Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Oksigén

{{Elementbox_header | number=8 | symbol=O | name=oxygen | left=[[nitrogen]] | right=[[fluorine]] | above=- | below=[[sulfur|S]] | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }}
{{Elementbox_series | [[nonmetal]]s }}
{{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=16 | period=2 | block=p }}
{{Elementbox_appearance_img | O,8| colorless }}
{{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-26 kg|15.9994(3)]] }}
{{Elementbox_econfig | 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>4</sup> }}
{{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 6 }}
{{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }}
{{Elementbox_phase | [[gas]] }}
{{Elementbox_density_gplstp | 1.429 }}
{{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=54.36 | c=-218.79 | f=-361.82 }}
{{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=90.20 | c=-182.95 | f=-297.31 }}
{{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | (O<sub>2</sub>) 0.444 }}
{{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | (O<sub>2</sub>) 6.82 }}
{{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | (O<sub>2</sub>)<br />29.378 }}
{{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | 61 | 73 | 90 | comment= }}
{{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }}
{{Elementbox_crystalstruct | cubic }}
{{Elementbox_oxistates | −'''2''', −1<br />(neutral oxide) }}
{{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 3.44 }}
{{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 1313.9 | 3388.3 | 5300.5 }}
{{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-11 m|60]] }}
{{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-11 m|48]] }}
{{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-11 m|73]] }}
{{Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm | [[1 E-10 m|152]] }}
{{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }}
{{Elementbox_magnetic | [[paramagnetism|paramagnetic]] }}
{{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 26.58 m}}
{{Elementbox_speedofsound_mps | (gas, 27&nbsp;°C) 330 }}
{{Elementbox_cas_number | 7782-44-7 }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | isotopesof=oxygen | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=16 | sym=O | na=99.762% | n=8 }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=17 | sym=O | na=0.038% | n=9 }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=18 | sym=O | na=0.2% | n=10 }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_end}}
{{Elementbox_footer | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }}

'''Oksigén''' mangrupa [[unsur kimia]] nu dina [[tabel periodik]] lambangna '''O''' jeung [[wilangan atom]] 8. Unsur ieu umum pisan, ayana lain ukur di [[Marcapada|Bumi]], tapi ogé di sakuliah alam, ilaharna mah dina bentuk kabeungkeut ku unsur séjén. Oksigén nu teu kabeungkeut (biasa disebut oksigén molekular, O<sub>2</sub>), jaman baheula dihasilkeun tina [[métabolisme]] [[anaérob]] ([[archaea]] jeung [[baktéri]]). Sedengkeun kiwari, lolobana dihasilkeun tina prosés [[fotosintésis]], tilu parapatna hasil [[fitoplangton]] jeung [[ganggang]] di sagara, sarta saparapatna tina [[tangkal|tutuwuhan]]. '''Oksigén''' mangrupa bagian tina hawa anu ngalantarankeun mahluk hidup bisa harirup, lantaran lamun kakurangan waé dina keur diisep, éta aya akibatna nepikeun ka lingkungan rumah sakit kudu maké bantuan oksigén<ref name="sumber1">Manglé no 1984</ref>. Dina kaayaan alam jeung lingkungan urang normal, oksigen mangrupa zat anu kacida diperelukeunana pikeun ngambekan<ref name="sumber1"/>. Tapi dina kaayaan cara ayeuna, upamana waé polusi atawa pencemaran nu geus sakitu mahabuna, oksigén téh bisa robah jadi zat anu dingaranan "Radikal Bébas", sarta bakal ngadatangkeun karugian ka manusa<ref name="sumber1"/>. Upamana waé bisa ngalantarankeun panyakit bahaya cara kiwari<ref name="sumber1"/>.

== Karakteristik ==

[[Gambar:Dioxygen-montage.png|100px|thumb|left|Dina kaayaan baku, dioksigén, O<sub>2</sub>, bentukna gas.]] 
[[Gambar:Ozone-montage.png|100px|thumb||left|Ozon, O<sub>3</sub>, molekul 3-atom, lolobana aya di lapisan stratosfir.]]
Alotrop oksigén anu umum di Marcapada nyaéta [[dioksigén]], O<sub>2</sub>, molekul diatomik anu [[beungkeut kimia|dibeungkeut]] dina [[konfigurasi éléktron]] [[oksigén triplét]]. Ieu beungkeut [[ordeu beungkeut|ordeuna]] dua, jauh leuwih pajeulit tina gambaran [[beungkeut ganda]] anu basajan<ref>{{cite web | url = http://web.missouri.edu/~glaserr/wade4e/chapter15/dioxygen_t.html | title = Structure of Oxygen Molecule (triplet) | publisher = Glasser Group, University of Missouri-Columbia | accessdate = 2007-03-03 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913163524/http://web.missouri.edu/~glaserr/wade4e/chapter15/dioxygen_t.html |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref>. Oksigén triplét téh minangka [[kaayaan dasar]] molekul oksigén. [[Konfigurasi éléktron]] ieu molekul mibanda dua éléktron nyorangan nu nempatan dua orbital molekul. Ieu orbital kaasupkeun [[antibonding]], antukna beungkeut oksigén diatomik leuwwih lemah batan beungkeut [[nitrogén]] diatomik nu orbital molekul beungkeutanana kaeusi. Najan éléktron nyorangan ilaharna pakait jeung réaktivitas anu luhur, oksigén triplét mah rélatif (sarta untungna téh) teu réaktif dibanding jeung lolobana radikal.

[[Oksigén nunggal]], ngaran nu dibikeun ka sababraha spésiés oksigén nu sakabéh spin éléktronna papacangan sarta boga énérgi leuwih luhur, leuwih réaktif ka molekul [[sanyawa organik|organik]] biasa. Di alam, oksigén nunggal biasana dibentuk tina cai dina fotosintésis ngagunakeun énérgi cahya panonpoé. Ieu molekul ogé dihasilkeun ku sistem imun salaku sumber oksigén aktif. [[Karoténoid]] dina organismeu fotosintétik jeung sasatoan boga peran utama pikeun nyerep énérgi ti oksigén nunggal nu dikonvérsi kana kaayaan dasar anu tanpa éksitasi, antukna henteu nyilakakeun jaringan.

== Larapan ==
<!--Liquid oxygen finds use as an oxidizer in [[rocket]] propulsion. Oxygen is essential to [[respiration]], so oxygen supplementation has found use in [[medicine]]. People who climb [[mountain]]s or fly in [[airplane]]s sometimes have supplemental oxygen supplies (as air). Oxygen is used in [[welding]], and in the making of [[steel]] and [[methanol]].

Oxygen, as a mild euphoric, has a history of recreational use that extends into modern times. [[Oxygen_bar|Oxygen bars]] can be seen at parties to this day. In the 19th century, oxygen was often mixed with [[nitrous oxide]] to promote an [[analgesic]] effect; indeed, such a mixture ([[Entonox]]) is commonly used in medicine today.
-->
== Sajarah ==
Oksigén munggaran disabit-sabit ku [[Michał Sędziwój]], [[alkémis]] jeung [[filsuf]] Polandia ahir [[abad ka-16]]. Anjeunna nyebut gas anu kaluar tina [[niter]] haneut salaku "''the elixir of life''"<ref>
{{cite journal
| author =  H. Guerlac
| title = The Poets' Nitre
| journal = [[Isis]]
| year = 1954 
| volume = 45
| issue = 3
| pages = 243-255
| url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-1753%28195409%2945%3A3%3C243%3ATPN%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A
}}</ref>. [[Robert Hooke]], [[Ole Borch]], [[Mikhail Lomonosov]], jeung [[Pierre Bayen]] geus bisa ngahasilkeun oksigén dina percobaanana [[abad ka-17]], tapi ku saurang ogé teu dianggap unsur<ref name="NBB299">Emsley (2001). ''Nature's Building Blocks'', kaca 299</ref>.

Hiji percobaan nu dipingpin ku [[Joseph Priestley]], pendéta [[Karajaan Inggris Raya|Inggris]] ([[1 Agustus]] [[1774]]), mokuskeun [[cahya panonpoé]] kana [[raksa (II) oksida|oksida raksa]] ([[raksa (unsur)|Hg]]O) dina tabung gelas ngahasilkeun gas anu ku anjeunna dingaranan ''dephlogisticated air'' (baca [[téori flogiston]]). Anjeunna awas yén ku ayana éta gas, hurungna [[lilin]] jadi leuwih, sedengkeun beurit bisa leuwih aktif sarta hirup leuwih lana mun nyeuseup ieu gas. Sanggeus diseuseup ku sorangan, anjeunna nulis "Karasana kana bayah mah teu pati béda jeung udara biasa, tapi kana engapan jadi leuwih hampang."<ref name="NBB299"/>

Tanpa sakanyaho Priestley, ahli farmasi [[Swédia]] [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] geus ngahasilkeun oksigén ku cara manaskeun oksida raksa jeung rupa-rupa [[nitrat]] kira taun [[1772]]. Anjeunna nuliskeun papanggihanana ieu dina naskah anu dikirimkeun ka pamedal taun 1775. hanjakalna téh, ieu naskah kakara medal taun 1777<ref name="NBB300">Emsley (2001). ''Nature's Building Blocks'', kaca 300</ref>. Anjeunna nyebut ieu gas salaku 'udara seuneu' (''fire air'') ku sabab éta gas téh hiji-hijina anu geus kanyahoan ngarojong durukan. Salajeungna ieu gas disebut 'udara vital' (''vital air'') ku sabab vital pikeun hirupna sasatoan.

Kimiawan [[Prancis]], [[Antoine Lavoisier]], ngakukeun yén manéhna sacara mandiri manggihan zat anyar. Tapi kanyataanana, manéhna kungsi didongéngan ku Priestley ngeunaan hasil percobaanana. Pon kitu ogé Scheele kungsi medar papanggihanana ka Lavoisier  dina surat [[30 Séptémber]] [[1774]]<ref name="NBB300"/>.

Ku Lavoisier, ieu unsur anyar téh dingaranan ''oxygéne'', tina akar [[basa Yunani]] nu hartina "nu ngabentuk [[asam]]". Ieu téh dumasar kana anggapan—nu tétéla salah—yén sakabéh asam ngandung oksigén. Najan dicawad ku para élmuwan Inggris, ''oxygen'' diasupkeun kana basa Inggris. Hal ieu di antarana alatan ayana [[sajak]] nu muji-muji ieu gas nu judulna "Oxygen" dina buku populér ''[[The Botanic Garden]]'' (1791) karya [[Erasmus Darwin]], akina [[Charles Darwin]]<ref name="NBB300"/>.

[[Kondénsasi]] oksigén munggaran dicobaan taun [[1883]] ku [[Zygmunt Wróblewski]] jeung [[Karol Olszewski]], dua profésor ti [[Universitas Jagiellonian]].

== Pancén biologis ==
=== Fotosintésis jeung réspirasi ===
Di alam, oksigén bébas dihasilkeun tina [[fotolisis]] cai dina [[fotosintésis]]. [[Ganggang héjo]] jeung [[sianobaktéri]] di lingkungan laut ngahasilkeun kira 70% oksigén bébas anu dihasilkeun ku Bumi<ref>[[#Reference-idFenical1983|Fenical 1983]], "Marine Plants"</ref>.

Réaksi lengkep anu dibasajankeun pikeun fotosintésis nyaéta<ref>[[#Reference-idBrown2003|Brown 2003]], 958</ref> 
::6{{kim|C||O|2}} + 6{{kim|H|2|O}} + [[foton]] → {{kim|C|6|H|12|O|6}} + 6{{kim|O|2}}  <small>(karbon dioksida + cai + cahya sarangéngé → glukosa + dioksigén)</small>

Évolusi fotolitik oksigén lumangsung di jero [[mémbran tilakoid]] organismeu fotosintétik sarta merlukeun énérgi opat [[foton]]<ref>Thylakoid membranes are part of [[Chloroplast|chloroplasts]] in algae and plants while they simply are one of many membrane structures in [[cyanobacteria]]. In fact, chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from [[cyanobacteria]] that were once symbiotic partners with the progenerators of plants and algae</ref>. Ieu prosés téh loba hambalanana, nu ngahasilkeun gradién [[proton]] di antara mémbran tilakoid, nu dipaké pikeun nyintésis [[adénosin trifosfat|ATP]] dina [[fotofosforilasi]]<ref name="Raven">[[#Reference-idRaven2005|Raven 2005]], 115–27</ref>. Sésa {{kim|O|2}} sanggeus oksidasi molekul cai dileupaskeun ka atmosfir<ref>Oksidasi cai dikatalisan ku kompléks [[énzim]] nu ngandung [[mangan]] nu katelah ''oxygen evolving complex'' (OEC) atawa ''water-splitting complex'' nu aya patalina jeung sisi luménal mémbran tilakoid. Dina ieu prosés, mangan téh [[Kofaktor (biokimia)|kofaktor]] penting di sagigireun [[kalsium]] jeung [[klorida]] anu kudu aya dina réaksina.(Raven 2005)</ref>.

Molekul dioksigén ({{kim|O|2}}) téh ésénsil pikeun [[réspirasi sélulér]] pikeun sakabéh [[organismeu aérobik]]. Oksigén dipaké di [[mitokondria]] pikeun mantuna ngahasilkeun [[adénosin trifosfat]] (ATP) dina [[fosforilasi oksidatif]]. Réaksi pikeun réspirasi aérob sabalikna tina fotosintésis, nu mun dibasajankeun réaksina kieu:
::{{kim|C|6|H|12|O|6}} + 6{{kim|O|2}} → 6{{kim|C||O|2}} + 6{{kim|H|2|O}} + 2880 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>

Di [[vertebrata]], {{kim|O|2}} ngalaman [[difusi]] nembus mémbran dina bayah nepi ka [[sél getih beureum]]. [[Hémoglobin]] meungkeut {{kim|O|2}}, antukna kelirna robah tina beureum kolot jadi burahay<ref>CO<sub>2</sub> is released from another part of hemoglobin (baca [[Bohr effect]])</ref><ref name="GuideElem48"/>. Sato séjén ngagunakeun [[hémosianin]] ([[Moluska]] jeung sababaraha [[arthropoda]]) atawa [[héméritrin]] ([[lancah]] jeung [[hurang]])<ref name="NBB298"/>. Saléter getih bisa ngaleyurkeun 200&nbsp;cc {{kim|O|2}}<ref name="NBB298"/>.

[[Spésiés oksigén réaktif]], contona baé ion [[superoksida]] ({{kim|O|2|−}}) jeung [[hidrogén peroksida]] ({{kim|H|2|O|2}}), mangrupa pasésaan tina pamakéan oksigén dina awak mahluk hirup<ref name="NBB298"/>. Sabalikna ti éta, sabagian [[sistem imun]] organismeu nu leuwih luhur justru ngahasilkeun péroksida, superoksida, jeung oksigén nunggal pikeun ngancurkeun kuman nu narajang. Spésiés oksigén réaktif ogé penting dina [[réspons hipersénsitif]] tutuwuhan nalika ngalawan serangan patogén<ref name="Raven"/>.

Dina kaayaan reureuh, jalma sawawa nyeuseup 1,8 nepi ka 2,4 gram oksigén per menit<ref>[http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6224560-description.html "For humans, the normal volume is 6-8 liters per minute."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906215440/http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6224560/description.html |date=2010-09-06 }}</ref>. Jumlah-jamléh, mun lobana manusa dianggap 6,6 miliar, oksigén nu diseuseup per taunna téh beuratna nepi ka 6 miliar ton per taun<ref>(1,8 g)*(60 menit)*(24 jam)*(365 poé)*(6,6 miliar jalma)/1.000.000 = 6,24 miliar ton</ref>.
<!--
===Build-up in the atmosphere===
[[Image:Oxygenation-atm.png|thumb|left|300px|O<sub>2</sub> build-up in Earth's atmosphere: 1) no O<sub>2</sub> produced; 2) O<sub>2</sub> produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O<sub>2</sub> starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O<sub>2</sub> sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]

Free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in [[Earth's atmosphere]] before photosynthetic [[archaea]] and [[bacteria]] evolved. Free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the [[Paleoproterozoic]] era (between 2.5 and 1.6&nbsp;billion years ago). At first, the oxygen combined with dissolved [[iron]] in the oceans to form [[banded iron formation]]s. Free oxygen started to gas out of the oceans 2.7&nbsp;billion years ago, reaching 10% of its present level around 1.7&nbsp;billion years ago.<ref name="Campbell">[[#Reference-idCampbell2005|Campbell 2005]], 522–23</ref>

The presence of large amounts of dissolved and free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere may have driven most of the [[anaerobic organism]]s then living to [[extinction]] during the [[oxygen catastrophe]] about 2.4&nbsp;billion years ago. However, [[cellular respiration]] using O<sub>2</sub> enables [[aerobic organism]]s to produce much more ATP than anaerobic organisms, helping the former to dominate Earth's [[biosphere]].<ref name="Freeman">[[#Reference-idFreeman2005|Freeman 2005]], 214, 586</ref> Photosynthesis and cellular respiration of {{chem|O|2}} allowed for the evolution of [[eukaryotic cell]]s and ultimately complex multicellular organisms such as plants and animals.

Since the beginning of the [[Cambrian]] era 540&nbsp;million years ago, {{chem|O|2}} levels have fluctuated between 15% and 30% per volume.<ref name="geologic">[[#Reference-idBerner1999|Berner 1999]], 10955–57</ref> Towards the end of the [[Carboniferous]] era (about 300&nbsp;million years ago) atmospheric {{chem|O|2}} levels reached a maximum of 35% by volume,<ref name=geologic/> allowing insects and amphibians to grow much larger than today's species. Human activities, including the burning of 7&nbsp;billion [[tonne]]s of [[fossil fuel]]s each year have had very little effect on the amount of free oxygen in the atmosphere.<ref name="NBB303"/> At the current rate of photosynthesis it would take about 2,000&nbsp;years to regenerate the entire {{chem|O|2}} in the present atmosphere.<ref>[[#Reference-idDole1965|Dole 1965]], 5–27</ref>
-->

== Jumlah di alam ==
Oksigén mangrupa komponén tunggal panglobana di [[atmosfir]] Bumi (20.947% dumasar eusi). Proporsi ieu ngajadikeun oksigén élémén anu kadua paling loba sanggeus nitrogén (78.17%). Nu leuwih luhur permukaan, tingkat oksigén bakal beuki ipis saeutik demi saeutik nepi ka luar angkasa di mana euweuh oksigén bebas.

Di alam, oksigén biasana nyampur sareng gas lain seperti Nitrogén, Boron, karbon dioksida. Sadengkeun, pikeun kebutuhan industri, biasana dianggo oksigén murni. Metode pikeun misahkeun gas tertentu ti udara secara umum ngaranna gas separation / kromatografi kolom. Biasana, industri sapertos ADY GAS [https://adysaputro23.blogspot.com/2020/11/0821-2742-4060-jual-activated-alumina.html jual activated alumina] sareng molecular sieve pikeun media penyaring gas.

== Sanyawaan ==
Alatan [[éléktronégativitas]]na, oksigén ngabentuk [[beungkeut kimia]] jeung sakabéh unsur dina prosés [[oksidasi]], iwal sababaraha gas milya jeung [[flor]]. Lian ti éta, logam mulya (misalna baé [[emas]] jeung [[platina]]) teu bisa langsung ngagabung jeung oksigén. Sanyawa kawas emas oksida ukur bisa dihasilkeun ngaliwatan prosés anu teu langsung.

Sanyawaan oksigén anu paling umum nyaéta [[cai]]. Nu séjénna, di antarana baé [[silika]] (dina [[keusik]], [[gelas]], [[batu (géologi)|batu]], jsb.) jeung sanyawaan karbon, kayaning [[karbon dioksida]] (CO<sub>2</sub>), [[alkohol]] (R-OH), [[karbonil]] (R-CO-H atawa R-CO-R), jeung [[asam karboksilat]] (R-COOH). [[radikal (kimia)|Radikal]] anu dioksigénan samodél [[klorat]] (ClO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>), [[perklorat]] (ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>), [[kromat]] (CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>), [[dikromat]] (Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2−</sup>), [[permanganat]] (MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>), jeung [[nitrat]] (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) mangrupa agén pangoksidasi. [[Fosfor]] penting pisan sacara biologis dina bentuk ion [[fosfat]] (PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup>). Logam-logam bisa ngabeungkeut atom oksigén, contona beusi dina [[beusi (III) oksida]] (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) anu ilahar disebut [[tai hiang]]. [[Ozon]] (O<sub>3</sub>) dibentuk tina prosés éléktrostatik anu aya oksigénna.

== Oksigén Terlarut ==
Oksigén Terlarut (dissolved oxygen) nyaéta gas oksigén (O<sub>2</sub>) anu terlarut dina cai. Oksigén terlarut diperyogikeun ku lauk sareng makhluk hirup lainna pikeun ngahirup udara. Oksigén terlarut ogé diperyogikeun ku [[Baktéri|bakteri]] dekomposer pikeun ngarusak (dekomposisi) sareng ngaburaikeun materi organik janten non-organik. Nilai oksigén terlarut biasana diékspresikeun ku ppm (parts per million / bagian per juta) atawa mg/L. [https://www.adywater.com/2015/05/081322599149-do-meter-cara-pengukuran.html Satuan DO] nyaeta mg/L.

Salaku contoh, ngarah lauk tiasa hirup sareng berkembang, nilai oksigén terlarut standar umum na 5 mg/L. Balong lauk anu profésional nempatkeun aerator atawa pompa nu ngajaga nilai oksigen terlarut di balong dina jangkauan aman pikeun lauk. Alat pikeun ngukur oksigen terlarut ngaran na DO meter (dissolved oxygen meter). [https://www.hargadometer.com/2015/09/dissolved-oxygen-do-meter-harga-do.html Harga DO meter] gumantung spesifikasi na sarenga aplikasi na, aya nu mirah pikeun rumah tangga aya ogé nu rada awis pikeun industri.

== Pemisahan Gas Oksigén ==
Pemisahan gas oksigén dari hawa bebas pikeun produksi oksigén murni nganggo produk nu disebat molecular sieve. Aya beberapa tipe molecular sieve anu aya di pasaran, nyaéta:

[https://www.adywater.com/2021/12/ready-stock-molecular-sieve-13x-hp-size-0-4-0-8-mm-xintao.html Molecular Sieve 13X HP 0,4-0,8 mm]

[https://www.adywater.com/2021/12/ready-stock-molecular-sieve-13x-hp-size-1-6-2-5-mm-xintao.html Molecular Sieve 13X HP 1,6-2,5 mm]

[https://www.adywater.com/2021/12/ready-stock-molecular-sieve-13x-apg-1-7-2-5-mm-xintao.html Molecular Sieve 13X APG 1,7-2,5 mm]

[https://www.adywater.com/2021/12/ready-stock-molecular-sieve-13x-size-1-7-2-5.html Molecular Sieve 13X 1,7-2,5 mm]

[https://www.adywater.com/2021/12/ready-stock-molecular-sieve-13x-size-3.html Molecular Sieve 13X 3-5 mm]

== Isotop ==
Anu geus kanyahoan, oksigén boga tujuh welas [[isotop]] nu [[massa atom]]na antara 12.03 u nepi ka 28.06 u. Nu stabil aya tilu: <sup>16</sup>O, <sup>17</sup>O, jeung <sup>18</sup>O, tapi nu panglobana mah <sup>16</sup>O (leuwih ti 99.7%). [[Radioisotop]]na boga satengah-umur kurang ti tilu menit.

== Kawaspadaan ==
<!--Oxygen can be [[Oxygen toxicity|toxic]] at elevated [[partial pressure]]s. This is important in some forms of [[scuba]] diving, such as with a [[rebreather]].

Certain derivatives of oxygen, such as [[ozone]] (O<sub>3</sub>), [[singlet oxygen]], [[hydrogen peroxide]], [[hydroxyl radical]]s and [[superoxide]], are also highly toxic. The body has developed mechanisms to protect against these toxic species. For instance, the naturally-occurring glutathione can act as an antioxidant, as can bilirubin which is normally a breakdown product of hemoglobin. Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid [[combustion]] and therefore are [[fire]] and [[explosion]] hazards in the presence of [[fuel]]s. This is true as well of compounds of oxygen such as chlorates, perchlorates, dichromates, etc. Compounds with a high oxidative potential can often cause chemical [[burn (injury)|burns]].

The fire that killed the [[Apollo 1]] crew on a test launchpad spread so rapidly because the pure oxygen atmosphere was at normal atmospheric pressure instead of the one third pressure that would be used during an actual launch. (See [[partial pressure]].)

Oxygen derivatives are prone to form [[free radicals]], especially in metabolic processes. Because they can cause severe damage to cells and their [[DNA]], they are thought to be related to cancer and aging.
-->
== Baca ogé ==
* [[uji Winkler pikeun oksigén leyur]] pikeun cara ngukur jumlah oksigén nu [[leyur]] na cai.
* [[Oksidasi]]
* [[lapisan ozon]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
* Wikipédia basa Inggris. ''[[:en:Oxygen|Oxygen]]''. Dicutat 20 Séptémber 2007.
* [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/8.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Oxygen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026034224/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/8.html |date=2007-10-26 }}
* [http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/AtData/main_asd Nist atomic spectra database]
* [http://chartofthenuclides.com/default.html Nuclides and Isotopes Fourteenth Edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202125304/http://chartofthenuclides.com/default.html |date=2011-02-02 }}: Chart of the Nuclides, General Electric Company, 1989

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Commons|Oxygen}}
* [http://www.priestleysociety.net Priestley Society, Dedicated to Joseph Priestley the man who discovered oxygen]
* [http://www.best-home-remedies.com/minerals/oxygen.htm Oxygen - Benefits, Deficiency Symptoms And Food Sources]
* [http://www.josephpriestley.info Joseph Priestley Information Website, about the man who discovered oxygen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604052848/http://josephpriestley.info/ |date=2017-06-04 }}
* [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/8.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Oxygen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026034224/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/8.html |date=2007-10-26 }}
* [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/O/index.html WebElements.com – Oxygen]
* [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele008.html It's Elemental – Oxygen]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021002150956/http://members.tripod.com/tjaartdb0/html/oxygen_toxicity.html Oxygen Toxicity]
* [http://www.uigi.com/oxygen.html Oxygen (O2) Properties, Uses, Applications]
* [http://www.compchemwiki.org/index.php?title=Oxygen Computational Chemistry Wiki]

{{Tabél périodik}}

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