Kokain: Béda antarrépisi
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Révisi nurutkeun 17 Nopémber 2012 15.35
Kokain
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Ngaran sistimatik (IUPAC) | |
métil (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3- (bénzoiloksi)-8-métil-8-azabisiklo[3.2.1] oktana-2-karboksilat | |
Identifiers | |
Nomer CAS | |
Sandi ATC | N01 R02 , S01 , S02 |
PubChem | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
Data kimia | |
Rumus | C17H21NO4 |
Mass. mol. | 303.353 g/mol |
SMILES | & |
Synonyms | métilbénzoilékgonin, bénzoilmétilékgonin |
Data fisika | |
Titik lééh | 195 °C (383 °F) |
Kelarutan dina Cai | 1800 mg/mL (20 °C) |
Data farmakokinetik | |
Bioavailabilitas | Oral: 33%[1] Insufflated: 60[2]–80%[3] Nasal Spray: 25[4]–43%[1] |
Metabolisme | CYP3A4 hépatik |
Waktu paruh | 1 jam |
Eksresi | Rénal (bénzoilékgonin jeung ékgonin métil éster) |
Therapeutic considerations | |
Kat. kehamilan |
? |
Legal status | |
Dependence Liability | Luhur |
Jalur | Topikal, Oral, Insuflasi, IV, PO |
Kokain (bénzoilmétilékgonin) nyaéta alkaloid tropana kristalin nu diala tina daun tangkal koka[5]. Ngaran 'kokain' dicokot tina ngaran tangkalna ditambah ahiran alkaloid -in (-ina, numutkeun aturan baku), jadi kokain. Ieu alkaloid téh stimulan sistem saraf puseur, hususna salaku inhibitor reuptake dopamin, norépinéfrin, jeung serotonin. Kusabab mangaruhan jalur reward mésolimbik, kokain jadi matak nyandu[6].
kokain tré tré bon pouir toi
Watesan
Produksi, distribusi, jeung jual-beuli produk kokain diwates pisan (lolobana mah kaasup ilégal). Sababaraha nagara, kayaning Péru jeung Bolivia ngawenangkeun tatanén daun koka pikeun konsumsi tradisional ku masarakat pituin. Di Éropah jeung Australia, kokain olahan diwenangkeun pikeun kaperluan kadokteran.
Pamaké
Numutkeun laporan PBB taun 2007, kokain panglobana dipaké di Spanyol (3,0% ti jalma sawawa)[7]. Nagara séjén anu pamakéanana sahanteuna 1,5% nyaéta AS (2,8%), Inggris (2,4%), Kanada (2,3%), Italia (2,1%), Bolivia (1,9%), Cili (1,8%), jeung Skotlandia (1,5%)[7].
Baca ogé
Rujukan
- Cocaine (dicutat 16 Séptémber 2009)
- ↑ a b Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D (July 2000). "Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 56 (4): 305–10. PMID 10954344.
- ↑ Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R (1981). "Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans". J Ethnopharmacol 3 (2-3): 353–66. PMID 7242115.
- ↑ Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metab. Dispos. 17 (2): 153–9. PMID 2565204. http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2565204.
- ↑ Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R (March 1980). "Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 27 (3): 386–94. PMID 7357795.
- ↑ Aggrawal, Anil. Narcotic Drugs. National Book Trust, India (1995), p. 52-3. ISBN 81-237-1383-5.
- ↑ Fattore L, Piras G, Corda MG, Giorgi O (April 2009). "The Roman high- and low-avoidance rat lines differ in the acquisition, maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of intravenous cocaine self-administration". Neuropsychopharmacology 34 (5): 1091–101. doi:10.1038/npp.2008.43. PMID 18418365.
- ↑ a b World Drug Report 2007 (PDF), New York: United Nations, 2007, k. 243.
Tumbu kaluar
- Cocaine in Egyptian Mummies
- EMCDDA drugs profile: Cocaine(2007)
- Erowid -> Cocaine Information — Kumpulan data ngeunaan dosis, pangaruh, kimia, status hukum, gambar, jeung sajabana
- Slang Dictionary for Cocaine.
- Cocaine content of plants
- Cocaine - The History and the Risks at h2g2
- Cocaine Frequently Asked Questions
- Cocaine users are destroying the rainforest - at 4 square metres a gram | World news | The Guardian
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