Romanisasi aksara Jepang

Romanisasi kecap Basa Jepang, nyaeta nuliskeun karakter nu asalna tina tulisan (kanji) Basa Cina jeung skrip suku kata (kana) kana hurup Latin, keur kaperluan nuliskeun tanda jalan, ngaran sarta dina kamus jeung teks book keur urang luar nu hayang diajar Basa Jepang.

Aya sababaraha sistem romanisasi, tilu sistim nu penting nyaeta Hepburn romanization, Kunrei-shiki (ISO 3602), jeung Nihon-shiki (ISO 3602 Strict). Variasi Hepburn nu leuwih remen dipake.

Masyarakat Jepang nu sakola dasar ti mimiti Perang Dunya Kadua diajar maca jeung nulis tulisan latin, disebutna rōmaji (ローマ字, rōmaji^?) dina Basa Jepang. Romanisasi oge ilahar dipake keur kecap Basa Jepang dina pengolah kata jeung komputer. Kusabab kitu, ngan sabagean leutik ti generasi kolot, nu bisa maca jeung nulis make, sanajan sabagean tina buku teks jeung nu diajar Basa Jepang jarang ditulis dina tulisan latin sacara lengkep. Loba kecap dina Basa Jepang mun dituliskeun kana romaji malah jadi ngabingungkeun nu maca.

Sajarah

Sistim romanisasi Basa Jepang mimiti dumasar kana ortografi Basa Portugis. Mimiti dimekarkeun kira-kira taun 1548 ku urang Jepang Katolik nyaeta Yajiro. Penerbit Yesus make sistim ieu dina runtuyan buku Katolik keur kaperluan misionaris dina hotbah jeung pangajaran Kristen sangkan teu kudu diajar maca tulisan Basa Jepang. Pamakean buku ieu loba gunana keur diajar cara ngucapkeun Basa Jepang Modern sarta keur kaperluan romanisasi mimiti dina Nippo jisho, kamus Basa Jepang-Portugis nu ditulis dina tau 1603. Sacara ilahar, sistim Basa Portugis mimiti ampir sarua jeung Nihon-shiki dina ngagunakeun vowel. Sababaraha konsonan ditranslasi beda-beda: contona, konsonan /k/ dijieun "c", sarta konsonan /ɸ/ (ayeuna diucapkeun /h/) dijieun "f", mangka Nihon no kotoba ("Basa Jepang") diejana "Nifon no cotoba". Penerbit Yesus oge ngaluarkeun sababaraha buku sekuler di romanisasi Basa Jepang, nyaeta buku nu mimiti terbit dina Basa Jepang Klasik The Tale of the Heike, diromanisasi jadi Feiqe no monogatari, sarta koleksi Aesop's Fables (diromanisasi jadi Esopo no fabvlas). Nu kadua terus dicetak sarta dibaca sanggeus era Kristenisasi (Chibbett, 1977).

Nuturkeun pangusiran Kristen ti Jepang dina ahir taun 1590-an sarta awal taun 1600, rōmaji jadi jarang dipake sarta dipake sacara sporadis keur teks basa asing sanggeus pertengahan taun 1800-an, waktu Jepang terbuka deui. Sistim nu dipake ayeuna dimekarkeun dina pertengahan abad ka-19.

Sistim nu mimiti dimekarkeun nyaeta sistim Hepburn, dimimitian ku kamus James Curtis Hepburnsarta loba dipake keur kaperluan urang asing.

Dina Meiji era, sababaraha sarjana Basa Jepang ngusulkeun keur ngaleungitkeun sistim tulisan Jepang jeung make rōmaji keur gagantina. Romanisasi Nihon shiki tumuwuh ku ayana gerakan ieu. Sababaraha teks Basa Jepang diterbitkeun dina rōmaji dina periode ieu, tapi gagal ditarima, sabab sabagian gede homophone dina Basa Jepang, nu diucapkeun sarua tapi beda dina karakter tulisan. Saterusna, mimiti abad ka-20, sababaraha sarjana mikirkeun sistim suku kata keur karakter nu asalna tina Basa Latin; tapi ieu oge henteu populer, sabab teu didasarkeun kana sajarah pamakean alpabet Latin.

Sistim Kiwari

Hepburn

Romanisasi sistim Hepburn Revisi make macron keur nembongkeun sababaraha vowel panjang, jeung apostrophe keur misahkeun fonem nu ngabingungkeun. Contona, ngaran じゅんいちろう, ditulis dina karakter kana ju-n-i-chi-ro-u, sarta diromanisasi jadi Jun'ichirō dina Hepburn Revisi. Sistim ieu loba dipake di Jepang, diantara mahasiswa asing jeung akademik.

Romanisasi Hepburn ilaharna nuturkeun fonologi Basa Inggris ku vowel Roman, sarta metoda inituisi nembongkeun cara ngucapkeun Anglophone kecap Basa Jepang. Sistim ieu geus dibakukeun di Amerika nyaeta American National Standard System for the Romanization of Japanese (Modified Hepburn), tapi status ieu dileungitkeun dina 6 Oktober, 1994. Hepburn ngarupakeun sistim romanisasi nu pangilaharna dipake, hususna keur obrolan make Basa Inggris. Sistim Hepburn dikritik sabab aya distorsi dina fonologi Basa Jepang nyabab hese keur ngaharkeun Basa Jepang ka urang asing.

Nihon-shiki

Nihon-shiki sistim nu pangjarangna dipake diantara tilu sistim nu aya. Aslina metoda ieu dipake keur nuliskeun Basa Jepang kana basana sorangan. Sistim ieu nuturkeun fonologi jeung suku kata sacara disiplin, sarta hiji-hijina sistim romanisasi utama nu ngidinan keur metakeun ti jeung ka kana. Sistim ieu dibakukeun dina ISO 3602.

Kunrei-shiki

Kunrei-shiki nyaeta modifikasi saeutik tina versi Nihon-shiki nu ngaleungitkeun beda antara suku kata kana jeung cara ngucapkeun modern. Contona, lamun kecap kana かな jeung tsukai つかい dihijikeun, hasilna ditulis dina kana nyaeta かなづかい make dakuten (tanda sora) ゛dina kana つ (tsu) keur nembongkeun yen つ sora ayeuna. Kana づ diucapkeun kucara nu sarua jeung kana, す (su), nu make dakuten dakuten, ず. Kunrei-shiki jeung Hepburn ngaleungitkeun beda dina "kana" jeung make sora nu sarua, nyaeta, kanazukai, make hurup nu sarua "zu" saperti nu dipake keur nga-romanisasi ず. Nihon-shiki angger make beda sarta dina romanisasina jadi kanadukai, ngabedakeun antara "kana" づ jeung ず, nu dina romanisasi jadi zu, sanajan duanana diucapkeun sarua. Ampir sarua jeung pasangan じ jeung ぢ, duanana zi dina romanisasi Kunrei-shiki jeung ji Hepburn, tapi jadi zi jeung di dina Nihon-shiki. Keur leuwih jentre tempo tabel di handap.

Kunrei-shiki geus daibakukeun ku Pamarentah Jepang jeungISO (ISO 3602). Kunrei-shiki diajarkeun di sakola dasar Jepang nepi ka taun kaopat.

Variasi sejen

Masih mungkin keur ngaromanisasi ngucapkeun Basa Jepang keur urang asing kalayan leuwih bener. Tipikal tambahan saperti tanda tone keur catetan aksen Basa Jepang jeung tanda diacritik keur ngabedakeun robahna folologi, saperti asimilasi nasal /n/ (tempo fonologi Basa Jepang).

JSL

JSL nyaeta sistim romanisasi dumasar kana fonologi Basa Jepang, dirancang make prinsip kabasaan dipake ku ahli basa dina nyieun sistim tulisan keur basa nu jarang dipake. Sistim ieu dumasar kana fonem murni, dipake hiji simbol unggal fone sarta ditandaan make diakritik. Sistim ieu diciptakeun ku Eleanor Harz Jorden keur ngajar Basa Jepang. Prinsipna saperti sistim nu ngidinan pelajar keur leuwih jero diajar fonologi Basa Jepeng. Sabab sistim ieu teu pati gede pangaruhna keur obrolan urang asing tinimbang sistem sejenna, sarta Basa Jepang geus ngabogaan sistem tulisan sorangan, JSL teu loba dipake diluar dunya pendidikan.

Romanisasi nu teu-baku

In addition to the standardized systems above, there are many variations in romanization, used either for simplification, in error or confusion between different systems, or for deliberate stylistic reasons.

Notably, the various mappings that Japanese input methods use to convert keystrokes on a Roman keyboard to kana often combine features of all of the systems; when used as plain text rather than being converted, these are usually known as wāpuro rōmaji. (Wāpuro is a contraction of wādo purosessā [word processor].) Unlike the standard systems, wāpuro rōmaji requires no characters from outside the ASCII character set.

While there may be arguments in favour of some of these variant romanizations in specific contexts, their use, especially if mixed, leads to confusion when romanized Japanese words are indexed.

The following variant romanizations are common:

• Japanese words and names that have established English spellings, such as kudzu and jiu jitsu, or loanwords such as kyatto for "cat", are sometimes written as they are in English, without regard for the rules of romanization.
• Jya for じゃ, which is ja in Hepburn and zya in Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki, and similarly jyu for じゅ and jyo for じょ. The extraneous y seems to be the result of confusion between the romanization systems.
• Cchi for っち (Hepburn tchi) and so on. This is wāpuro rōmaji, but is often used for stylistic reasons when rendering nicknames (for example, あきこ Akiko becoming あっちゃん Acchan rather than Atchan).
• La for ら (Hepburn ra) and so on. The Japanese consonant /r/ has a sound (IPA [ɽ]) that is near, but not identical, to both of English "r" and "l". "R" and "l" are both transcribed into Japanese using the Japanese /r/. Examples of "l" in romanized Japanese include Japanese children's doll リカ, romanized as Licca.
• Na for んあ (Hepburn n'a) and so on. This form of romanized Japanese is used in public information such as road and railway signs in Japan.
• Nn for ん (Hepburn n). This is also an example of wāpuro rōmaji (although many Japanese input methods also accept the Hepburn n'). This leads to ambiguity with the more widespread Hepburn system. For example, the cluster nna, which is んな in Hepburn, represents んあ in this system. The double n is sometimes seen in names, for example in the name of the well-known Usenet poster Junn Ohta.

Long vowels

The most common variant romanization is to omit the macrons or circumflexes used to indicate a long vowel. This is extremely common in the romanized version of Japanese words used in English. For example the capital city of Japan, correctly written Tōkyō in romanized Japanese, is universally written as Tokyo. In Japan, since romanized Japanese is seen mostly as a convenience for foreigners to be able to read signs easily, macrons and circumflexes are usually omitted for simplification.

Many typewriters, word processors, and computerized systems cannot easily deal with the macron used in Hepburn romanization. Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki use a circumflex accent (thus, Tôkyô). This may allow for easier input, since all of â, î, û, ê, and ô are in the ISO-8859-1 character set, and may be easily input on a variety of systems.

The following methods of representing long vowels also commonly occur:

• Oh for おお or おう (Hepburn ō). This is sometimes known as "passport Hepburn", as the Japanese Foreign Ministry has authorized (but not required) this usage in passports [1]
• Ou for おう (also Hepburn ō). This is also an example of wāpuro rōmaji.
• Ô for おお or おう (Hepburn ō). This is valid Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki, but occasionally occurs in otherwise Hepburn-romanized words (as described above).

Archaic variants

Main article: Historical kana usage

In older texts, other variant romanizations which are now no longer used are sometimes seen. Some of them have survived to the present day, although few of them are still actively used. Examples include:

• The vowel i plus o was sometimes used to represent the Japanese yōon sound: hence Tokyo becomes "Tokio" and Kyoto becomes "Kioto". This romanization can still be seen in the species name "mioga" of the Japanese vegetable myōga.
• The kana ゑ was rendered as ye. The actual pronunciation of this kana was once we, but the w had already been lost by the time that (e.g.) ゑど "Wedo" was first romanized as Yedo.
• The kana づ (Nihon-shiki du) was romanized as dzu, as seen in the plant names adzuki and kudzu. This enjoys some currency even today as Hepburn-like wāpuro rōmaji.

Romanization of Japanese names

Names can be subject to even more variation, with spellings depending on the individual's preference. For example, the manga artist Yasuhiro Nightow's family name would be more conventionally written in Hepburn romanization as Naitō.

Other variations seen in names include the substitution of K with C, as in the name of television celebrity Ricaco or the snack food Jagarico, or the removal of unvoiced vowels, as in the name of film director Macoto Tezka (the son of manga artist Osamu Tezuka). Note the removal of the u vowel. -->

Conto kecap nu ditulis dina unggal sistim romanisasi

Basa Sunda	Basa Jepang	Ngeja kana	Romanisasi
			Revised Hepburn	Kunrei-shiki	Nihon-shiki
Roman characters	ローマ字	ローマじ	rōmaji	rômazi	rômazi
Gunung Fuji	富士山	ふじさん	Fujisan	Huzisan	Huzisan
teh	お茶	おちゃ	ocha	otya	otya
gubernur	知事	ちじ	chiji	tizi	tizi
surut	縮む	ちぢむ	chijimu	tizimu	tidimu
saterusna	続く	つづく	tsuzuku	tuzuku	tuduku

Chart romanisasi

Chart nembongkeun beda nu jelas dina sistim romanisasi utama.

Kana	Revised Hepburn	Kunrei-shiki	Nihon-shiki
うう	ū	û	û
おう, おお	ō	ô	ô
し	shi	si	si
しゃ	sha	sya	sya
しゅ	shu	syu	syu
しょ	sho	syo	syo
じ	ji	zi	zi
じゃ	ja	zya	zya
じゅ	ju	zyu	zyu
じょ	jo	zyo	zyo
ち	chi	ti	ti
つ	tsu	tu	tu
ちゃ	cha	tya	tya
ちゅ	chu	tyu	tyu
ちょ	cho	tyo	tyo
ぢ	ji	zi	di
づ	zu	zu	du
ぢゃ	ja	zya	dya
ぢゅ	ju	zyu	dyu
ぢょ	jo	zyo	dyo
ふ	fu	hu	hu

Huruf alpabet dina Basa Jepang

Di handap nembongkeun cuma ngeja Latin unggal karatker atawa akronim dina Basa Jepang. Contona, NHK dieja enu-eichi-kei, (エヌエイチケイ).

• A; ē or ei (エー or エイ)
• B; bī (ビー, cara maca sejenna bē, ベー)
• C; shī (シー or シィー, kadangkala dibaca sī, スィー)
• D; dī (ディー, cara maca sejenna dē, デー)
• E; ī (イー)
• F; efu (エフ)
• G; jī (ジー)
• H; eichi (エイチ)
• I; ai (アイ)
• J; jē or jei (ジェー or ジェイ)
• K; kē or kei (ケー or ケイ)
• L; eru (エル)
• M; emu (エム)
• N; enu (エヌ)
• O; ō (オー)
• P; pī (ピー, cara maca sejenna pē, ペー)
• Q; kyū (キュー)
• R; āru (アール)
• S; esu (エス)
• T; tī (ティー, cara maca sejenna chī, チー, jeung cara maca sejenna tē, テー)
• U; yū (ユー)
• V; vi (ヴィ, cara maca sejenna bui, ブイ)
• W; daburyū (ダブリュー)
• X; ekkusu (エックス)
• Y; wai (ワイ)
• Z; zeddo or zī (ゼッド or ズィー, cara maca sejenna jī, ジー)

Rujukan

1. Chibbett, David (1977). The History of Japanese Printing and Book Illustration. Kodansha International Ltd. ISBN 0-87011-288-0. 
2. Jun'ichirō Kida (紀田順一郎, Kida Jun'ichirō^?). Nihongo Daihakubutsukan (日本語大博物館, Nihongo Daihakubutsukan^?). ISBN 4883090469.  (Dina Basa Jepang).

Tempo oge

• Cyrillization of Japanese
• Wikipedia:Manual of Style for Japan-related articles explains the Wikipedia conventions for romanization of Japanese.
• Transcribing English to Japanese

Tumbu kaluar

• Convert Kanji to Romaji and Hiragana
• Rōmaji sōdan shitsu (in Japanese) contains an extremely extensive and accurate collection of materials relating to romaji, including standards documents and even HTML versions of Hepburn's original dictionaries.
• The romaji conundrum from Andrew Horvat's Total Quality Japanese contains a discussion of the problems caused by the variety of confusing romanization systems in use in Japan today.
• All free Japanese romaji dictionaries
• Romaji to Kana translator
• Converts Romaji to Kana, Hepburn System
• Converts Romaji to Kana, Hepburn System Same link with Frames disabled

Artikel ieu keur dikeureuyeuh, ditarjamahkeun tina basa Inggris. Bantuanna didagoan pikeun narjamahkeun.