Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Basa Turki

{{Infobox Language
|name          = Basa Turki
|nativename    = {{lang|tr|Türkçe}}
|pronunciation = [t̪yɾktʃe]
|familycolor   = Altaic
|states        = [[Turki]], [[Siprus]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Jérman]], [[Yunani]], [[Kosovo]], [[Makédonia Kalér]], [[Romania]], [[Sérbia]], [[Austria]], [[Uzbekistan]]<br />and countries of the [[Turkish diaspora]]
|region        = [[Turkey]], [[Cyprus]], [[Balkans]], [[Caucasus]]
|speakers = approx. 50<ref name="ethnologue">2005 [[SIL Ethnologue]]</ref>–65<ref>http://goturkey.turizm.gov.tr/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313A781CAA92714FCE0A815D607F36785E6 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206024858/http://goturkey.turizm.gov.tr/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313A781CAA92714FCE0A815D607F36785E6 |date=2007-02-06 }}</ref>  million native 
|rank          = 19–22 (native), in a near tie with [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Urdu]]
|fam1          = [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] ([[Altaic language#Controversy|controversial]])
|fam2          = [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
|fam3          = Southwestern Turkic ([[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]])
|fam4          = Western Oghuz
|script        = [[Latin alphabet]] ([[Turkish alphabet|Turkish variant]])
|nation        = [[Turkey]], [[Cyprus]], [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]], [[Kosovo]], [[Makédonia Kalér]]{{smallsup|1}}<br /><small><sup>1</sup> In municipalities inhabited by a set minimum percentage of speakers.</small>
|agency        = [[Turkish Language Association]]
|iso1          = tr
|iso2          = tur
|iso3          = tur
|map           = [[Gambar:Map of Turkish Language.svg|center|315px]]
}}
'''Basa Turki''' ({{lang|tr|''Türkçe''}}) nyaéta [[basa Turkis]], nu dipaké utamana di [[Turki]], sarta komunitas leutik di [[Bulgaria]],<ref>845,550 (nepi ka 1986)</ref> [[Makédonia Kalér]],<ref>200,000 (taun 1982)</ref> [[Uzbékistan]],<ref>197,000 (taun 1979)</ref> [[Siprus]],<ref>177,000 (taun 1995)</ref> [[Yunani]],<ref>128,380 (taun 1976)</ref> sarta sababaraha yuta émigran di [[Éropa Kulon]].<ref>leuwih ti 2.5 yuta [[urang Turki Jérman]] wungkul.</ref> Jumlah pastina henteu tangtu, utamana mah alatan kurangna data basa minoritas.
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Turkish is the largest Turkic language in terms of speakers, with some 50 million native speakers.<ref name="ethnologue"/> There is a high degree of [[mutual intelligibility]] between Turkish and other  [[Oghuz languages]], including [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] and [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]]. If these are counted together as "Turkish", the number of native speakers is close to 90 million--><!--SIL Ethnologue data: 50M Turkish, 33M Azeri/Qashqai, 6M Turkmen-->.
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==Klasifikasi==
Turkish is a member of the Turkish subgroup of the [[Oghuz languages]], which includes [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]] and [[Khorasani Turkish language|Khorasani Turkish]]. The Oghuz languages form a subgroup of the [[Turkic languages]], which some linguists believe to be a part of a larger [[Altaic languages|Altaic language family]]. 

The most distinguishing characteristics possessed by Turkish in comparison to most other languages is [[vowel harmony]] and [[Agglutinative language|agglutination]]. Turkish also has no [[grammatical gender]]. The basic word order is [[Subject Object Verb]]. Turkish has a [[T-V distinction]]: second-person plural forms can be used for individuals as a sign of respect.

==Distribusi geografis==
{{seealso|Turkish diaspora}}
Turkish is spoken in Turkey and by minorities in 35 other countries. 
In particular, Turkish is used in countries that formerly (in whole or part) belonged to the [[Ottoman Empire]], such as [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], the [[Makédonia Kalér]], [[Syria]], [[Greece]] (especially in [[Western Thrace]]) and [[Israel]] (by [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkish Jews]]). More than two million Turkish speaking people live in [[Germany]], and significant Turkish speaking communities in [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[France]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Switzerland]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. But due to the [[desegregation]] of the Turkish immigrants into the country where they immigrated to, not every ethnic Turkish immigrant speaks the language as well as a native Turk would speak it.

Turkish is spoken by almost all of Turkey's residents, with [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] making up most of the remainder (about 3,950,000 as estimated in 1980 [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kmr]). However, the vast majority of the linguistic minorities in Turkey are bilingual, speaking Turkish as a second language to levels of native fluency. 

===Status resmi===
Turkish is the official language of [[Turkey]], and is one of the official languages of [[Cyprus]]. It also has official (but not primary) status in several municipalities of [[Makédonia Kalér]], depending on the concentration of Turkish-speaking local population as well as the [[Prizren District]] of [[Kosovo]].

In Turkey, the regulatory body for Turkish is the [[Turkish Language Association]] (Turkish: Türk Dil Kurumu - TDK), which was founded by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] in [[1932]] under the name ''Türk Dili Tetkik Cemiyeti'' ("Society for Research on the Turkish Language"). The Turkish Language Association was influenced by the [[linguistic purism]] ideology and one of its primary acts was the replacement of loan words and grammatical constructs of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] origin in the language with their Turkish equivalents, which, together with the adoption of the new [[Turkish alphabet]] in [[1928]], shaped the modern Turkish language as it is in use today (see the section on language reform, further below). TDK became an independent body in [[1951]], with the lifting of the requirement that it should be presided over by the Minister of Education. This status continued until August, [[1983]], when it was again tied to the government following the military coup of [[1980]].

===Dialek===
As a result of the original nationalist idea of establishing the [[İstanbul]] dialect of Turkish as the standard, [[dialectology]] remains as a highly immature discipline in Turkey. The [[standard language]] of Turkish is essentially the refined [[Ottoman Turkish language]] as written in the [[Latin alphabet]] but not the initial [[Arabic alphabet]] and with the boost of [[neologism]]s added and the [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] imports excluded. The preferred colloquial form is named ''İstanbul Türkçesi'' as manifested in the works of prominent [[Pan-Turkism|pan-Turkists]] like [[Ziya Gökalp]] (''Güzel dil, Türkçe bize / Başka dil, gece bize. / İstanbul konuşması / En saf, en ince bize.'') and [[İsmail Gaspıralı]]. Academically, Turkish dialects are often referred to as ''ağız'' or ''şive'', leading to ambiguity with the linguistic concept of [[Accent (linguistics)|accent]]. Turkish still lacks a comprehensive [[atlas]] of dialects and assimilation into official Turkish is influential. 

The main [[dialect]]s of Turkish include:

* ''Rumelice'' (spoken by [[muhajir]]s from [[Rumelia]]) includes peculiar dialects of Dinler and Adakale, 
* ''[[Cypriot Turkish|Kıbrıs]]'' (spoken in [[Cyprus]]), 
* ''Edirne'' (spoken in [[Edirne]]), 
* ''Doğu'' (spoken in Eastern Turkey) has dialect continuum with [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] in some areas, 
* ''Karadeniz'' (spoken in the Eastern [[Black Sea]] region) is represented primarily by [[Trabzon]] dialect, 
* ''Ege'' (spoken in the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] region) has extension to [[Antalya]], 
* ''Güneydoğu'' (spoken in the South, to the east of [[Mersin]]), 
* ''Orta Anadolu'' (spoken in the Middle Anatolian region),
* ''Kastamonu'' (spoken in [[Kastamonu]] and vicinity),
* ''Karamanlıca'' (spoken in [[Greece]], where it is also named ''Kαραμανλήδικα'') is the literary standard for [[Karamanlides]].

==Sora==
{{IPA notice}}
One characteristic feature of Turkish is [[vowel harmony]], meaning that a word will have either [[front vowel|front]] or [[back vowel]]s, but not both. For example, in ''vişne'' "sour cherry" ''i'' is closed unround front and ''e'' is  open unround front.  [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]] is usually on the last syllable, with the exception of some [[suffix]] combinations, and words like ''masa'' ['masa]. Also, in the use of proper names, the stress is transferred to the syllable before the last (e.g. ''Istánbul''), although there are exceptions to this (e.g. ''Ánkara'').

===Konsonan===
{|  class="wikitable"
|+ '''Consonant phonemes of Standard Turkish'''
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental|Labio]]-</br>[[labiodental|dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar|Post]]-</br>[[Postalveolar|alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Glottal]]
|- align=center
|[[Plosive]]s
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|b}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|t̪}}
| {{IPA|d̪}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|c}}
| {{IPA|ɟ}}
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|[[Nasal consonant|Nasals]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|m}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|n}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|[[Fricative]]s
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|z}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
| {{IPA|ʒ}}
| colspan="2" |
| 
| {{IPA|ɣ}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|
|- align=center
|[[Affricate]]s
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|ʧ}}
| {{IPA|ʤ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|[[Flap consonant|Tap]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɾ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|[[Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|j}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
| Lateral</br>approximants
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɫ}}
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|l}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

The phoneme {{IPA|/ɣ/}} usually referred to as "soft g"(yumuşak g), "ğ" in Turkish [[orthography]], actually represents a rather weak front-velar or palatal approximant between front vowels. It never occurs at the beginning of a word, but always follows a vowel. When word-final or preceding another consonant, it lengthens the preceding vowel.

===Vokal===
{| align="right"
!align="right"|IPA chart for Turkish [[monophthong]]s
|-
|[[Image:Turkish_vowel_chart.png]]
|}

The vowels of the [[Turkish]] language are, in their alphabetical order, a, e, [[Turkish dotted and dotless I|ı]], [[Turkish dotted and dotless I|i]], o, ö, u, ü. There are no [[diphthongs]] in Turkish and when two vowels come together, which occurs rarely and only with loanwords, each vowel retains its individual sound.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Turkish vowels with example words'''
|align="center" colspan="2" |'''Vowel sound'''
|align="center" colspan="3" |'''Example'''
|-
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!Description
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
![[Orthography]]
!English translation
|-
! colspan="5" style="text-align:left" | [[monophthong]]s
|-
| {{IPA|i}} || [[Close front unrounded vowel]] || {{IPA|d̪il}} || ''d'''i'''l'' || 'tongue', 'language'
|-
| {{IPA|y}} || [[Close front rounded vowel]] || {{IPA|ɟy'neʃ}} || ''g'''ü'''neş'' || 'sun'
|-
| {{IPA|ɯ}} || [[Close back unrounded vowel]] || {{IPA|ɯˈɫɯk}} || '''''ı'''l'''ı'''k'' || 'mild'
|-
| {{IPA|e}} || [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel]] || {{IPA|je̞l}} || ''y'''e'''l'' || 'wind'
|-
| {{IPA|œ}} || [[Open-mid front rounded vowel]] || {{IPA|ɟœɾ}} || ''g'''ö'''r''- || 'to see'
|-
| {{IPA|a}} || [[Open front unrounded vowel]] || {{IPA|d̪al}} || ''d'''a'''l'' || 'branch'
|-
| {{IPA|o}} || [[Close-mid back rounded vowel]] || {{IPA|jol}} || ''y'''o'''l'' || 'way'
|-
| {{IPA|u}} || [[Close back rounded vowel]] || {{IPA|utʃak}} || '''''u'''çak'' || 'airplane'
|}

==Tata basa==
{{main|Turkish grammar}}

Turkish is an [[agglutinative language]] and as such has an abundance of [[suffix]]es, but no native prefixes (apart from the reduplicating intensifier  prefix as in ''beyaz''="white", ''bembeyaz''="very white", ''sıcak''="hot", ''sımsıcak''="very hot"). One word can have many suffixes and these can also be used to create new words (like creating a verb from a noun, or a noun from a verbal root, see [[#Vocabulary|Vocabulary]] section further below) or to indicate the grammatical function of the word.

===Nouns and adjectives===
Turkish nouns can take endings indicating the person of a possessor. They can take case-endings, as in [[Latin]]. There are six [[Declension|noun cases]] in the Turkish declension system:

*[[Nominative case|Nominative]]
*[[Genitive case|Genitive]], formed by adding ''-ın'', ''-in'', ''-un'' or ''-ün'', according to the vowel harmony
*[[Dative case|Dative]], formed by adding ''-a'' or ''-e'', according to the vowel harmony
*[[Accusative case|Accusative]], formed by adding ''-ı'', ''-i'', ''-u'' or ''-ü'', according to the vowel harmony
*[[Ablative case|Ablative]], formed by adding ''-den'' or ''-dan'', according to the vowel harmony
*[[Locative case|Locative]], formed by adding ''-de'' or ''-da'', according to the vowel harmony
*[[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]. There is also a very common practice of adding the [[Adposition|postposition]] ''ile'', meaning ''with'', as a suffix to the end of nouns (''-le'' or ''-la'', again according to the vowel harmony) which could be treated as an instrumental case.

Taking ''gün'' (day) as an example:

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
!Noun case
|-
|''gün''
|day, or the day
|Nominative
|-
|''günün''
|a day's, the day's, of the day
|Genitive
|-
|''güne''
|to the day
|Dative
|-
|''günü''
|the day
|Accusative
|-
|''günden''
|of the day, or from the day
|Ablative
|-
|''günde''
|in the day
|Locative
|-
|''günle''
|with the day
|Instrumental
|}

The series of case-endings is the same for every noun, selecting the suffix complying with the vowel harmony. The initial consonant of the suffixes for the ablative and locative cases can also vary depending on the last consonant of the noun being voiced or unvoiced, such as having ''hava'' (air) + ''-da'' (locative suffix) = ''havada'' (in the air), but, ''ağaç'' (tree) + ''-da'' (locative suffix) = ''ağaçta'' (on the tree), instead of ağaçda.

Additionally, nouns can take suffixes that give them a person and make them into sentences:

{|border="0"
|- valign=top
|
{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
|-
|''ev''
|house
|-
|''evler''
|the houses
|-
|''evin''
|your house
|-
|''eviniz''
|your house ''(plural or formal)''
|-
|''evim''
|my house
|-
|''evimde''
|at my house
|-
|''evinde''
|at your house
|-
|''evinizde''
|at your house ''(plural or formal)''
|-
|''evimizde''
|at our house
|-
|''Evindeyim''
|I am at your house
|-
|''Evinizdeyim''
|I am at your house ''(plural or formal)''
|-
|''Evindeyiz''
|We are at your house
|-
|''Evinizdeyiz''
|We are at your house ''(plural or formal)''
|-
|''Evimizdeyiz''
|We are at our house
|}
|
{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
|-
|''üzüm''
|grape
|-
|''üzümüm''
|my grape
|-
|''üzümün''        
|your grape
|-
|''üzümü''               
|his/her/its grape
|-
|''üzümümüz''               
|our grape
|-
|''üzümünüz''
|your grape, (plural or formal)
|-
|''üzümleri''
|their grape
|-
|''üzümümüzün''
|of our grape
|-
|}
|}

It is often cited, humorously, that the longest Turkish word ever formed was "''Çekoslovakyalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mıydınız?''" which literally means "''Were you one of the people we couldn't turn into (or: pass off as) a Czechoslovakian?''", although it is always possible to form words longer than any given length via repetitive usage of some derivative suffix. The shortest word in Turkish is "''o''", the third person singular [[personal pronoun]] (corresponding to ''he'', ''she'', and ''it'' in English).

Turkish adjectives as such are not [[declension|declined]] (though they can generally be used as nouns, in which case they ''are'' declined). Used attributively, they precede the nouns they modify.

The adjectives ''var'' 'existent' and ''yok'' 'non-existent' are used in many cases where English would use "there is" or "have", ''e.g.'' ''süt yok'' "there is no milk" (''lit.'' (the) milk (is) non-existent); the construction "''noun1''-GEN ''noun2''-POSS var/yok" can be translated "''noun1'' has/doesn't have ''noun2''"; ''imparatorun elbisesi yok'' "the emperor has no clothes" ("(the) emperor-GEN clothes-HIS non-existent"); ''kedimin ayakkabıları yoktu'' "my cat had no shoes" (cat-my-GEN shoe-PL-its non-existent-PAST).

===Personal pronouns===

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
|-
|''Ben''
|align="right"|I
|-
|''Sen''
|align="right"|You (singular)
|-
|''O''
|align="right"|He, she, it
|-
|''Biz''
|align="right"|We
|-
|''Siz''
|align="right"|You (plural, also singular formal)
|-
|''Onlar''
|align="right"|They
|}

===Verbs===
Turkish verbs exhibit person. They can be made negative or impotential; they can also be made potential. Finally, Turkish verbs exhibit various distinctions of tense, mood, and aspect: a verb can be progressive, necessitative, aorist, future, inferential, present, past, conditional, imperative, or optative.

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
|-
|''gel-''
|align="right"|(to) come
|-
|''gelme-''
|align="right"|not (to) come
|-
|''geleme-''
|align="right"|not (to) be able to come
|-
|''gelebil-''
|align="right"|(to) be able to come
|-
|''Gelememiş''
|align="right"|She (or he) was apparently unable to come.
|-
|''Gelememişti''
|align="right"|She had not been able to come.
|-
|''Gelememiştiniz''
|align="right"|You (plural) had not been able to come.
|-
|''Gelememiş miydiniz?''
|align="right"|Have you (plural) not been able to come?
|}

All Turkish verbs are conjugated the same way, except for the irregular and [[defective verb]] ''i-'' (see [[Turkish copula]]), which can be used in compound forms (the shortened form is called an ''enclitic''):

:''Gelememişti'' = ''Gelememiş idi'' = ''Gelememiş + i- + -di''

===Vowel harmony===
{{Details|Vowel harmony}}
"Vowel harmony" is the principle by which a native Turkish word generally incorporates either exclusively back vowels (a, ı, o, u) or exclusively front vowels (e, i, ö, ü). As such, a notation for a Turkish suffix such as ''-den'' means either ''-dan'' or ''-den'', whichever promotes vowel harmony; a notation such as ''-iniz'' means either ''-ınız'', ''-iniz'', ''-unuz'', or ''-ünüz'', again with vowel harmony constituting the deciding factor.

{| align="right" class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1em"
|-
! || colspan="2" | Front || colspan="2" | Back
|-
! || Unrounded || Rounded || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
! High
| i || ü || ı || u
|-
! Low
| e || ö || a || o
|-
|}
The Turkish vowel harmony system can be considered as being 2-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by two features: [front / back] and [rounded / unrounded] (see the table).

====Front/back harmony====
Turkish has two classes of vowels — ''front'' and ''back''.  Vowel harmony states that words may not contain both front and back vowels. Therefore, most grammatical suffixes come in front and back forms, e.g. ''Türkiye''''de''''' "in Turkey" but ''kapı'''da''''' "at the door".

====Rounding harmony====
In addition, there is a secondary rule that ''i'' and ''ı'' tend to become ''ü'' and ''u'' respectively after rounded vowels, so certain suffixes have additional forms. This gives constructions such as ''Türkiye''''dir''''' "it is Turkey", ''kapı'''dır''''' "it is the door", but ''gün'''dür''''' "it is day", ''palto'''dur''''' "it is the coat".

====Exceptions====
Compound words are considered separate words with respect to vowel harmony: vowels do not have to harmonize between members of the compound (thus forms like ''bu''|''gün'' "today" are permissible). In addition, vowel harmony does not apply for [[loanword]]s and some invariant suffixes (such as ''-iyor''); there are also a few native Turkish words that do not follow the rule (such as ''anne'' "mother"). In such words suffixes harmonize with the final vowel; thus ''İstanbul''''dur''''' "it is İstanbul".

===Word order===
Word order in Turkish is generally [[Subject Object Verb]], as in [[Japanese (language)|Japanese]] and [[Latin]], but not [[English language|English]]. However it is possible to alter the word-order according to which word(s) is to carry the [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]]. The main rule is that "the word before the verb has the stress" without exception. For example, if we want to say "Ali went to school" with a stress on the word "school" (okul, the object) we shall say "Ali ''okula'' gitti". If we want the stress occur to the word "Ali" (the subject), we shall say "Okula ''Ali'' gitti" which means "it's Ali who went to school".

The relative clauses are easily reproduced by a construction so-called "eylemsi" or "fiilimsi" (''verbals''). A demonstration of this can be seen in the following sentence from a newspaper (''Cumhuriyet,'' [[16 August]] [[2005]], p. 1).  The sentence uses all noun cases except the genitive:

:''Türkiye'de modayı gazete sayfalarına taşıyan,''
:''gazetemiz yazarlarından N. S. yaşamını yitirdi:''

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
!Remarks
|-
|''Türkiye'de''
|in Turkey
|locative
|-
|''modayı''
|fashion
|accusative of ''moda''
|-
|''gazete''
|newspaper
|nominative
|-
|''sayfalarına''
|to its pages
|dative; ''sayfa'' (page), ''sayfalar'' (pages), ''sayfaları'' (its pages)
|-
|''taşıyan,''
|carrying
|present participle of ''taşı-''
|-
|''gazetemiz(in)''
|(of)our newspaper
|nominative; ''gazete'' (newspaper)
|-
|''yazarlarından''
|from its writers
|ablative; ''yazar'' (writer)
|-
|''N. S.''
|[person's name]
|nominative
|-
|''yaşamını''
|her life
|accusative; ''yaşam'' (life)
|-
|''yitirdi.''
|lost
|past tense of ''yitir-'' (lose) from ''yit-'' (be lost)
|}

Which ultimately translates to:

:"One of the writers of our newspaper, N. S., 
: who brought fashion to newspaper pages in Turkey, lost her life."
where "taşıyan" is the ''verbal'' correspnds to "who brought" in the English translation.

==Vocabulary==
{{main|Turkish vocabulary}}
Turkish extensively utilizes its [[agglutinative]] nature to [[Word formation|form new words]] from former nouns and verbal roots. The majority of the Turkish words originate from the application of derivative suffixes to a relatively small set of core vocabulary. 

An example set of words derived agglutinatively from a substantive root:

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!Parts
!English
!Word class
|-
|''göz''
|''göz''
|eye
|Noun
|-
|''gözlük''
|''göz + -lük''
|eyeglasses
|Noun
|-
|''gözlükçü''
|''göz + -lük + -çü''
|someone who sells eyeglasses
|Noun
|-
|''gözlükçülük''
|''göz + -lük + -çü + -lük''
|the business of selling eyeglasses
|Noun
|-
|''gözlüklenmek'' 
|''göz + -lük + -len + -mek''
|becoming an eyeglasses owner
|Verb
|-
|''gözlem''
|''göz + -lem''
|observation
|Noun
|-
|''gözlemek''
|''göz + -le + -mek''
|to observe
|Verb
|-
|''gözlemci''
|''göz + -lem + -ci''
|observer
|Noun
|}

Another example starting from a verbal root:

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!Parts
!English
!Word class
|-
|''yat-''
|''yat-''
|to lie down
|Verb
|-
|''yatık''
|''yat- + -(ı)k''
|laid, leaned
|Adjective
|-
|''yatak''
|''yat- + -ak''
|bed, place to sleep
|Noun
|-
|''yatay''
|''yat- + -ay''
|horizontal
|Noun
|-
|''yatkın''
|''yat- + -gın''
|who is inclined to, who favors
|Noun
|-
|''yatır-''
|''yat- + -(ı)r-''
|to lay down (that is, to cause to lie down)
|Verb
|-
|''yatırım''
|''yat- + -(ı)r- + -(ı)m''
|instance of laying down: deposit, investment
|Noun
|-
|''yatırımsız''
|''yat- + -(ı)r- + -(ı)m + -sız''
|without an investment
|Adjective
|-
|''yatırımcı''
|''yat- + -(ı)r- + -(ı)m + -cı''
|depositor, investor
|Noun
|}

New words are also frequently formed by [[Compound (linguistics)|compounding]] two existing words into a new one (like in [[German language|German]]). A few examples of compound words are given below:

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
!Constituent words
!Literal meaning
|-
|''Pazartesi''
|Monday
|''Pazar'' (Sunday) and ''ertesi'' (after)
|After Sunday
|-
|''bilgisayar''
|computer
|''bilgi'' (information) and ''say-'' (to count)
|Information counter
|-
|''gökdelen''
|skyscraper
|''gök'' (sky) and ''del-'' (to pierce)
|Sky piercer
|-
|''başparmak''
|thumb
|''baş'' (prime) and ''parmak'' (finger)
|Primary finger
|-
|''katsayi''
|ratio
|''kat'' (level) and ''sayi'' (number)
|Level number(ing)
|}

==Language reform==
{{Details|Ottoman Turkish language}}

As a result of the adoption of [[Islam]] by the Turkic states, [[khanate]]s, [[sultanate]]s like [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]], [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljukis]] and Ottomans as their religion, official dialect of the language acquired a rather large collection of loan words from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], consecutively influencing Turkish. [[Turkish literature]] during the Ottoman period, in particular [[Ottoman poetry|Ottoman Divan poetry]] was heavily influenced by Persian forms, including the adoption of Persian poetic meters and ultimately the bringing of Persian words into the language in great numbers. During the course of over six hundred years of the [[Ottoman Empire]], the literary and official language of the empire was a mixture of Turkish, Persian and Arabic, which differed considerably from everyday spoken Turkish of the time, and is now given the name [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]].

After the foundation of the Republic of Turkey, the [[Turkish Language Association]] (Turkish: Türk Dil Kurumu - TDK) was established by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] in [[1932]] with the aim of conducting research on Turkish language. One of the tasks of the newly established association was to replace loan words of Arabic and Persian origin in the language with Turkish equivalents. The language reform was a part of the ongoing cultural reforms of the time (which were in turn a part in the broader framework of [[Atatürk's Reforms]]) and also included the abolition of Arabic script in lieu of the new [[Turkish alphabet]] derived from the Latin alphabet (see the [[#Writing system|writing system]] section below) which greatly helped increasing the literacy rate of the population. By banning the usage of replaced loan words in the press, the association succeeded in removing several hundred Arabic words from the language. While most of the words introduced to the language by TDK were new, TDK also suggested using old Turkish words which had not been used in the language for centuries. 

Older and younger people in Turkey tend to express themselves with a different vocabulary due to this sudden change in the language. While the generations born before the [[1940s]] tend to use the old Arabic origin words, the younger generations favor using new expressions. Some new words are not used as often as their old counterparts or have failed to convey the intrinsic meanings of their old equivalents. There is also a political significance to the old versus new debate in the Turkish language. Sectors of the population that are more religious also tend to use older words in the press or daily language. Therefore, the use of the Turkish language is also indicative of adoption/resistance to Atatürk's reforms which took place more than 70 years ago. The last few decades saw the continuing work of the Turkish Language Association to coin new Turkish words to account for new concepts / technologies as they enter the language as loan words (mostly from English), but the association is occasionally criticized for coining words that obviously seem and sound as "invented".

However, many of the words derived by TDK live together with their old counterparts. The different words—some originating from [[Old Turkic]] or derived by TDK and some borrowed from Arabic, Persian, or one of the European languages, especially [[French language|French]]—having exactly the same literal meaning are used to express slightly different meanings, especially when speaking about abstract subjects. This is quite like the usage of [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] words and the words originated from [[Romance languages]] in English.

Among some of the old words that were replaced are terms in geometry, directions (north, south, east, west), some of the months' names and many nouns and adjectives. Many new words have been derived from Old Turkic verb roots. Some examples of modern Turkish words and their old counterparts are:

{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! align=left | Ottoman Turkish word      
! align=left | Modern Turkish word     
! align=left | English meaning     
! align=left | Remarks
|- valign=top
|-
|müselles || ''üçgen'' || triangle || compound of the noun ''üç'' (as "three") and the very old Turkic noun ''gen'' (as "tension", "side")
|-
|tayyare || ''uçak'' || airplane || derived from the verb ''uçmak'', which means "to fly"
|-
|nispet || ''oran'' || ratio || the old word is still used in the language today together with the new one
|-
|şimal || ''kuzey'' || north || derived from the [[Old Turkic]] noun ''kuz'', which means “cold and dark place”
|-
|Teşrini-evvel || ''Ekim'' || October || the noun ''ekim'' means “the action of planting”, referring to the planting of cereal seeds in autumn, which is widespread in Turkey
|}

''Please see [[List of replaced loan words in Turkish]] for an extensive list of replaced and current loan words''

==Writing system==
{{mainarticle|Turkish alphabet}}

Turkish is written using the [[Turkish alphabet]], a modified version of the [[Latin alphabet]], which was introduced in [[1928]] by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] as an important step in the [[Atatürk's Reforms|cultural reforms]] of the period, replacing the [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet]] previously in use. The work of preparing the new alphabet and selecting the necessary modifications to account for sounds specific to Turkish language, was appointed to the ''Dil Encümeni'' (Language Commission) including Falih Rıfkı Atay, [[Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu]], Ruşen Eşref Ünaydın, Ahmet Cevat Emre, Ragıp Hulûsi Özdem, Fazıl Ahmet Aykaç, Mehmet Emin Erişirgil and İhsan Sungu. The introduction of the new Turkish alphabet was supported by ''Public Education Centers'' opened throughout the country, cooperation with publishing companies, and encouragement by Atatürk himself in trips to the countryside teaching the new letters to the public.

The sounds of the individual letters exhibit few surprises for English speakers. Following [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] conventions on [[phonetic transcription]], [[angle bracket]]s < > here are used to enclose written letters, and [[bracket]]s [ ] are used to enclose symbols that represent the sounds. Most writing-sound correspondences can be predicted by English speakers, with the following exceptions. The <c> denotes {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, like <j> in English ''jail''. The <ç> denotes {{IPA|/tʃ/}} like the <ch> in English ''church''. The <j> represents {{IPA|/ʒ/}} like the <nowiki><g></nowiki> in ''rouge''. The <ş> represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}} like the <sh> in ''sheet''. The <ı> represents {{IPA|/ɨ/}}, a sound which does not exist in English. The <ğ> denotes {{IPA|/ɣ/}} which may be manifested by lengthening the precedent vowel and assimilating any subsequent vowel (''e.g.'', ''soğuk'' is pronounced {{IPA|[souk]}})—except for the two highly irregularly spelled verbs ''döğmek'' and ''öğmek'', where <ğ> denotes {{IPA|[v]}}.

The effect of Atatürk's introduction of an adapted Roman alphabet was a dramatic increase in literacy from Third World levels to nearly one hundred percent. It is critical to note that, for the first time, Turkish had an alphabet that was actually suited to the sounds of the language; the Arabic alphabet, which was hitherto in use, commonly shows only three different values for vowels (the consonants ''waw'' and ''yud'', atop which the long 'u' and 'i' sounds, respectively, are occasionally multiplexed, and the ''alif'', which can carry long medial 'a' or any initial vowel). It lacked several vital consonants, and on the other hand had redundancies with several other consonant sounds such as /z/ (these letters were pronounced differently in Arabic but were conflated in Turkish). The lack of discrimination among vowels is serviceable in Arabic (which sports few vowel sounds to begin with) but intolerable in Turkish, which features eight fundamental vowel sounds and a host of diphthongs based thereupon.

==The language in daily life==
Turkish has many formulaic expressions for various social situations.  Several of them feature Arabic verbal nouns together with the Turkish verb ''et-'' ("make, do").
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! literal translation !! meaning (if different)
|-
| ''Merhaba'' and ''Selam'' Welcome|| Hello
|-
| ''Alo'' || Hello (from French "allô") || (on the telephone: Hello or Are you still there?)
|-
| ''Efendim'' || My lord||1. Hello (answering the telephone); 2. Sir/Madam (a polite way to address any person, male or female, married or single); 3. Excuse me, could you say that again?
|-
| ''Günaydın'' || [The] day [is] bright || Good morning
|-
| ''İyi günler'' || Good days || Good day
|-
| ''İyi akşamlar'' || Good evenings || Good evening
|-
| ''İyi geceler'' || Good nights || Good night
|-
| ''Evet'' || Yes || 
|-
| ''Hayır'' || No ||
|-
| ''Belki'' || Maybe || 
|-
| ''Hoş geldiniz'' || You came well / pleasantly || Welcome
|-
| ''Hoş bulduk'' || We found [it] well || We are (or I am) glad to be here
|-
| ''Nasılsın?'' || How are you (''sing.'')? || How are you? (familiar)
|-
| ''Nasılsınız?'' || How are you (''pl.'')? || How are you? (formal or plural)
|-
| ''İyiyim; siz nasılsınız?'' || I'm fine; how are you? || 
|-
| ''Ben de iyiyim'' || I too am fine || I am fine too
|-
| ''Affedersiniz'' and ''Pardon'' || You make [a] forgiving || Excuse me
|-
| ''Lütfen'' || Of favour || Please
|-
| ''Teşekkür ederim; Sağolun'' || I make [a] thanking; Be alive || Thank you
|-
| ''Bir şey değil'' || It is nothing || You're welcome
|-
| ''Rica ederim'' || I make [a] request || Don't mention it; You're welcome; Don't say such bad things of yourself; Don't say such good things of me
|-
| ''Estağfurullah'' || I seek God's forgiveness (common Muslim prayer) || (similar to ''rica ederim'')
|-
|''Geçmiş olsun'' || May [it] be passed || Get well soon (said to somebody in any kind of difficulty, not just sickness; or to somebody who has just come through difficulty)
|-
| ''Başınız sağ olsun'' || May your head be healthy || My Condolences (said to somebody in mourning)
|-
| ''Elinize sağlık'' || Health to your hand || (said to praise the person that made this delicious food or other good thing)
|-
| ''Afiyet olsun'' || May [it] be healthy || ''bon appétit'' (good appetite)
|-
| ''Kolay gelsin'' || May [it] come easy || (said to somebody working)
|-
| ''Güle güle kullanın'' || Use [it] smiling || (said to somebody with a new possession)
|-
| ''Sıhhatler olsun'' || May [it] be healthy || (said to somebody who has bathed or had a shave or haircut)
|-
| ''Hoşça kal(ın)'' || Stay nice || "So long" or "Cheerio" (said to the person staying behind)
|-
| ''Güle güle'' || [Go] smiling || Good bye (said to somebody departing)
|-
| ''Allah'a ısmarladık'' || We commended [you] to God || Good bye [said to the person staying behind(for a long time)] or ''Adieu'' in French
|-
| ''Görüşürüz'' || We see each other || See you later [said in any situation when people leave] This is used more frequently than ''Allah'a ısmarladık'' among people under 50 or strictly secular people.
|}

A famous quotation and motto of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]: 
*''Yurtta sulh, cihanda sulh'' "Peace at home, peace in the world." 
In the current language, this is
*''Yurtta barış, dünyada barış.''

==Catetan==
{{Reflist}}
-->
== Rujukan ==
* {{cite book| title= Turkish Grammar| author=Geoffrey Lewis|publisher=Oxford University Press|
     year=2001|id= ISBN 0-19-870036-9}}
* {{cite book | author= İsmet Zeki Eyuboğlu | title = Türk Dilinin Etimoloji Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language] | publisher = Sosyal Yayınları, İstanbul | year= 1991 | id= {{Listed Invalid ISBN|975-7384-72-2}}<!--ISBN found at Istanbul Technical University Libraries-->}}
* {{cite book | author=Sevgi Özel, Haldun Özel, and Ali Püsküllüoğlu, eds. | title=Atatürk'ün Türk Dil Kurumu ve Sonrası [Atatürk's Turkish Language Society and After] | publisher =Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara | year=1986 }}
* {{ cite book | title = Arkadaş Türkçe Sözlük [Arkadaş Turkish Dictionary] | author = Ali Püsküllüoğlu | publisher = Arkadaş Yayınevi, Ankara | year= 2004 | id= ISBN 975-509-053-3}}
* {{cite book| title= The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success|
     author= Geoffrey Lewis| publisher= Oxford University Press| year= 2002| id= ISBN 0-19-925669-1 }}

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Alpabét Turki]]
* [[Conto kecap basa Turki]]
* [[Literatur basa Turki]]
* [[Literatur kuno basa Turki]]
* [[Daptar kecap injeuman nu diganti dina basa Turki]]
* [[Daptar kecap basa Inggris dina basa Turkis]]
* [[Basa isarat Turki]]

== Tumbu luar ==
{{InterWiki|code=tr}}
{{Wiktionarylang|code=tr}}
{{Wikibookspar||Turkish}}
* {{tr icon}} [http://www.tdk.gov.tr Turkish Language Association - including online dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103100641/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ |date=2015-11-03 }}
* [http://www.turkishlanguage.co.uk/pf.htm Manisa Turkish language lessons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221023547/http://www.turkishlanguage.co.uk/pf.htm |date=2006-02-21 }}
* [http://cali.arizona.edu/maxnet/tur/ Turkish lessons at the University of Arizona] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701021942/http://cali.arizona.edu/maxnet/tur/ |date=2007-07-01 }}
* [http://www.tomer.ankara.edu.tr Ankara University Turkish language courses]
* [http://www.icep.org.tr Turkish Language Courses Free for EU Citizens]
* {{tr icon}} [[wikt:tr:Ana Sayfa|Vikisözlük (Turkish Wiktionary)]] 
* {{tr icon}} [[s:tr:Ana Sayfa|VikiKaynak (Turkish Wikisorce)]]
* [http://fsi-language-courses.com/Turkish.aspx FSI Turkish Basic Course]
* [http://www.zargan.com Zargan Turkish-English Dictionary]
* [http://www.turkishclass.com/lessons.php Turkish Language Lessons for English Speakers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327214035/http://www.turkishclass.com/lessons.php |date=2010-03-27 }}

{{Altaic languages}}
{{Turkic languages}}
{{Turkey-related topics}}

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