Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Britania Raya

{{Two other uses||an explanation of terms such as "Great Britain", "British", "United Kingdom", "England", "Scotland" and "Wales"|British Isles (terminology)}}
:''Tempo oge: [[Karajaan Britania Raya]]''
{{Infobox Islands
|name = Britania Raya
|image name = LocationIslandGreatBritain.png
|image caption = Britania Raya ngampar antara Irlandia jeung Eropa daratan
|location = [[Éropa Kulon]]
|coordinates = 
|archipelago = [[Kapuloan Britania]]
|area = {{convert|80823|sqmi|sqkm|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}
|highest mount = [[Ben Nevis]]
|elevation = 1344 m
|country = Britania
|country admin divisions title = Nagara
|country admin divisions = [[Inggris]] <br>[[Skotlandia]] <br>[[Wales]]
|country largest city = [[London]]
|country largest city area =  609 sq mi (1,577.3 km²)
|population = 57,100,000
|population as of = 2001
|density =
|ethnic groups = Urang [[Inggris]], [[Skotlandia]], [[Welsh]], lianna
}}
[[Image:Satellite image of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in April 2002.jpg|thumb|250px|Satellite Image of Great Britain]]
'''Britania Raya''' magrupakeun kapuloan penggedéna di [[Kapuloan Britania]]. <!--It lies to the northwest of [[Continental Europe]], with [[Ireland]] to the west, and makes up the larger part of the territory of the [[United Kingdom]]. It is the largest island in [[Europe]], and [[List of islands by area|eighth largest]] in the world. It is surrounded by over 1000 smaller [[islands]] and [[islets]].

==Geographical definition==
With an area of 209,331&nbsp;[[square kilometre|km²]] (80,823 square miles) the island of Great Britain is the largest of the [[British Isles]].<ref name="unep">United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) IS[[LAND]] DIRECTORY TABLES "ISLANDS BY LAND AREA".  Retrieved from    http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm on August 25, 2006.</ref>
It is the largest island in Europe, and [[List of islands by area|eighth largest]] in the world.<ref name="unep" />
It is the [[List of islands by population|third most populous island]] after [[Java (island)|Java]] and [[Honshū]].<ref>See [http://www.geohive.com/cd/index.php Geohive.com Country data]; [http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/kokusei/2000/final/hyodai.htm Japan Census of 2000]; [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/ United Kingdom Census of 2001].  The editors of [[List of islands by population]] appear to have used similar data from the relevant statistics bureaux, and totalled up the various administrative districts that comprise each island, and then done the same for less populous islands.  An editor of this article has not repeated that work. Therefore this plausible and eminently reasonable ranking is posted as unsourced [[Wikipedia:Common knowledge|common knowledge]].</ref>

Great Britain stretches over approximately ten degrees of [[latitude]] on its longer, north-south axis. Geographically, the island is marked by low, rolling countryside in the east and south, while hills and mountains predominate in the western and northern regions. Before the end of the last [[ice age]], Great Britain was a [[peninsula]] of Europe; the rising sea levels caused by glacial melting at the end of the ice age caused the formation of the [[English Channel]], the body of water which now separates Great Britain from continental Europe at a minimum distance of 21 miles (34 km).

==Political definition==
Great Britain is no longer a country, but simply an island in the United Kingdom. Politically, "Great Britain" describes the combination of [[England]], [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]], and therefore includes a number of outlying islands such as the [[Isle of Wight]], [[Anglesey]], the [[Isles of Scilly]], the [[Hebrides]], and the island groups of [[Orkney]] and [[Shetland]], but does not include the [[Isle of Man]] or the [[Channel Islands]].

Great Britain has evolved politically from the gradual union of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] which started in [[1603]] with the [[Union of Crowns]] under [[James VI of Scotland]] and eventually resulted in the [[Acts of Union]] in [[1707]] which merged the parliaments of each nation and thus resulted in the formation of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], which covered the entire island, to the situation following 1801 in which Great Britain together with the island of [[Ireland]] constituted the larger [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] (UK). The UK became the [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]] in 1922 following the independence of five-sixths of Ireland as first the [[Irish Free State]], a [[Dominion]] of the then [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]], and then later as an independent republic outside the British Commonwealth as the [[Republic of Ireland]].

== History==
Great Britain was formed around 9000 years ago at the end of the [[Pleistocene]] [[ice age]] when sea levels rose due to [[isostatic depression]] of the crust  and the melting of [[glacier]]s.

Great Britain was first inhabited by people who crossed over the land bridge from the European mainland. Its [[Iron Age]] inhabitants are known as the [[Brython]]s, a group speaking a [[Celtic languages|Celtic language]], and most of it (not the northernmost part) was conquered to become the [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Roman]] province of [[Britannia]].  After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Brythons of the south and east of the island became assimilated by colonising [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] tribes ([[Anglo-Saxons|Angles, Saxons and Jutes]]) who became known as the [[English people]].  Beyond [[Hadrian's wall]], the major ethnic groups were the [[Ancient Scots|Scots]], who may have emigrated from [[Ireland]], and the [[Picts]] as well as other [[Brythonic]] peoples in the [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|south-west]]. The south-east of Scotland was colonised by the [[Angles]] and formed, until [[1018]], a part of the [[Kingdom of Northumbria]]. To speakers of Germanic languages, the Brythons were called ''Welsh'', a term that came eventually to be applied exclusively to the inhabitants of what is now [[Wales]], but which survives also in names like [[Wallace (surname)|Wallace]].  In subsequent centuries [[Vikings]] settled in several parts of the island, and The [[Norman Conquest]] introduced a French ruling élite who also became assimilated.

Since the [[Acts of Union 1707|union of 1707]], the entire island has been one political unit, firstly as the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], later as part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], and then as part of the present [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]. Since the formation of this unified state, the adjective ''British'' has come to refer to things associated with the [[United Kingdom]] generally, such as citizenship, and not the island of Great Britain.

As recently as 9,000 years ago, Great Britain was not an island at all. The end of the last [[ice age]] saw the southeastern part of Great Britain still connected by a strip of low [[marsh]]es to the European mainland in what is now northeastern France. In [[Cheddar Gorge and Caves|Cheddar Gorge]] near [[Bristol]], the remains of animals native to mainland Europe such as [[antelope]]s, [[brown bear]]s, and [[wild horse]]s have been found alongside a human skeleton, [[Cheddar Man]], dated to about 7150 B.C. Thus, animals and humans must have moved between mainland Europe and Great Britain via a crossing.<ref>Lacey, Robert. ''Great Tales from English History''. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2004. ISBN 0-316-10910-X.</ref>

[[Albion]] (Alouion in [[Ptolemy]]) is the most ancient name of Great Britain.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} It is sometimes used now to refer to England specifically.  Occasionally, it refers to Scotland, which is called Alba in Gaelic, Albain in Irish, and Yr Alban in Welsh. [[Pliny the Elder]] in his Natural History (iv.xvi.102) applies it unequivocally to Great Britain. The name Britain may be derived from the Brythonic 'Prydyn' (Goidelic: Cruithne), a name used to describe some northern inhabitants of the island by Britons or pre-Roman Celts in the south. "It was itself named Albion, while all the islands about which we shall soon briefly speak were called the Britanniae." The name Albion was taken by medieval writers from Pliny and Ptolemy. For etymology, see [[#Nomenclature|below]].

The term was used officially for the first time during the reign of [[James I of England|King James VI of Scotland, I of England]]. Though England and Scotland each remained legally in existence as separate countries with their own parliaments, on [[20 October]] [[1604]] King James proclaimed himself as 'King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland', a title that continued to be used by many of his successors.<ref>[http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/britstyles.htm#1604 Proclamation styling James I King of Great Britain on October 20, 1604]</ref> In 1707, an [[Act of Union 1707|Act of Union]] joined both parliaments. That Act used two different terms to describe the new all island nation, a 'United Kingdom' and the 'Kingdom of Great Britain'. However, the former term is regarded by many as having been a ''description'' of the union rather than its name at that stage. Most reference books therefore describe the all-island kingdom that existed between 1707 and 1800 as the "Kingdom of Great Britain".

In 1801, under a new [[Act of Union 1800|Act of Union]], this kingdom merged with the [[Kingdom of Ireland]], over which the monarch of Great Britain had ruled. The new kingdom was from then onwards unambiguously called the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. In 1922, 26 of Ireland's [[Counties of Ireland|32 counties]] attained independence to form a separate [[Irish Free State]]. The remaining truncated kingdom has therefore since then been known as the [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]].

==Use and nomenclature==
===Use of the term ''Great Britain''===
"Great Britain" is often used to mean the "[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]" (UK). However, Great Britain is only the largest island within the United Kingdom, which includes numerous surrounding smaller islands, as well as [[Northern Ireland]] in the island of [[Ireland]]. In the introduction to his history book ''The Isles'', [[Norman Davies]] explains how confusion persists about what "Great Britain" and the "United Kingdom" actually denote in even some eminent educational institutions.<ref>Davies, Norman (1990) ''The Isles. A History''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513442-7</ref>

Terms associated with Great Britain &ndash; such as ''Britain'' or ''British'' &ndash; are generally used as short forms for the United Kingdom or its citizens respectively.

Great Britain and its abbreviations '''GB''' and '''GBR''' are used in some international codes as a synonym for the United Kingdom, largely due to potential confusion with "UA" or "UKR" for [[Ukraine]]<ref>Ukraine has ISO 3166 codes [[ISO 3166-2:UA|UA]] and [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|UKR]]</ref>. Examples include: [http://www.upu.int/post_code/en/list_of_sites_by_country.html#U Universal Postal Union], the [[International Olympic Committee]], international sports teams, [[NATO]], the [[ISO 3166-1|International Organization for Standardization]], and other organisations. (See also [[Country codes: U-Z#United Kingdom|country codes]], [[List of international license plate codes|international licence plate codes]], and technical standards such as the ISO 3166 [[geocode]]s [[ISO 3166-2:GB|GB]] and [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|GBR]].)

On the [[Internet]], '''[[.uk]]''' is used as a [[country code top-level domain]] for the United Kingdom. A '''[[.gb]]''' top-level domain was also used to a limited extent in the past, but this is now effectively in [[wikt:abeyance|abeyance]] because the domain name registrar will not take new registrations.  The [[Republic of Ireland]] has its own separate [[Internet]] code - [[.ie]] .

===Nomenclature===
The name ''Britain'' is derived from the name ''Britannia'', used by the Romans from ''circa'' [[55 BC]] and increasingly used to describe the island which had formerly been known as ''insula Albionum'', the "island of the Albions".<ref name=snyder>{{cite book
  | last = Snyder
  | first = Christopher A.
  | title = The Britons
  | publisher = [[Blackwell Publishing]]
  | date = 2003
  | id = ISBN 0-631-22260-X }}</ref> The name ''Britannia''  derived from the travel writings of the [[ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] [[Pytheas]] around [[320 BC]], which described various islands in the North Atlantic as far North as Thule (probably Iceland) <ref> "See summary of Pytheas' Voyage" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage </ref>.  Although Pytheas' own writings do not survive, later Greek writers described the islands as the αι Βρεττανιαι or the ''Brittanic Isles''.<ref name=snyder/><ref name=ohi>{{cite book
  | last = Foster (editor)
  | first = R F
  | authorlink = 
  | coauthors = Donnchadh O Corrain, Professor of Irish History at University College Cork: (Chapter 1: ''Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland'')
  | title = The Oxford History of Ireland
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | date = [[1 November]] [[2001]]
  | location = 
  | url = 
  | doi = 
  | id = ISBN 0-19-280202-X }}</ref> The peoples of these islands of ''Prettanike'' were called the Πρεττανοι, ''Priteni'' or ''Pretani''.<ref name=snyder/>  These names  derived from a [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] name which is likely to have reached Pytheas from the [[Gaul]]s, who may have used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands.<ref name=ohi/><ref>[http://www.celticgrounds.com/chapters/encyclopedia/p.html Encyclopedia of the Celts]: Pretani</ref> ''Priteni'' is the source of the [[Welsh language]] term [[Prydain]], ''Britain'', which has the same source as the [[Goidelic languages|Goidelic]] term [[Cruithne (people)|Cruithne]] used to refer to the early [[Brythonic languages|Brythonic]] speaking inhabitants of Ireland and the north of [[Scotland]].<ref name=ohi/> The latter were later called [[Picts]] or [[Caledonians]] by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]].

During Roman times, the term ''Britannia'' was applied to the Roman province of Britain, which occupied most of the island of Great Britain, and to the island as a whole.

(See [[British Isles (terminology)]] for further discussion of etymology).

''Great Britain'' may well be a translation of the [[French language|French]] term ''Grande Bretagne'', which is used in [[France]] to distinguish Britain from [[Brittany]] (in French: ''Bretagne''), which had been settled in late Roman times by Romano-Celtic troops from [[Maximus]]' army and later by refugees from [[Roman Britain]], who were then under attack by the [[Anglo-Saxons]]. Since the English court and aristocracy was largely French-speaking for about two centuries after the [[Norman Conquest]] of 1066, the French term may have naturally passed into English usage. The term "Bretayne the grete" was used by chroniclers as early as 1338{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, but it was not used officially until [[James I of England|James I]] proclaimed himself "King of Great Britain" on [[20 October]] [[1604]] to avoid the more cumbersome title "King of England and Scotland". Sources such as the [[New Oxford American Dictionary]] (NOAD) define ''Great Britain'' as "England, Wales, and Scotland considered as a unit" and ''Britain'' as "an island that consists of England, Wales, and Scotland." Thus, ''Britain'' is the name of the island, while ''Great Britain'' is the name of the geopolitical unit. NOAD advises that while ''Britain'' "is broadly synonymous with Great Britain ... the longer form is usual for the political unit." However, in the United Kingdom itself, "Britain" is usually taken to be synonymous with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland <ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/styleguide/page/0,,184840,00.html</ref>.

==='Minor' Britain===
In [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]]'s [[Pseudohistory|pseudohistorical]] ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'' (''circa'' [[1136]]), the island of Great Britain was referred to as ''Britannia major'' ("Greater Britain"), to distinguish it from ''Britannia minor'' ("Lesser Britain"), the continental region which approximates to modern [[Brittany]].

In [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Wales]] is referred to as ''An Bhreatain Bheag'' which means, literally, ''Little Britain'', although a truer translation would be ''Britain Minor''.  On the other hand, the closely-related language, [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]], uses the term, ''A'Bhreatainn Bheag'', to refer to Brittany.

''[[Little Britain]]'' is also the name of a [[BBC]] radio and television sketch show, and the name of streets in the [[City of London]] and in [[Dorchester, Dorset|Dorchester]]. The street in London was named in honour of the former embassy of the [[Duchy of Brittany]], which was located there.
-->
==Kota-kota ibu kota==

*[[Inggris]]: [[London]]
*[[Skotlandia]]: [[Edinburgh]]
*[[Wales]]: [[Cardiff]]

==Kota Ageung Sejenna ==

*England: [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], [[Birmingham]], [[Bradford]], [[Brighton]], [[Bristol]], [[Cambridge]], [[Coventry]], [[Derby]], [[Exeter]], [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Leeds]], [[Leicester]], [[Liverpool]], [[Manchester]], [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]], [[Norwich]], [[Nottingham]], [[Oxford]], [[Plymouth]], [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], [[Sheffield]], [[Southampton]], [[Sunderland]], [[Truro]], [[York]].
*Scotland: [[Aberdeen]], [[Dundee]], [[Glasgow]], [[Inverness]], [[Stirling]].
*Wales: [[Bangor, Gwynedd|Bangor]], [[Newport]], [[Swansea]], [[Wrexham]].

==Other islands of the archipelago==
* [[Anglesey]]
* [[Hebrides]]
* [[Ireland]]
* [[Isle of Man]]
* [[Isle of Wight]]
* [[Lundy]]
* [[Isle of Mull|Mull]]
* [[Orkney]]s
* [[Shetland|The Shetland Islands]]
* [[Isle of Skye|Skye]]

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

==Tumbu luar==
* [http://learningobjects.wesleyan.edu/makingofbritain/ Interactive map of Great Britain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227114830/http://learningobjects.wesleyan.edu/makingofbritain/ |date=2013-12-27 }} 
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/coast Coast] &ndash; the BBC explores the coast of Gréat Britain
* [http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/freegb/index.htm#maps Administrative map of Great Britain] &ndash; from the [[Ordnance Survey]]; various formats
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/nations/ BBC Nations]
* [http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/britishisles/ The British Isles]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html CIA Factbook United Kingdom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102141059/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |date=2021-01-02 }}

{{British Isles}}<br>
{{Persemakmuran}}<br>

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