Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Ranitidin

{{Penyangkalan-medis}}
{{Drugbox
|Verifiedfields= changed
|Watchedfields = changed
|verifiedrevid = 458460406
|drug_name     = 
|INN           = 
|type          = <!-- empty -->
|image         = Ranitidine.svg
|width         = 250
|alt           = 
|image2        = File:Ranitidine-A-3D-balls.png
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|caption       = 
<!-- Clinical data -->
|pronounce   = {{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|n|ɪ|t|ᵻ|d|iː|n}}
|tradename   = Zantac<ref name=Patient.info>{{cite web|author=Michael Stewart, <small>BPharm, MRPharmS</small>|date=12 Apr 2018|title=Zantac – Ranitidine to reduce stomach acid|url=https://Patient.info/medicine/ranitidine-to-reduce-stomach-acid-zantac|website=Patient.info|location=[[Leeds]], England, United Kingdom|publisher=[[Patient UK|Patient Platform Limited]]|accessdate=31 March 2020|quote=Ranitidine reduces the amount of acid produced by your stomach.  Any side-effects are usually mild and do not last long.}}</ref> <small>(original)</small>, and others
|Drugs.com   = {{drugs.com|monograph|ranitidine-hydrochloride}}
|MedlinePlus = a601106
|licence_CA  = <!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) -->
|licence_EU  = <!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) -->
|DailyMedID  = Ranitidine
|licence_US  = Ranitidine
|pregnancy_AU= B1
|pregnancy_AU_comment= <ref name=RanitidinePregnancy>{{cite web|title=Ranitidine use during pregnancy|website=Drugs.com|date=2 December 2019|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ranitidine.html|access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>
|pregnancy_US= B
|pregnancy_US_comment= <ref name=RanitidinePregnancy/>
|pregnancy_category= 
|dependency_liability= 
|addiction_liability= 
|routes_of_administration= [[Oral administration|ngaliwatan baham]], [[intravenous therapy|Intravena]] (IV)
|class = [[H2 antagonist|Histamine H<sub>2</sub> receptor antagonist]], aka H2 blocker<ref name=Patient.info/>
|ATCvet      = 
|ATC_prefix  = A02
|ATC_suffix  = BA02
|ATC_supplemental= <br>{{ATC|A02|BA07}} (ranitidin bismut sitrat)
<!-- Legal status -->
|legal_AU= S2
|legal_AU_comment= 
|legal_BR=  <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F-->
|legal_BR_comment= 
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|legal_CA_comment= 
|legal_DE= <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled-->
|legal_DE_comment= 
|legal_NZ= <!-- Class A, B, C -->
|legal_NZ_comment= 
|legal_UK= GSL
|legal_UK_comment= 
|legal_US= 
|legal_US_comment= Withdrawn<ref name="FDA Q&A" /><ref name="FDA removal PR" />
|legal_UN= <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV-->
|legal_UN_comment= 
|legal_status= <!--for countries not listed above-->
<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->
|bioavailability= 50% (Ngaliwatan baham)
|protein_bound  = 15%
|metabolism     = [[Liver]]: [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase|FMO]]s, kaasup [[FMO3]]; énzim lianna
|metabolites    = 
|onset = 55–65&nbsp;minutes (150&nbsp;mg dose)<ref name="pmid12144582"/><br>55–115&nbsp;minutes (75&nbsp;mg dose)<ref name="pmid12144582">{{cite journal|vauthors=Gardner JD, Ciociola AA, Robinson M, McIsaac RL|display-authors=3|title=Determination of the time of onset of action of ranitidine and famotidine on intra-gastric acidity|journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.|volume=16|issue=7|pages=1317–1326|date=July 2002|pmid=12144582|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01291.x|url= }}</ref>
|elimination_half-life= 2–3 jam
|duration_of_action= 
|excretion= 30–70% [[Ginjal]]
<!-- Identifiers -->
|JAN             = ranitidin hidroklorida
|CAS_number_Ref  = {{cascite|correct|??}}
|CAS_number      = 66357-35-5
|CAS_supplemental= 
|PubChem         = 3001055
|PubChemSubstance= 
|IUPHAR_ligand   = 1234
|DrugBank_Ref    = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
|DrugBank        = DB00863
|ChemSpiderID_Ref= {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
|ChemSpiderID    = 4863
|UNII_Ref        = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
|UNII            = 884KT10YB7
|KEGG_Ref        = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
|KEGG            = D00422
|ChEBI_Ref       = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
|ChEBI           = 8776
|ChEMBL_Ref      = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
|ChEMBL          = 1790041
|NIAID_ChemDB    = 
|PDB_ligand      = 
|synonyms        = Dimethyl [(5-<nowiki/>{[(2-<nowiki/>{[1-(methylamino)-2-nitroethenyl]amino}ethyl)sulfanyl]methyl}furan-2-yl)methyl]amina
<!-- Chemical and physical data -->
|IUPAC_name       = ''N''-(2-[(5-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]furan-2-yl)methylthio]ethyl)-''N'''-methyl-2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine
|chemical_formula = 
|C=13 |H=22 |N=4 |O=3 |S=1
|molecular_weight = 
|SMILES           = [O-][N+](=O)C=C(NC)NCCSCc1ccc(o1)CN(C)C
|Jmol             = 
|StdInChI_Ref     = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
|StdInChI         = 1S/C13H22N4O3S/c1-14-13(9-17(18)19)15-6-7-21-10-12-5-4-11(20-12)8-16(2)3/h4-5,9,14-15H,6-8,10H2,1-3H3
|StdInChI_comment = 
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}}
'''Ranitidin''' téh salah sahiji ubar golongan antagonis reseptor H2 histamin,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00863|title=Ranitidine|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-30}}</ref> nyaéta ubar nu dipaké pikeun ngubaran kaayaan nu aya patalina jeung [[asam lambung]] dina [[beuteung]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/ranitidine.html|title=Ranitidine: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Warnings|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-30}}</ref> Miboga fungsi pikeun nyingkahan sarta  ngungkulan rasa panas dina beuteung, [[maag]], jeung kasakit lianna nu disababkeun ku tukak lambung.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/obatan-suplemen/obat/ranitidine/|title=Ranitidine : Fungsi, Dosis, Efek Samping, Cara Pakai|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-30}}</ref> Ubar ieu dipikawanoh ogé salaku Zantac, sadia dina sababaraha bentuk kaasup tablét, jeung injéksi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/ranitidin|title=Ranitidin|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2020-06-30}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-4091-4033/ranitidine-oral/ranitidine-liquid-oral/details|title=Drugs & Medications|website=www.webmd.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-30}}</ref>

== Kagunaan ==
Ubar ieu ogé dipaké pikeun ngubaran kasakit lianna nu aya dina beuteung jeung tikoro nu disababkeun ku lobana asam lambung, produksi asam lambung nu kaleuleuwihi bisa micu iritasi jeung peradangan dina dinding lambung jeung saluran pencernaan'''.''' kayaning ''erosive esophagitis'' jeung refluks asam lambung (''gastroesophageal reflux disease'', [[GERD]]).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Ngaran lian sarta ngaran dagang ==
Ieu di handap sababaraha ngaran lian tina ranitidin:<ref name=":0" />

* Ranitidina
* Ranitidine
* Ranitidinum

Sarta ngaran dagang tina ranitidin ieu:<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doktersehat.com/ranitidin-1/|title=Obat Ranitidin: Dosis, Kegunaan, Efek Samping|last=Putrikrislia|first=Ursula Penny|website=Informasi Kesehatan dan Tips Kesehatan - Dokter Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-30}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810020520/https://doktersehat.com/ranitidin-1/ |date=2020-08-10 }}</ref>

* Ranitidin,
* Ranitidine,
* ''Ranitidine'' Hydrochloride,
* Ranitidine HCL.
* Acran,
* Anitid,
* Conranin,
* Curadyn,
* Fordin,
* Gastridin,
* Graseric,

== Cara gawé ==
Sanggeus dahar, [[hormon gastrin]] nu diproduksi ku sel-sel di lapisan beuteung, ngarangsang leupasna histamin, nu tuluy aya patalina jeung reseptor histamin H2, nu nyababkeun sekresi asam lambung. Ranitidin ngurangan sekresi asam lambung kucara meungkeut reversibel ka reseptor histamin (H2), nu kapanggih dina sel parietal lambung. Proses ieu ngarah ka panghambatan meungkeut histamin ka reseptor ieu, nyababkeun ngurangan sekresi asam lambung. Nurunkeun gejala nu patali jeung asam lambung, bisa karasa sanggeus 60 menit nginum ubar ieu, sarta dan éfékna bisa lumangsung salila 4-10 jam, nurunkeun gejala kalawan gancang sarta éféktif.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Cara maké ==
Ranitidin nyaéta ubar nu  biasana diinum hiji nepi ka dua kali dina sapoé atawa saluyu jeung instruksi dokter. Dina sababaraha kaayaan, bisa nepi ka diresépkeun opat kali sapoé. Mun aneun nginum ubar ieu sakali dina sapoé, biasana kudu diinum sanggeus dahar ti peuting atawa saacan [[saré]].<ref name=":2" /> Turutkeun paréntah [[dokter]] sarta kudu maca katerangan nu aya dina kemasan saacan maké ranitidin. Ulah ngagandakeun dosis atawa ngurangan dosis. Ranitidin bisa diinum sanggeus atawa saacan dahar, usahakaeun pikeun  nginum ubar ieu dina jam nu sarua unggal poéna supaya ubar ieu bisa leuwih éféktif gawéna.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Hal nu kudu diperhatikeun ==
Ieu di handap sababraha hal nu kuu diperhatikeun saacan nginum ranitidin:<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

* Ulah maké ranitidin mun anjeun boga alérgi kana ieu ubar atawa ubar séjén tina golongan nu sarua jeung ranitidin, kayaning ''[[cimetidine]]'' jeung ''[[Famotidin|famotidine]]''.
* Jéntrékeun ka dokter mun anjeun kungsi atawa keur ngarandapan panyakit [[porfiria]], [[fenilketonuria]], [[diabetes]], gangguan sistem imun, [[gangguan ginjal]], [[gangguan haté]], sarta [[gangguan paru]].
* Jéntrékeun ka dokter mun anjeun keur maké ubar lianna kaasup vitamin atawa ubar herbal,

Pikeun awéwé nu keur kakandungann, can aya panalungtikan nu ngabuktikeun yén ubar ieu miboga pangaruh. Numutkeun ''US Food and Drugs Administration'' atawa FDA ubar ieu asup kana résiko kahamilan  kategori B nu hartina teu miboga résiko dina sababaraha panalungtikan. <ref name=":1" />

== Interaksi ubar ==
Ranitidin bisa nyababkeun sababaraha interaksi ubar mun diinum babarengan jeung ubar séjénna. Ieu di handap sababaraha interaksi ubar nu bisa karandapan:<ref name=":3" />

* Bisa ningkatkeun konsentrasi serum jeung ngalambatkeunabsorpsi ranitidin ku saluran pencernaan, mun dipaké babarengan jeung [[Propantheline bromide|''propantheline bromide'']].
* Ngahambat metabolisme [[teofilin]], [[diazepam]], jeung [[propanolol]] dina organ haté.
* Ngaganggu panyerepan ubar-ubar nu tingkat panyerepanna dipangaruhan ku pH, kayaning  [[ketoconazol]] jeung [[midazolam]].
* Nurunkeun bioavailabilitas ranitidin, mun dipaké babarengan jeung obat antasida.
* [[Atazanavir]], pamakéan ubar ieu jeung ranitidin bisa nyababkeun panyerapan atazanavir nu jadi ngurangan éféktivitasnya,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/atazanavir-with-ranitidine-272-0-1991-0.html|title=Atazanavir and ranitidine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-30}}</ref>
* [[Dasatinib]], nginum dasatinib babarengan jeung ranitidin ilaharna mah teu dianjurkeun. Ranitidin bisa ngaganggu penyerepan dasatinib kana jero getih nu bisa nyababkeun ubar ieu kurang éféktif dina ngubaran [[kanker]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/dasatinib-with-ranitidine-787-0-1991-0.html|title=Dasatinib and ranitidine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-07-01}}</ref>
* [[Loperamid]], pamakéan ranitidin jeung loperamid bisa sacara signifikan ninngkatkeun kadar loperamide dina getih. IIeu bisa nyababkeun komplikasi serius sarta miboga poténsi parna kayaning ratug jantung jadi teu taratur sarta eureunna jantung, utamana mun dosis nu dipaké leuwih ti dosis nu dianjurkeun, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/loperamide-with-ranitidine-1482-0-1991-0.html|title=Loperamide and ranitidine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-07-01}}</ref>
* [[Neratinib]], kucara ngurangan tingkat keasaman dina beuteung, ranitidin bisa ngaganggu panyerepan neratinib jeung ngurangan éféktivitasna,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/neratinib-with-ranitidine-3827-0-1991-0.html|title=Neratinib and ranitidine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-07-01}}</ref>
* Salian ti interaksi jeung ubar lian, ranitidin ogé bisa nyababkeun interaksi jeung kaayaan kaséhatan pasén, contona panyakit ginjal, haté sarta ''prophyria''.<ref name=":3" />

== Éfék samping ==
Éfék samping mangrupa hiji éfék nu teu dipiharep tina ubar. Éfék samping ieu bisa mangrupa-rupa di sababaraha jalma gumantung kana kaayaan panyakit, umur, beurat awak, jinis kelamin, étnis, jeung sababaraha kaayaan kaséhatan lianna. Sababaraha éfék samping nu ilahar karandapan sanggeus nginum ranitidin kayaning sebel jeung utah, nyeri sirah,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmasi-id.com/ranitidine/|title=Ranitidine {{!}} Kandungan, Indikasi, Efek Samping, Dosis, Obat Apa|website=Farmasi-id.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-07-01}}</ref> [[insomnia]], [[vértigo]], [[ruam kulit]], [[konstipasi]], [[diaré]].<ref name=":4" /> Tapi mun ngarandapan éfék samping nu leuwih parna kayaning [[nyeri beuteung]], teu hayang barangdahar, cikiih kiruh, [[kulit]] babari geuneuk, ratug [[jantung]] nu naék turun teu taratur, [[buuk]] murudul, linglung, halusinasi, [[panyakit konéng]], gera tepungan dokter keur pamariksaan nu leuwih serius.<ref name=":3" /> 

== Kontrovérsi ==
Dina tanggal 13 Séptémber 2019, FDA ngabéwarakeun yén tés saacanna manggihan kandungan N-nitrosodimethylamine atawa NDMA di ranitidin, ubar maag nu ilahar dipaké.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/popular-heartburn-drug-ranitidine-recalled-what-you-need-to-know-and-do-2019092817911|title=Popular heartburn drug ranitidine recalled: What you need to know and do|last=ScD|first=Joshua Gagne, PharmD|website=Harvard Health Blog|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-requests-removal-all-ranitidine-products-zantac-market|title=FDA Requests Removal of All Ranitidine Products (Zantac) from the Market|last=Commissioner|first=Office of the|website=FDA|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-30}}</ref> Lian ti éta, Badan Pemeriksa Obat dan Makanan (BPOM) geus ménta perusahaan farmasi pikeun ngeureunkeun sarta narik ubar Ranitidin kusabab ngandung N-Nitrosodimethylamine atau NDMA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2019/11/21/194642265/ranitidin-dapat-diedarkan-kembali-ini-penjelasan-bpom|title=Ranitidin Dapat Diedarkan Kembali, Ini Penjelasan BPOM Halaman 2|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-30}}</ref>

NDMA mangrupa  zat nu sabenerna teu bahaya mun diinumm dina batas normal, ngan BPOM manggihan kandungan di luhureun batas normal nu  nyababkeun NDMA jadi miboga sifat [[karsinogenik]] atawa bisa micu kanker, ku kituna ubar ieu geus kungsi ditarik tina pasaran. Tapi teu kungsi lila, BPOM méré ijin deui pikeun ubar ieu dipasarkeun, kusabab sanggeus dilakukeun panalungtikan ngeunaan ambang batas normal batas cemaran N-Nitrosodimethykamine (NDMA) nu kakandung dina ranitidin. NDMA ogé dipiwanoh salaku pencemar lingkungan nu aya dina cai, [[daging]], [[sayuran]], jeung produk susu. Studi global mutuskeun yén nilai ambang batas cemaran NDMA di ijinkeun nyaéta 96 mg/sapoé. Mun diinum di luhureun batas normal unggal poe dina jangka wkatu nu lila, miboga poténsi karsinogenik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20191008165103-20-437820/ranitidin-obat-asam-lambung-yang-diduga-picu-kanker|title=Ranitidin, Obat Asam Lambung yang Diduga Picu Kanker|website=nasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-30}}</ref>

== Tutumbu luar ==

* [https://www.drugs.com/sfx/ranitidine-side-effects.html Éfek Samping Ranitidin]
* [https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/ranitidine.html Interaksi Ranitidin]

== Rujukan ==
<references />