce Japanese words more correctly. Typical additions include tone marks to note the Japanese pitch accent and diacritic marks to distinguish phonological changes, such as the assimilation of the moraic nasal /n/ (see Japanese phonology).

JSL

 Artikel utama: JSL.

JSL is a romanization system based on Japanese phonology, designed using the linguistic principles used by linguists in designing writing systems for languages that do not have any. It is a purely phonemic system, using exactly one symbol for each phoneme, and marking pitch accent using diacritics. It was created for Eleanor Harz Jorden's system of Japanese language teaching. Its principle is that such a system enables students to better internalize the phonology of Japanese. Since it does not have any of the advantages for non-native speakers that the other romaji systems have, and the Japanese already have a writing system for their language, JSL is not widely used outside the educational environment. -->

Romanisasi nu teu-baku

Conto kecap nu ditulis dina unggal sistim romanisasi

Basa Sunda Basa Jepang Ngeja kana Romanisasi
Revised Hepburn Kunrei-shiki Nihon-shiki
Roman characters ローマ字 ローマじ rōmaji rômazi rômazi
Gunung Fuji 富士山 ふじさん Fujisan Huzisan Huzisan
teh お茶 おちゃ ocha otya otya
gubernur 知事 ちじ chiji tizi tizi
surut 縮む ちぢむ chijimu tizimu tidimu
saterusna 続く つづく tsuzuku tuzuku tuduku

Chart romanisasi

Chart nembongkeun beda nu jelas dina sistim romanisasi utama.

Kana Revised Hepburn Kunrei-shiki Nihon-shiki
うう ū û û
おう, おお ō ô ô
shi si si
しゃ sha sya sya
しゅ shu syu syu
しょ sho syo syo
ji zi zi
じゃ ja zya zya
じゅ ju zyu zyu
じょ jo zyo zyo
chi ti ti
tsu tu tu
ちゃ cha tya tya
ちゅ chu tyu tyu
ちょ cho tyo tyo
ji zi di
zu zu du
ぢゃ ja zya dya
ぢゅ ju zyu dyu
ぢょ jo zyo dyo
fu hu hu

Huruf alpabet dina Basa Jepang

Di handap nembongkeun cuma ngeja Latin unggal karatker atawa akronim dina Basa Jepang. Contona, NHK dieja enu-eichi-kei, (エヌエイチケイ).

  • A; ē or ei (エー or エイ)
  • B; (ビー, cara maca sejenna , ベー)
  • C; shī (シー or シィー, kadangkala dibaca , スィー)
  • D; (ディー, cara maca sejenna , デー)
  • E; ī (イー)
  • F; efu (エフ)
  • G; (ジー)
  • H; eichi (エイチ)
  • I; ai (アイ)
  • J; or jei (ジェー or ジェイ)
  • K; or kei (ケー or ケイ)
  • L; eru (エル)
  • M; emu (エム)
  • N; enu (エヌ)
  • O; ō (オー)
  • P; (ピー, cara maca sejenna , ペー)
  • Q; kyū (キュー)
  • R; āru (アール)
  • S; esu (エス)
  • T; (ティー, cara maca sejenna chī, チー, jeung cara maca sejenna , テー)
  • U; (ユー)
  • V; vi (ヴィ, cara maca sejenna bui, ブイ)
  • W; daburyū (ダブリュー)
  • X; ekkusu (エックス)
  • Y; wai (ワイ)
  • Z; zeddo or (ゼッド or ズィー, cara maca sejenna , ジー)

Kana tanpa bentuk romaji

Rujukan

  1. Chibbett, David (1977). The History of Japanese Printing and Book Illustration. Kodansha International Ltd. ISBN 0-87011-288-0. 
  2. Jun'ichirō Kida (紀田順一郎 Kida Jun'ichirō?). Nihongo Daihakubutsukan (日本語大博物館?). ISBN 4883090469.  (Dina Basa Jepang).

Tempo oge

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