Transport stream: Béda antarrépisi

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[[Image:MPEG Transport Stream HL.svg|thumb|right|400px|Sababaraha program MPEG dihijikeun tuluy dikirim kana antena pamancer. Dina sistim TV digital siaran US, [[tuner ATSC|panarima ATSC]] tuluy ngadekode TS sarta midangkeunnana.]]
[[Image:MPEG Transport Stream HL.svg|thumb|right|400px|Sababaraha program MPEG dihijikeun tuluy dikirim kana antena pamancer. Dina sistim TV digital siaran US, [[tuner ATSC|panarima ATSC]] tuluy ngadekode TS sarta midangkeunnana.]]
'''Transport stream''' ('''TS''', '''TP''', or '''MPEG-TS''') nyaeta hiji [[protokol komunikasi]] keur [[Audio digital|audio]], [[Video digital|video]], jeung [[Program and System Information Protocol|data]] nu ditetepkeun dina [[MPEG-2]] Bagean 1, Systems (standar [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] 13818-1[http://neuron2.net/library/mpeg2/iso13818-1.pdf]). Tujuan rancangannana nyaeta keur ngidinan [[multipleksing]] video jeung audio digital sarta keur [[Audio video sync|nyinkronisasi kaluaran]]. Transport stream nawarkeun fitur keur [[deteksi jeung koreksi kasalahan|ngoreksi kasalahan]] pikeun transportasi ngaliwatan media nu henteu pati dipercaya, sarta dipake dina aplikasi siaran saperti [[DVB]] jeung [[standar ATSC|ATSC]]. Transport stream beda jeung [[program stream]], nu dirancang keur media nu bisa dipercaya kaws [[DVD]].
'''Transport stream''' ('''TS''', '''TP''', or '''MPEG-TS''') nyaeta hiji [[protokol komunikasi]] keur [[Audio digital|audio]], [[Video digital|video]], jeung [[Program and System Information Protocol|data]] nu ditetepkeun dina [[MPEG-2]] Bagean 1, Systems (standar [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] 13818-1[http://web.archive.org/web/20061113181708/http://neuron2.net/library/mpeg2/iso13818-1.pdf]). Tujuan rancangannana nyaeta keur ngidinan [[multipleksing]] video jeung audio digital sarta keur [[Audio video sync|nyinkronisasi kaluaran]]. Transport stream nawarkeun fitur keur [[deteksi jeung koreksi kasalahan|ngoreksi kasalahan]] pikeun transportasi ngaliwatan media nu henteu pati dipercaya, sarta dipake dina aplikasi siaran saperti [[DVB]] jeung [[standar ATSC|ATSC]]. Transport stream beda jeung [[program stream]], nu dirancang keur media nu bisa dipercaya kaws [[DVD]].


== Lapisan komunikasi ==
== Lapisan komunikasi ==
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| pages = page xi or 11 according to PDF viewer
| pages = page xi or 11 according to PDF viewer
| url =http://neuron2.net/library/mpeg2/iso13818-1.pdf
| url =http://neuron2.net/library/mpeg2/iso13818-1.pdf
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061113181708/http://neuron2.net/library/mpeg2/iso13818-1.pdf|archivedate=2006-11-13}}</ref>
}}</ref>
, but the communication medium may add some error correction bytes to the packet. DVb-ASI uses 204 bytes and ATSC 208 bytes as transport stream packet. (DVB t=8 and ATSC t=10 i.e. extra bytes = 2*t). ATSC transmission adds 20 bytes of [[Reed-Solomon]] [[forward error correction]] to create a packet that is 208 bytes long[http://broadcastengineering.com/infrastructure/Atsc-transmission-digital-20050620/]. The 188-byte packet size was originally chosen for compatibility with [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode|ATM systems]][http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/faq/mp2-sys/mp2-sys.htm#mp2-12] [[http://www.tek.com/site/ps/0,,21-14851-SPECS_EN,00.html]] .
, but the communication medium may add some error correction bytes to the packet. DVb-ASI uses 204 bytes and ATSC 208 bytes as transport stream packet. (DVB t=8 and ATSC t=10 i.e. extra bytes = 2*t). ATSC transmission adds 20 bytes of [[Reed-Solomon]] [[forward error correction]] to create a packet that is 208 bytes long[http://broadcastengineering.com/infrastructure/Atsc-transmission-digital-20050620/]. The 188-byte packet size was originally chosen for compatibility with [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode|ATM systems]][http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/faq/mp2-sys/mp2-sys.htm#mp2-12] [[http://www.tek.com/site/ps/0,,21-14851-SPECS_EN,00.html]] .
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
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|PID||13|| Packet ID
|PID||13|| Packet ID
|-
|-
|Scrambling control||2|| '00' = Not scrambled. &nbsp; The following per [[DVB]] spec <ref> [http://www.bjpace.com.cn/data/tec/tec-DVB/DVB%20BlueBooks%20Standards/Specifications%20and%20Standards/conditional%20access/dvb-csa/A007.pdf DVB scrambling control bits defined. Page 6]</ref>: &nbsp; '01' = Reserved for future use, &nbsp; '10' = Scrambled with even key, &nbsp; '11' = Scrambled with odd key
|Scrambling control||2|| '00' = Not scrambled. &nbsp; The following per [[DVB]] spec <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20031006195927/http://www.bjpace.com.cn/data/tec/tec-DVB/DVB%20BlueBooks%20Standards/Specifications%20and%20Standards/conditional%20access/dvb-csa/A007.pdf DVB scrambling control bits defined. Page 6]</ref>: &nbsp; '01' = Reserved for future use, &nbsp; '10' = Scrambled with even key, &nbsp; '11' = Scrambled with odd key
|-
|-
|Adaptation field exist||1||1 means presence of the adaptation field
|Adaptation field exist||1||1 means presence of the adaptation field

Révisi nurutkeun 29 Agustus 2014 03.56

Sababaraha program MPEG dihijikeun tuluy dikirim kana antena pamancer. Dina sistim TV digital siaran US, panarima ATSC tuluy ngadekode TS sarta midangkeunnana.

Transport stream (TS, TP, or MPEG-TS) nyaeta hiji protokol komunikasi keur audio, video, jeung data nu ditetepkeun dina MPEG-2 Bagean 1, Systems (standar ISO/IEC 13818-1[1]). Tujuan rancangannana nyaeta keur ngidinan multipleksing video jeung audio digital sarta keur nyinkronisasi kaluaran. Transport stream nawarkeun fitur keur ngoreksi kasalahan pikeun transportasi ngaliwatan media nu henteu pati dipercaya, sarta dipake dina aplikasi siaran saperti DVB jeung ATSC. Transport stream beda jeung program stream, nu dirancang keur media nu bisa dipercaya kaws DVD.

Lapisan komunikasi

Sarua jeung OSI network protocol stack, hiji transport stream diproses ku panarima mangrupa lapisan-lapisan. Hiji stream conto nu ngandung video bisa diproses kawas kieu:

Artikel ieu keur dikeureuyeuh, ditarjamahkeun tina basa Inggris.
Bantuanna didagoan pikeun narjamahkeun.
  1. Komposisi mangrupa-rupa program.
  2. Packetized Elementary Stream (PES)
  3. Elementary stream (ES) — audio atawa video (the below is for video only)
  4. Group of pictures (GOP) — providing random access points
  5. Slice — preventing an error from being propagated through intra prediction
  6. Macroblock—consisting of 6 to 12 DCT blocks
  7. Encoding block or just block—a DCT encoding block, 8x8 pixels

An example of data that is muxed into the transport stream is an electronic program guide. See Program and System Information Protocol for more information.

Unsur penting transport stream

Paket

A packet is the basic unit of data in a transport stream. It consists of a sync byte, whose value is 0x47, followed by three one-bit flags and a 13-bit PID. This is followed by a 4-bit continuity counter. Additional optional transport fields, as signaled in the optional adaptation field, may follow. The rest of the packet consists of payload. Packets are 188 bytes in length [1] , but the communication medium may add some error correction bytes to the packet. DVb-ASI uses 204 bytes and ATSC 208 bytes as transport stream packet. (DVB t=8 and ATSC t=10 i.e. extra bytes = 2*t). ATSC transmission adds 20 bytes of Reed-Solomon forward error correction to create a packet that is 208 bytes long[2]. The 188-byte packet size was originally chosen for compatibility with ATM systems[3] [[4]] .

Partial Transport Stream Packet Format
Name Number
of bits
Description
sync byte 8 0x47
Transport Error Indicator (TEI) 1 Set by demodulator if can't correct errors in the stream[5]
Payload Unit Start Indicator 1 1 means start of PES data or PSI otherwise zero only .
Transport Priority 1 One means higher priority than other packets with the same PID.
PID 13 Packet ID
Scrambling control 2 '00' = Not scrambled.   The following per DVB spec [2]:   '01' = Reserved for future use,   '10' = Scrambled with even key,   '11' = Scrambled with odd key
Adaptation field exist 1 1 means presence of the adaptation field
Payload data exist 1 1 means presence of data
Continuity counter 4
Note: the total number of bits above is 32 and is called the transport stream 4-byte prefix.
Adaption field 0 or more Depends on flags
Payload Data 0 or more Depends on flags
Adaptation Field Format
Name Number
of bits
Description
Adaptation Field Length 8 Number of bytes in the adaptation field immediately following this byte
Discontinuity indicator 1 Set to 1 if a discontinuity occurred in the continuity counter of the TS packet
Random Access indicator 1 Set to 1 if the PES packet in this TS packet starts a video/audio sequence
Elementary stream priority indicator 1 1 = higher priority
PCR flag 1 1 means adaptation field does contain a PCR field
OPCR flag 1
Splicing point flag 1 1 means presence of splice countdown field in adaptation field
Transport private data flag 1 1 means presence of private data bytes in adaptation field
Adaptation field extension flag 1 1 means presence of adaptation field extension
Below fields are optional variable Depends on flags
PCR 33+9 Program clock reference
OPCR 33+9 Original Program clock reference. Helps when one TS is copied into another
Splice countdown 8 Indicates how many TS packets from this one a splicing point occurs (may be negative)
stuffing bytes variable

PID

Each table or elementary stream in a transport stream is identified by a 13-bit PID. A demultiplexer extracts elementary streams from the transport stream in part by looking for packets identified by the same PID. In most applications, Time-division multiplexing will be used to decide how often a particular PID appears in the transport stream.

Program

Transport stream has a concept of programs. A single program is described by a Program Map Table (PMT) which has a unique PID, and the elementary streams associated with that program have PIDs listed in the PMT. For instance, a transport stream used in digital television might contain three programs, to represent three television channels. Suppose each channel consists of one video stream, one or two audio streams, and any necessary metadata. A receiver wishing to decode a particular "channel" merely has to decode the payloads of each PID associated with its program. It can discard the contents of all other PIDs.

Program Specific Information (PSI)

There are 4 PSI tables: Program Association (PAT), Program Map (PMT), Conditional Access (CAT), and Network Information (NIT). The MPEG-2 specification does not specify the format of the CAT and NIT.

PAT

PAT stands for Program Association Table. The PAT lists PIDs for all PMTs in the stream. TS Packets containing PAT information always have PID 0x0.

PMT

Program Map Tables, or PMTs, contain information about programs. For each program, there is a PMT, with the PMT for each program appearing on its own PID. The PMTs describe which PIDs contain data relevant to the program. PMTs also provide metadata about the streams in their constituent PIDs. For example, if a program contains an MPEG-2 video stream, the PMT will list this PID, describe it as a video stream, and provide the type of video that it contains (in this case, MPEG-2). The PMT may also contain additional descriptors providing data about its constituent streams.

PCR

To assist the decoder in presenting programs on time, at the right speed, and with synchronization, programs usually periodically provide a Program Clock Reference, or PCR, on one of the PIDs in the program. This is also known as the master clock. Timing in MPEG2 references this clock, for example the presentation time stamp (PTS) is relative to the PCR. The first 33 bits is based on a 90kHz clock, incremented for each Hertz or cycle. The 9 bit extension is based on a 27MHz clock.

Paket kosong

Some transmission schemes, such as those in ATSC and DVB, impose strict constant bitrate requirements on the transport stream. In order to ensure that the stream maintains a constant bitrate, a Multiplexer may need to insert some additional packets. The PID 0x1FFF is reserved for this purpose. The payload of null packets may not contain any data at all, and the receiver is expected to ignore its contents.

Rujukan

  1. ISO/IEC 13818-1 Second edition (PDF). 2000-12-01. pp. page xi or 11 according to PDF viewer. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2006-11-13. 
  2. DVB scrambling control bits defined. Page 6

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