Géologi rékayasa
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Geologi rekayasa nyaeta pamakean elmu géologi keur nalungtik kajadian geologis sarta solusi téhnis kana bencana geologis sarta masalah geologi sejen nu pakait jeung kahirupan. Geologi rekayasa nalungtik kayaan dina waktu "perencanaan", analisa dampak lingkungan, rékayasa sipil desain, value engineering sarta salila konstruksi boh proyek pamarentah jeung swasta sarta sanggeus konstruksi sarta fase forensic hiji proyek. Panalungtikan geologi rekayasa biasa dipigawe ku ahli geologi atawa ahli geologi teknik, profesional hasil pelatihan sarta nu boga kamampu dina rekonstruktsi jeung analisis bahaya geologi jeung kaayaan geologi. Sakabeh usaha di luhur keur "melindungi" masyarakat tur nu dipimilik sarta keur meupeuskeun masalah geologi.
Panalungtikan geologi rekayasa diperlukeun
- keur ngawangun paimahan, bisnis jeung industri;
- keur lingkungan jeung instalasi militer;
- keur kaperluan umum saperti sumber listrik, turbin angin, jalur transmisi listrik, tempat pangolahan limbah, tempat pangolahan cai, jaringan pipa (saluran cai, saluran cai kotor, outfall), torowongan, konstruksi dinu terjal, kanal, bendungan, reservoir, bangunan, jalan kareta, transit, jalan tol, jembatan, seismic retrofit, palabuhan udara jeung taman;
- keur tambang sarta eskavasi bahan galian, tanggul sesa ti tambang, reklamasi tambang sarta torowongan di tambang;
- keur program lahan baseuh tur ngahadean habitat;
- keur teknik pantai, sand replenishment, bluff atawa kastabilan sea cliff, pelabuhan, pier sarta waterfront development;
- for offshore outfall, drilling platform and sub-sea pipeline, sub-sea cable; and
- for other types of facilities.
It is important to keep in mind that in engineering geology, there are only two important types of rock: those which can be moved by a bulldozer, and those which require dynamite.
Geologic Hazards[édit]
Typical geologic hazards evaluated by an engineering geologist include
- fault rupture on seismically active faults ;
- seismic and earthquake hazards (ground shaking, liquefaction, lurching,lateral spreading, tsunami and seiche events);
- landslide, mudflow, rock fall and avalanche hazards ;
- unstable slopes and slope stability;
- erosion;
- slaking and heave of geologic formations;
- ground subsidence (such as due to ground water withdrawal, sinkhole collapse, cave collapse, decomposition of organic soils, and tectonic movement);
- volcanic hazards (volcanic eruptions, hot springs, pyroclastic flows, debris flows, gas emissions, volcanic earthquakes);
- collapsible soils;
- shallow ground water/seepage; and
- other types of geologic constraints.
An engineering geologist or geophysicist may be called upon to evaluate the excavatability (i.e. rippability) of earth (rock) materials to assess the need for pre-blasting during earthwork construction, as well as associated impacts due to vibration during blasting on projects.
Methods and Reporting[édit]
The methods used by engineering geologists in their studies include
- geologic field mapping of geologic structures, geologic formations, soil units and hazards;
- the review of geologic literature, geologic maps, geotechnical reports, engineering plans, environmental reports, stereoscopic aerial photographs, remote sensing data, Global Positioning System (GPS) data, topographic maps and satellite imagery;
- the excavation, sampling and logging of earth/rock materials in drilled borings, backhoe test pits and trenches, fault trenching, and bulldozer pits;
- geophysical surveys (such as seismic refraction traverses, resistivity surveys, ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys, magnetometer surveys, electromagnetic surveys, high-resolution sub-bottom profiling, and other geophysical methods); and
- other methods.
The field work is typically culminated in analysis of the data and the preparation of an engineering geologic report, fault hazard or seismic hazard report, geophysical report, ground water resource report or hydrogeologic report. The engineering geologic report is often prepared in conjunction with a Rékayasa géotéhnik report by a geotechnical engineer. The report describes the objectives, methodology, references cited, tests performed, findings and recommendations. Engineering geologists provide geologic data on topograpic maps, aerial photographs, geologic maps, Geographic Information System (GIS) maps, or other map bases.
