Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Basa Yunani

{{Basa
 | name = Basa Yunani
 | nativename = <font lang="el">Ελληνικά</font> ''Ellinika'
 | states = [[Yunani]], [[Siprus]], ogé komunitas di [[Amérika Serikat]], [[Kanada]], [[Australia]], [[Jerman]], [[Turki]], [[Albania]], [[Georgia (nagara)|Georgia]], [[Italia]] jeung [[Mesir]].
 | speakers = 15 yuta
 | rank = 74
 | fam = Basa Yunani
 | fam3 = [[Attic Greek|Attic]]
 | script = [[Greek alphabet]]
 | nation = [[Yunani]], [[Siprus]], [[Uni Eropa]] jeung minoritas basa di [[Italia]] jeung [[Albania]].
 | iso1 = el
 | iso2 = gre
 | iso2t = ell
 | iso3 = ell
 | region = [[Indo-Eropa]], wétaneun [[Laut Méditerania|Méditerania]]
 | family = [[Indo-Eropa]]
 | familycolor = lawngreen
 | fontcolor = black
 | agency = ''teu aya nu ngatur resmi''
 | sil = GRK
}}
'''Basa Yunani''' ({{lang|el|Ελληνικά}}, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|[e̞ˌliniˈka]}} — "Hellenic") nyaéta salah sahiji [[basa Indo-Éropa]] kalayan sajarah anu geus didokuméntasikeun 3.500 taun lilana, panglilana dina kulawarga Indo-Éropa mah. Basa ieu ogé mangrupa basa anu panglawasna jadi bukti dina basa Indo-Éropa lamun seug [[basa Anatoli]] teu kaasup. Kiwari, ieu basa dikecapkeun ku kurang leuwih 15 yuta urang di [[Yunani]], [[Siprus]], [[Albania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Makédonia Kalér]], [[Italia]] jeung [[Turki]]. Ogé aya loba komunitas émigran [[urang Yunani]] nu sumebar di sakuliah dunya, saperti di [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]] — nu mibanda populasi urang Yunani urban kaopat panglobana di dunya, sanggeus [[Athena]], [[Thessaloniki]] jeung [[Nicosia]].

Basa Yunani geus ditulis dina [[alpabét Yunani]] (nu munggaran ngawanohkeun [[vokal]]) ti mimiti [[abad 19 SM]] di Yunani (saméméhna di [[Linear B]]), jeung [[abad 4 SM]] di Siprus (saméméhna di [[Cypriot syllabary]]). [[Lieratur Yunani]] miboga sajarah nu geus lumangsung ampir 3000 taun.
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==Sajarah==
{{History of the Greek language}}
{{main|History of the Greek language}}
''This article does not cover the reconstructed history of Greek prior to the use of writing. For more information, see main article on [[Proto-Greek language]].''

Greek has been spoken in the [[Balkan]] Peninsula since the [[2nd millennium BC]]. The earliest evidence of this is found in the [[Linear B]] tablets in the "Room of the Chariot Tablets", a LMII-context (c. [[1500 BC]]) region of [[Knossos]] in [[Crete]]. The later [[Greek alphabet]] is unrelated to Linear B, and is believed to be derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet]] ([[abjad]]); with minor modifications, it is still used today. Greek is conventionally divided into the following periods:

* '''[[Mycenaean language|Mycenaean Greek]]''': the language of the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean civilisation]]. It is recorded in the [[Linear B]] script on tablets dating from the [[16th century BC]] onwards.
* '''[[Ancient Greek|Classical Greek]]''' (also known as [[Ancient Greek]]): In its various dialects was the language of the [[Archaic]] and [[classical antiquity|Classical]] periods of Greek civilization. It was widely known throughout the Roman empire. Classical Greek fell into disuse in western Europe in the [[Middle Ages]], but remained known in the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] world, and was reintroduced to the rest of [[Europe]] with the [[Fall of Constantinople]] and Greek migration to [[Italy]]. 
* '''[[Hellenistic Greek]]''' (also known as [[Koine Greek]]): The fusion of various ancient Greek dialects with [[Attic Greek|Attic]] (the dialect of Athens) resulted in the creation of the first '''common''' Greek dialect, which gradually turned into one of the world's first international languages. [[Koine Greek]] can be initially traced within the armies and conquered territories of [[Alexander the Great]], but after the [[Hellenistic]] colonisation of the known world, it was spoken from [[Egypt]] to the fringes of [[India]]. After the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] conquest of Greece, an unofficial diglossy of Greek and Latin was established in the city of [[Rome]] and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the [[Roman Empire]]. Through Koine Greek is also traced the origin of [[Christianity]], as the [[Twelve Apostles|Apostles]] used it to preach in [[Greece]] and the Greek-speaking world. It is also known as the '''Alexandrian dialect''', '''Post-Classical Greek''' or even '''New Testament Greek''' (after its most famous work of literature).
* '''[[Medieval Greek]]''': The continuation of [[Hellenistic Greek]] during medieval [[Greek history]] as the official and vernacular (if not the literary nor the ecclesiastic) language of the [[Byzantine Empire]], and continued to be used until, and after the fall of that Empire in the [[15th century]]. Also known as '''Byzantine Greek'''.
* '''[[Modern Greek]]''': Stemming independently from [[Koine Greek]], '''Modern Greek''' usages can be traced in the late [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] period (as early as 11th century).

Two main forms of the language have been in use since the end of the medieval Greek period: [[Modern Greek|Dhimotikí]] (Δημοτική), the Demotic (vernacular) language, and [[Katharevousa|Katharévusa]] (Καθαρεύουσα), an imitation of classical Greek, which was used for literary, juridic, administrative and scientific purposes during the [[19th century|19th]] and early [[20th century|20th]] centuries. This diglossia problem was brought to an end in 1976 (act (νόμος) 306/1976), when Dhimotikí was declared the official language of Greece.

In the meantime, both forms of Greek had naturally converged and '''Standard Modern Greek''' (Κοινή Νεοελληνική — Common Modern Greek), the form of Greek used for all official purposes and in education in Greece today, emerged.

It has been claimed that an "educated" speaker of the modern language can understand an ancient text, but this is surely as much a function of education as of the similarity of the languages. Still, Koinē, the version of Greek used to write the [[New Testament]] and the [[Septuagint]], is relatively easy to understand for modern speakers.

Greek words have been widely borrowed into the European languages: ''astronomy'', ''democracy'', ''philosophy'', ''thespian'', etc. Moreover, Greek words and [[morpheme|word elements]] continue to be productive as a basis for coinages: ''anthropology'', ''photography'', ''isomer'', ''biomechanics'' etc. and form, with [[Latin]] words, the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary. See ''[[English words of Greek origin]]'', and ''[[List of Greek words with English derivatives]]''.

{{History of Greece}}

==Classification==
Greek is an independent branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[language family]]. The ancient languages which were probably most closely related to it, [[Ancient Macedonian language|ancient Macedonian]] (which may have been a [[dialect]] of Greek) and [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]],{{citation needed}} are not well enough documented to permit detailed comparison. Among living languages, [[Armenian language|Armenian]] seems to be the most closely related language.{{citation needed}}

==Geographic distribution==
Modern Greek is spoken by about 15 million people mainly in [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]]. There are also Greek-speaking populations in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Egypt]], [[Turkey]], [[Albania]], [[Makédonia Kalér]] and [[Southern Italy]]. The language is spoken also in many other countries where Greeks have settled, including [[Armenia]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Denmark]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Netherlands]], [[Sweden]], [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]].

==Official status==
Greek is the [[official language]] of [[Greece]] where it is spoken by about 99.5% of the population. It is also, alongside [[Turkish language|Turkish]], the official language of [[Cyprus]]. Due to the membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the [[languages of the European Union#official languages of the European Union|20 official languages]] of the [[European Union]].

==Phonology==
This section generally describes the post-Classic phonology of the Greek language. See [[Ancient Greek phonology]],  [[History of the Greek language]] and [[Iotacism]] for historical issues.

:''All phonetic transcriptions in this section use the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]''

===Vowel sounds===
Greek has 5 vowel phonemes:

{| class="wikitable"
!width="20%"|&nbsp;
!width="20%"|[[Front vowel|Front]]
!width="20%"|[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!align="left"|[[Close vowel|Close]]
|align="left"|{{IPA|i}}
|align="right"|{{IPA|u}}
|-
!align="left"|[[mid vowel|Mid]]
|align="center"|{{IPA|e̞}}
|align="right"|{{IPA|o̞}}
|-
!align="left"|[[Open vowel|Open]]
|align="right"|{{IPA|a}}
|td align="left"|&nbsp;
|}

Close vowels, when found in unstressed final syllables, tend to be voiceless, particularly if they are between voiceless consonants [e.g.: φάσης {{IPA|/ˈfasis/}} → {{IPA|/ˈfasi̥s/}} (→ {{IPA|/fasː/}}) = "of phase" ([[genitive case]])].

===Consonants===

Greek has a repertoire of 29 consonant sounds. The number of phonemes depends on the analysis, but may be as few as 15, assuming for example that the sound [b] is represented in the underlying form as /mp/, which is also its standard orthographic representation. (cf. Newton)

{| class="wikitable"
! width="100px"|
! [[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[labiodental|Labiodental]]
! [[dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
| [[plosive consonant|'''Plosive''']]
| align="center"| {{IPA|p b}}
| align="center"|
| align="center"| 
| align="center"| {{IPA|t d}}
| align="center"| {{IPA|c ɟ}}
| align="center"| {{IPA|k ɡ}}
|-
| [[nasal consonant|'''Nasal''']]
| align="center"| {{IPA|m}}
| align="center"| {{IPA|ɱ}}
| align="center"| 
| align="center"| {{IPA|n}}
| align="center"| {{IPA|ɲ}}
| align="center"| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
| [[trill consonant|'''Trill''']]
| align="center"|
| align="center"|
| align="center"|
| align="center"| {{IPA|r}}
| align="center"|
| align="center"|
|-
| [[fricative consonant|'''Fricative''']]
| align="center"| 
| align="center"| {{IPA|f v}}
| align="center"| {{IPA|θ ð}}
| align="center"| {{IPA|s z}}
| align="center"| {{IPA|ç ʝ}}
| align="center"| {{IPA|x ɣ}}
|-
| [[affricate consonant|'''Affricate''']]
| align="center"|
| align="center"|
| align="center"|
| align="center"| {{IPA|ʦ ʣ}}
| align="center"|
| align="center"|
|-
| [[Approximant|'''Approximant''']]
| align="center"|
| align="center"|
| align="center"|
| align="center"| 
| align="center"| {{IPA|j}}
| align="center"|
|-
| [[Lateral approximant|'''Lateral approximant''']]
| align="center"|
| align="center"|
| align="center"|
| align="center"| {{IPA|l}}
| align="center"| {{IPA|ʎ}}
| align="center"|
|}

Greek {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} are not [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] as they are in English. They tend to be voiced to {{IPA|[b]}}, {{IPA|[d]}} and {{IPA|[ɡ]}} in the Cretan dialect. The letter <ρ> is generally pronounced {{IPA|[r]}}, but tends to be pronounced {{IPA|[ɾ]}} in intervocalic position.

Despite the retention of double consonants in historic orthography, modern Greek does not have [[Gemination|geminated]] consonants within words, with the notable exception of [[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]].

===Sandhi rules===

Greek has certain [[sandhi]] rules, some represented in the orthography, some not.

/n/ before [[Bilabial|bilabials]] and [[Velar consonant|velars]] becomes [m] and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} respectively, and is written <μ> (συμπάθεια, "sympathy") and <γ> (συγκρητισμός, "syncretism"). Before the labiodental fricatives <φ> and <β>, it is also written <μ>, but pronounced {{IPA|[ɱ]}} (συμφωνία, "symphony").

The combination <μπ> is pronounced {{IPA|[mb]}} after vowels (but often reduced to {{IPA|[b]}}) and everywhere else {{IPA|[b]}}. In some words, especially in Northern dialects, this can also be pronounced {{IPA|[mp]}}.

After vowels, the combinations <γγ> and <γκ> are pronounced {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} (or {{IPA|[ŋɟ]}} before the front vowels {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/i/}}), but are often reduced to {{IPA|[ɡ]}} (or {{IPA|[ɟ]}}) in everyday speech. <γκ> is always pronounced {{IPA|[ɡ]}} (or {{IPA|[ɟ]}}) at the beginning of a word, while <γγ> never occurs in this position.

The combination <ντ> is pronounced {{IPA|[nd]}} after vowels (but often reduced to {{IPA|[d]}}) and everywhere else {{IPA|[d]}}. In some words, especially in Northern dialects, this can also be pronounced {{IPA|[nt]}}.

The sounds {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, before the front vowels {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/i/}}, are palatalized, becoming {{IPA|[c]}} and {{IPA|[ɟ]}}. In some dialects, notably those of [[Crete]] and the [[Mani Peninsula|Mani]], they become {{IPA|[ʨ]}} and {{IPA|[ʥ]}}.

The word {{polytonic|ἐστὶ}} (estí, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|/esˈti/}}), which means "is" in Ancient Greek (q.v. Modern Greek είναι), gains a "''euphonic''" n. in Modern Greek, the negative adverb δεν and the accusative articles τον and την lose the final {{IPA|/n/}}, depending on the beginning letter of the next word (if it's a consonant, {{IPA|/n/}} is usually dropped). In the phrase δεν πειράζει, which means "it doesn't matter", instead of being dropped, n is assimilated into the second word and, following the example above, np is pronounced [mp] in Northern Greece and {{IPA|[mb]}} in Southern Greece, thus being pronounced {{IPA|[ðempi'razi]}} or {{IPA|[ðembi'razi]}}.

Some of these rules are optional, and reflect the formality of speech. While everyday spoken Greek sounds artificial if the sandhi rules are ''not'' used, a formal or official speech may sound equally awkward if sandhi rules ''are'' used.

===Orthography===
{{main|Greek orthography}}
The Greek vowel letters with their pronunciation are: <α> {{IPA|/a/}}, <ε> {{IPA|/e/}}, <η> {{IPA|/i/}}, <ι> {{IPA|/i/}}, <ο> {{IPA|/o/}}, <υ> {{IPA|/i/}}, <ω> {{IPA|/o/}}. There are also vowel digraphs which are phonetically monophthongal: <αι> {{IPA|/e/}}, <ει> {{IPA|/i/}}, <οι> {{IPA|/i/}}, <ου> {{IPA|/u/}}, <υι> {{IPA|/i/}}. The three digraphs <αυ>, <ευ> and <ηυ> are pronounced {{IPA|/av/}}, {{IPA|/ev/}} and {{IPA|/iv/}} except when followed by unvoiced consonants, in which case they are pronounced {{IPA|/af/}}, {{IPA|/ef/}} and {{IPA|/if/}}.

Modern Greek has also four diphthongs: <αη> (or <άη>) {{IPA|/aj/}}, <αϊ> (or <άι>) {{IPA|/aj/}}, <οη> (or <όη>) {{IPA|/oj/}} and <οϊ> (or <όι>) {{IPA|/oj/}} (diphthongs can better be transcribed using the IPA non-syllabic diacritic under {{IPA|/i/}} instead of the approximant {{IPA|/j/}}).

The Greek letters <β> and <δ> are pronounced {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} respectively. The letter <γ> is generally pronounced {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, but before the mid or close front vowels, it is pronounced {{IPA|[ʝ]}} (or {{IPA|[ʑ]}} in some dialects, notably those of Crete and the Mani).

The letters <θ>, <φ> and <χ> are pronounced {{IPA|/θ/}}, {{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/x/}}. The letter <χ>, before mid or close front vowels, is pronounced {{IPA|[ç]}} (or {{IPA|[ɕ]}} in some dialects, notably those of Crete and the Mani). The letter <ξ> stands for {{IPA|/ks/}} and <ψ> stands for {{IPA|/ps/}}. The digraphs <γγ> and <γκ> are generally pronounced {{IPA|/g/}} in everyday speech, but are pronounced {{IPA|[ɟ]}} before the front vowels {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/i/}}. When these digraphs are preceded by a vowel, they are pronounced {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}} in formal speech ({{IPA|[ŋɟ]}} before the front vowels {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/i/}}. The digraph <γγ> may be pronounced {{IPA|/ŋɣ/}} in some words ({{IPA|[ŋʝ]}} before the front vowels {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/i/}}.

==Grammar==
{{main|Greek grammar}}
Modern Greek is still largely a [[synthetic language]]. It is one of the few Indo-European languages that has retained a synthetic [[passive voice|passive]]. Noticeable changes in grammar (compared to classical Greek) include the loss of the [[dative]], the [[optative mood]], the [[infinitive]], the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual number]], and the [[participle]]s (except the past participle); the adoption of the [[gerund]]; the reduction in the number of noun [[declension]]s, and the number of distinct forms in each declension; the adoption of the [[modal particle]] ''{{polytonic|θα}}'' (a contraction of ''{{Polytonic|ἐθέλω ἵνα}}'' > ''{{polytonic|θέλω να}}'' > ''{{polytonic|θε' να}}'' > ''{{polytonic|θα}}'') to denote future and conditional tenses; the introduction of [[auxiliary verb]] forms for certain tenses; the extension to the future tense of the aspectual distinction between present/imperfect and aorist; the loss of the third person imperative, and the simplification of the system of grammatical prefixes, such as [[augment (linguistics)|augmentation]] and [[reduplication]]. Some of these features are shared with other languages spoken in the Balkan peninsula (see [[Balkan linguistic union]]).

Due to the influence of katharevousa, however, demotic is not commonly used in its purest form, and [[archaism]]s are still widely used, especially in writing and in more formal speech, as well as in a few everyday expressions like the dative {{polytonic|εντάξει}} ('OK', literally 'in order') or the third person imperative {{polytonic|ζήτω}}! ('long live!').

==Writing system==
{{Table_Greekletters}}
{{main|Greek alphabet}}
Modern Greek is written in the late [[Ionic dialect|Ionic]] variant of the Greek alphabet. It is regarded as the first [[alphabet]] in the narrow sense, giving full representation to vowels on a par with consonants, unlike its predecessor, the [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] alphabet (also called an "[[abjad]]"). Its oldest discovered inscriptions date to the 8th or 9th Century BC. It assumed its final form in Athens in 403 BC, and displaced other regional variants due to its use for the [[Attic dialect|Attic]] ''[[Koine]]'' dialect during the [[Hellenistic]] era.

The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with a capital and lowercase (small) form: 
[[Alpha (letter)|Α α]],
[[Beta (letter)|Β β]],
[[Gamma|Γ γ]],
[[Delta (letter)|Δ δ]],
[[Epsilon|Ε ε]],
[[Zeta (letter)|Ζ ζ]],
[[Eta (letter)|Η η]],
[[Theta|Θ θ]],
[[Iota|Ι ι]],
[[Kappa (letter)|Κ κ]],
[[Lambda|Λ λ]],
[[Mu (letter)|Μ μ]],
[[Nu (letter)|Ν ν]],
[[Xi|Ξ ξ]],
[[Omicron|Ο ο]],
[[Pi (letter)|Π π]],
[[Rho (letter)|Ρ ρ]],
[[Sigma (letter)|Σ σ ς (word-final form)]],
[[Tau|Τ τ]],
[[Upsilon|Υ υ]],
[[Phi (letter)|Φ φ]],
[[Chi (letter)|Χ χ]],
[[Psi (letter)|Ψ ψ]],
[[Omega|Ω ω]].

In addition to the letters of the alphabet, Greek has a number of diacritical signs, most of which were eliminated from official use in Greece in 1982 as no longer corresponding to the modern pronunciation of the language. See [[Monotonic orthography]] for the simplified modern set, and [[Polytonic orthography]] for the traditional set.

==Examples==
===Some common words and phrases===
*Greek (man): Έλληνας, IPA /{{IPA|ˈelinas}}/
*Greek (woman): Ελληνίδα /{{IPA|eliˈniða}}/
*Greek (language): Ελληνικά /{{IPA|eliniˈka}}/
*hello: γεια /{{IPA|ʝa}}/ (informal, literally "health"). More formal: χαίρετε /{{IPA|ˈçerete}}/.
*good morning: καλημέρα /{{IPA|kaliˈmera}}/
*good evening: καλησπέρα /{{IPA|kaliˈspera}}/
*good night: καληνύχτα /{{IPA|kaliˈnixta}}/
*good-bye: χαίρετε /{{IPA|ˈçereˌte}}/ (formal), αντίο /{{IPA|aˈdi.o}}/ (semi-formal), γεια σου /{{IPA|ˈʝasu}}/ or γεια σας /{{IPA|ˈʝasas}}/ (informal)
*please: παρακαλώ /{{IPA|parakaˈlo}}/
*I would like ____ please: θα ήθελα ____ παρακαλώ /{{IPA|θa ˈiθela ____ parakaˈlo}}/
*sorry: συγγνώμη /{{IPA|siˈɣnomi}}/
*thank you: σ' ευχαριστώ /{{IPA|s-efxariˈsto}}/
*that: αυτό /{{IPA|afˈto}}/, εκείνο /{{IPA|eˈcino}}/
*this: αυτό /{{IPA|afˈto}}/, (ε)τούτο /{{IPA|(e)ˈtuto}}/
*how much?: πόσο; /{{IPA|ˈposo}}/
*how much does it cost?: πόσο κοστίζει; /{{IPA|ˈposo koˈstizi}}/
*yes: ναι /{{IPA|ne}}/
*no: όχι /{{IPA|ˈoçi}}/
*I don't understand: δεν καταλαβαίνω /{{IPA|ˈðe(ŋ) ɡatalaˈveno}}/ (''[[sandhi]]'' - see above) or /{{IPA|ˈðeŋ ɡatalaˈveno}}/
*I don't know: δεν ξέρω /{{IPA|ˈðe(ŋ) ˈɡzero}}/ (''[[sandhi]]'' - see above) or /{{IPA|ˈðeŋ ˈksero}}/
*where's the bathroom?: πού είναι η τουαλέτα /το μπάνιο /το λουτρό; /{{IPA|ˈpu ˈine i tuaˈleta /toˈbaɲo /to luˈtro}}/
*generic toast: εις υγείαν! /{{IPA|is iˈʝi.an}}/ (literally "to health"), or, more colloquially: γεια μας! /{{IPA|'ʝamas}}/ (literally "our health") 
*juice: χυμός /{{IPA|çiˈmos}}/
*water: νερό /{{IPA|neˈro}}/
*wine: κρασί /{{IPA|kraˈsi}}/
*beer: μπύρα /{{IPA|ˈbira}}/
*milk: γάλα /{{IPA|ˈɣala}}/
*Do you speak English?: Μιλάτε Αγγλικά; /{{IPA|miˈlate a(ŋ)ɡliˈka}}/
*I love you: σ' αγαπώ /{{IPA|saɣaˈpo}}/
*Help!: Βοήθεια! /{{IPA|voˈiθia}}/
*You are a doll!: Εìσαι κουκλíτσα! /{{IPA|ise kouklitsa}}/
-->

==Tempo Ogé==
*[[Daptar kecap-kecap na Basa Yunani kalayan turunan Basa Inggris]]	 
*[[Dialék Basa Yunani]]	 
*[[Daptar Swadesh Basa Yunani]]
*[[Greeklish]]
*[[Basa Yunani Kuno]]

==Référénsi==
* {{en}} Herbert Weir Smyth, ''Greek Grammar'', Harvard University Press, 1956 (revised edition), ISBN 0674362500. The standard grammar of classical Greek. Focuses primarily on the [[Attic Greek|Attic]] dialect, with comparatively wéak tréatment of the other dialects and the Homeric Kunstsprache.
* {{en}} W. Sidney Allen, ''Vox Graeca - a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek''. Cambridge University Press, 1968-74. ISBN 052120626X
*Géoffrey Horrocks, ''Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers'' (Longman Linguistics Library). Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 0582307090. From Mycenéan to modérn.
* {{en}} [[Andrew Sihler]], "A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin", Oxford University Press, 1996. An historical grammar of ancient Greek from its Indo-Européan origins. Some eccentricities and no bibliography but a useful handbook to the éarliest stages of Greek's development.
* {{en}} Robert Browning, ''Medieval and Modern Greek'', Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition 1983, ISBN 0521299780. An excellent and concise historical account of the development of modérn Greek from the ancient language.
* {{en}} Brian Newton, ''The Generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology'', Cambridge University Press, 1972, ISBN 0521084970.
* {{en}} Crosby and Schaeffer, ''An Introduction to Greek'', Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 1928. A school grammar of ancient Greek
* {{en}} David Holton ''et al.'', ''Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language'', Routledge, 1997, ISBN 041510002X. A reference grammar of ''modern'' Greek.
* {{en}} Dionysius of Thrace, [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/graeca/Chronologia/S_ante02/DionysiosThrax/dio_tech.html "Art of Grammar"], "Τέχνη γραμματική", c.100 BC

==Tumbu Luar==
===Sawangan umum===
{{InterWiki|code=el}}
{{Wikibookspar||Modern Greek}}
*[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gmodern.htm Modern Greek], ''Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages'', Brian Joseph
*[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gancient.htm Ancient Greek], ''Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages'', Brian Joseph
*[http://www.bartleby.com/65/gr/Greeklan.html Greek Language], Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia.
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ The Perseus Project] has many useful pages for the study of classical languages and literatures, including dictionaries.
*[http://greek-language.com The Greek Language and Linguistics Gateway] Useful information on the history of the Greek language, application of modérn Linguistics to the study of Greek, and tools for léarning Greek.

===Pangajaran Basa===
==== Umum ====
* {{en}} [http://www.applelanguages.com/en/learn/greek.php Ancient and Modern Greek courses], in Greece.
* {{en}} [http://greek.kihlman.eu Greek dictionary, tutorial and hangman program with texteditor] This shareware program is aimed at léarning New Testament Greek but fully functional for modérn Greek too if one créates own glossaries.
* {{en}} [http://www.explorecrete.com/various/Greek-Alphabet.htm Flash presentation with the sound of the letters of the Greek Alphabet]
* {{en}} [http://snow.prohosting.com/sprach/english/gr.htm Free online resources for learners (both Ancient and Modern Greek)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908120532/http://snow.prohosting.com/sprach/english/gr.htm |date=2006-09-08 }}

==== Basa Yunani Modéren ====
*[http://didymos.kypros.org/LearnGreek/ Learn Greek Online], Free modérn Greek course with réalaudio files.
*[http://www.fsi-language-courses.net/GreekBasic.aspx FSI Greek Basic Course]
*[http://www.explorecrete.com/various/greek-language.htm Learn basic Greek words and phrases] and the speeches of Xenophon Zolotas, Dr. Soukakos, Athnassopoulos and Kalaras
*[http://www.explorecrete.com/various/greek-numbers.htm Learn how to count in Greek]
*[http://www.xanthi.ilsp.gr/filog/ Learn Greek - Official site of the Greek Institute of language and speech processing]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060518062159/http://valesne.homestead.com/index.html Modern Greek and Albanian with Japanese translation]
*[http://zeus.pi-schools.gr/dimotiko/ Online pdf versions of the books used in Elementary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060412212623/http://zeus.pi-schools.gr/dimotiko/ |date=2006-04-12 }} Site in Greek only.

==== Basa Yunani Kuno kaasup Koine (contona Basa Yunani Téstamén Anyar) ====
*[http://www.vroma.org/%7Eabarker/thrascontents.html A supplement to the Thrasymachus (Ancient Greek)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827174810/http://www.vroma.org/~abarker/thrascontents.html |date=2006-08-27 }} Part of the VRoma Project. 
*[http://www.textkit.com/ Learn Ancient Greek] at Textkit. Free downloadable Ancient Greek grammars and réaders.
*[http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-language.asp Free lessons in ancient Greek, including an introduction the special features of Greek]
*[http://www.greek-language.com/ The Greek Language and Linguistics Gateway] Provided as a free service to facilitate the study of Ancient Greek and to promote the application of methodologies from the field of Linguistics to the study of Classical and Hellenistic Greek.
*[http://www.ntgreek.net New Testament Greek] Three graduated courses in New Testament Greek

===Kamus===
{{Wiktionarylang|code=el}}
* {{en}} [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Greek/ Greek Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223164907/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ |date=2012-02-23 }}: from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Dictionary]
* {{en}} [http://greek.kihlman.eu Ancient Greek]

==Literatur==
* {{en}} [http://www.uoxantiqua.com uox antiqua] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719052221/http://uoxantiqua.com/ |date=2013-07-19 }}- Ancient Greek Literature and Music.
* {{en}} [http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/NewLiteratur/Literature.htm Page about modern Greek Literature]

===Tipografi===
* {{en}} [http://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/help.htm#english Athena] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801070927/http://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/help.htm#english |date=2020-08-01 }}, [[public domain]] [[Polytonic orthography|polytonic]] Greek [[typeface|font]]
* {{en}} [http://www.sil.org/~gaultney/gentium/ Gentium &mdash; a typeface for the nations], a freely available font including polytonic Greek support
* {{en}} [http://www.lorem-ipsum.info/_greek Generator for Greek typographical filler text]

===Buku-buku===
* {{en}} [http://books.phigita.net/ Buku-buka na Basa Yunani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822091653/http://books.phigita.net/ |date=2006-08-22 }}, jeung daptar tambahan informasi bibliografik nu bisa disungsi

===Léksikal===
* {{en}} [http://www.translatum.gr Translatum - The Greek Translation Vortal]. An extended list of séarchable and downloadable Greek dictionaries.
* {{en}} [http://www.kypros.org/cgi-bin/lexicon Modern Greek&ndash;English, English&ndash;Modern Greek dictionary]. (Basic dictionary) 
* {{en}} [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/resolveform Ancient Greek Dictionary], the complete Liddell-Scott dictionary, including séarch within English definitions.
* {{en}} [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Greek-english/ Greek&ndash;English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200902/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ |date=2013-10-29 }}: from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition. 
* {{en}} [http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/Woodhouse/ Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary], scanned images from S.C. Woodhouse's 1910 dictionary.

===Pangecék Éjahan===

* {{en}} [http://www.phigita.net/spell-check/ Greek Spell Checker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913013504/http://www.phigita.net/spell-check/ |date=2008-09-13 }}

{{pondok}}

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