Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Hirohito

{{Infobox Monarch
| name            =Kaisar Shōwa
| title           =Kaisar Jepang
| image           =[[Gambar:Hirohito in dress uniform.jpg|200px]]
| caption         =
| reign           =[[25 Désémber]], [[1926]] – [[7 Januari]], [[1989]]
| coronation      =[[25 Désémber]], [[1926]]
| othertitles     =
| predecessor     =[[Kaisar Taishō]]
| successor       =[[Kaisar Akihito Jepang|Kaisar Akihito]]
| suc-type        =
| heir            =
| queen           =
| consort         =[[Empress Kōjun|Ratu Kōjun]]
| issue           =Princess Teru<br />Princess Hisa<br />Princess Taka<br />Princess Yori<br />[[Akihito|Crown Prince Tsugu]]<br />[[Masahito|Prince Yoshi]]<br />Princess Suga
| royal house     =[[Imperial House of Japan]]
| dynasty         =
| royal anthem    =
| father          =[[Emperor Taishō]]
| mother          =[[Empress Teimei]]
| date of birth   =[[29 April]], [[1901]]
| place of birth  =[[Tokyo]], [[Jepang]]
| date of death   =[[7 Januari]], [[1989]] (yuswa 87)
| place of death  =
| date of burial  =
| place of burial =
|}}
i
'''Kaisar Jepang Hirohito''' ([[Basa Jepang]]: 裕仁) ([[29 April]], [[1901]] – [[7 Januari]], [[1989]]) [[Kaisar Jepang]] ka-124 dumasar kana runtuyan suksesi tradisional, ti taun [[1926]] nepi ka [[1989]]. Sanggeus pupus, namina disebut {{nihongo|'''Emperor Shōwa'''|昭和天皇|Shōwa Tennō}} di [[Jepang]], nami anumerta keur anjeunna ku kabinet Jepang dina tanggal [[13 Januari]], [[1989]].  Sanajan sacara luas disebat Hirohito, atawa Kaisar Hirohito di luar Jepang, kaisar panungtung ngan dumasar kana nami anumerta keur di Jepang.  Kaisar Hirohito, kaisar panglamina dina sajarah Kaisar Jepang tur loba parobahan dina kahirupan urang Jepang salami pamaréntahanna.

== Awal kahirupan ==
Lahir di Istana Aoyama [[Tokyo]], Hirohito putra munggaran ti [[Crown Prince|Putra Mahkota]] [[Taisho Emperor|Yoshihito]] sarta [[Empress Teimei|Putri Mahkota Sadako]]. Basa keur leutik gelarna {{nihongo|Prince Michi|迪宮|Michi no miya}}. Hirohito jadi putra mahkota sanggeus pupus akina [[Emperor Meiji]], dina [[30 Juli]], [[1912]], sarta dinobatkeun jadi Putra Mahkota dina [[2 Nopémber]], [[1916]].

Sakola di Sakola [[Gakushuin]] husus lalaki ti taun [[1908]] nepi ka [[1914]] sarta neruskeun di institut keur Putra Mahkota (Tōgū-gogakumonsho) ti taun [[1914]] nepi [[1921]]. Dina [[29 Nopémber]], [[1921]], jadi [[bupati]] [[Jepang]], ngagantikeun ramana. Dina [[1922]], Prince Regent Hirohito salila genep bulan ka [[United Kingdom|Inggris]] sarta lima nagara [[Eropa]] nyaéta ([[Perancis]]; [[Itali]], [[Kota Vatikan]]; [[Walanda]]; jeung [[Belgia]]) tur jadi putra mahkota Jepang munggaran nu kaluar negeri.

Nikah jeung baraya jauh, nyaéta Ratu [[Empress Kojun|Nagako]], dulur pangkolotna [[Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi]], dina [[26 Januari]], [[1924]], putra-putrina:
# Ratu Teru (''Teru no miya Shigeko''), lahir [[9 Désémber]], [[1925]], pupus [[23 Juli]], [[1961]]; nikah [[10 Oktober]] [[1943]] Prince Morihiro (lahir [[6 Méi]], [[1916]], pupus [[1 Pébruari]], [[1969]]), putra pangkolotna [[Prince Higashikuni|Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko]] jeung istrina , Princess Toshiko, putri ka dalapan Kaisar Meiji; leungit statusna ti anggota kulawarga kaisar, [[14 Oktober]], [[1947]].
# Princess Hisa (''Hisa no miya Sachiko''), lahir [[10 Séptémber]], [[1927]], pupus [[8 Maret]], [[1928]].
# Princess Taka (''Taka no miya Kazuko''), lahir [[30 Séptémber]], [[1929]], pupus [[26 Maret]], [[1989]]; m. [[5 Méi]], [[1950]] Mr. Toshimichi Takatsukasa (lahir [[26 Agustus]], [[1923]], pupus [[27 Januari]], [[1966]]), putra  Nobusuke Takatsukasa panggedéna[peer].
# Princess Yori (''Yori no miya Atsuko''), lahir [[7 Maret]], [[1931]]; nikah [[10 Oktober]], [[1952]] Mr. Takamasa Ikeda (lahir [[21 Oktober]], [[1927]]), putra pangkolotna ti Marquis Nobumasa Ikeda.
# [[Crown Prince|Putra Mahkota]] [[Akihito]] (ayeuna Kaisar), lahir [[23 Désémber]] , [[1933]]; nikah [[10 April]], [[1959]] Miss [[Empress Michiko of Japan|Michiko Shoda]] (lahir [[20 Oktober]], [[1934]]), putri pangkolotna Mr. Hidésaburo Shoda, manten présidén jeung ketua Nisshin Flour Milling Company.
# [[Prince Hitachi]] (''Hitachi no miya Masahito''), lahir [[28 Nopémber]], [[1935]]; nikah [[30 Oktober]], [[1964]] Miss Hanako Tsugaru (lahir [[19 Juli]], [[1940]]), putri kaopat manten akunting Yoshitaka Tsugaru.
# Princess Suga (''Suga no miya Takako''), lahir [[2 Maret]], [[1939]]; nikah [[3 Maret]], [[1960]] Mr. Hisanaga Shimazu, putra akunting Hisanori Shimazu.

== Naek tahta ==
<!--[[Image:Time-magazine-cover-hirohito-1928.jpg|thumb|Hirohito, dina kaca hareup majalah Amerika ''Time'', basa diangkat jadi kaisar.]]-->
Dina [[25 Désémber]], [[1926]], sanggeus wafat ramana Yoshihito, diangkat jadi kaisar tur awal éra anyar ''Shōwa'' (Cahaya Damey) di proklamasikeun. Hirohito [[coronation|diangkat]] jadi kaisar dina [[10 Nopémber]], [[1928]] di [[Kyoto]].  Kaisar anyar nu béda ti sajarah monarki Jepang mimiti, nu mangrupa putra mimiti ti ibuna sacara resmi.

== Awal pamarentahan ==
Bagéan awal pamaréntahan Hirohito (antara taun [[1926]] jeung [[1945]]) nyiapkeun kakuatan militer dina pamaréntahanna, ku cara legal tur extralegal. [[Imperial Japanese Army|Tentara Kaisar Jepang]] tur [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Angkatan Laut Jepang]] mibanda kakuatan [[veto]] dina kabinet saprak taun [[1900]], tur antara taun [[1921]] jeung [[1944]] nu mana teu kurang ti 64 kajadian gerakan sayap kanan politik. 
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One notable case was the assassination of moderate [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Inukai Tsuyoshi]] in [[1932]], which marked the end of any real [[civilian control of the military]]. This was followed by an attempted [[February 26 Incident|military coup]] in February [[1936]], mounted by junior Army officers; it was occasioned by a loss of ground by the militarist faction in [[Diet of Japan|Diet]] elections. The coup resulted in the murder of a number of high government and Army officials, and was put down with Hirohito angrily assuming a major role in confronting them.

Still, from the [[1930s]] on, the military clique held almost all political power in Japan, and pursued policies that eventually led Japan to fight the [[second Sino-Japanese War]] and [[World War II]].

==World War II==
During [[World War II]], under Hirohito's leadership, Japan formed [[military alliance|alliance]]s with [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Fascist Italy]], forming the [[Axis Powers]]. In the immediate aftermath of the war, many believed that Emperor Shōwa was an evil mastermind behind the war, while others claimed that he was simply a powerless [[figurehead (metaphor)|figurehead]], and that the real power lay with [[Hideki Tojo]].

Many people in China, Taiwan, Korea and Southeast Asia see Hirohito as Asia's [[Hitler]] of World War II, and some feel he should have been tried for [[war crime]]s. Because of this, many Asians residing in countries that were subject to Japanese invasion retain a hostile attitude towards the [[Japanese imperial family]]. The central question is how much real control Hirohito had over the Japanese military during the two wars. The view promoted by both the Japanese Imperial Palace and the American occupation forces immediately after World War II had Hirohito behaving strictly according to protocol, remaining at a distance from the decision-making processes. On the other hand, [[Herbert P. Bix|Herbert Bix]] has recently produced evidence suggesting that the emperor worked through intermediaries to exercise a great deal of control over the military, and that he may even have been the prime mover of most of the events of the two wars.

On [[September 4]], [[1941]], the Japanese Cabinet met to consider the war plans prepared by Imperial General Headquarters, and decided that:

:''Our Empire, for the purpose of self-defence and self-preservation, will complete preparations for war ... <nowiki>[</nowiki>and is<nowiki>]</nowiki> ... resolved to go to war with the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]] and the [[Netherlands]] if necessary. Our Empire will concurrently take all possible diplomatic measures vis-a-vis the United States and Great Britain, and thereby endeavor to obtain our objectives ... In the event that there is no prospect of our demands being met by the first ten days of October through the diplomatic negotiations mentioned above, we will immediately decide to commence hostilities against the United States, Britain and the Netherlands.''

[[Image:Emperor Hirohito-1926.jpg|thumb|250px|The young Emperor in his coronation robes 1926]]

The "objectives" to be obtained were clearly defined: a free hand to continue with the conquest of [[China]] and [[Southeast Asia]], no increase in US or British military forces in the region, and cooperation by the West "in the acquisition of goods needed by our Empire".

On [[September 5]], Prime Minister [[Fumimaro Konoe|Konoe]] informally submitted a draft of the decision to the Emperor, just one day in advance of the Imperial Conference at which it would be formally implemented. According to the traditional view (again, contradicted by Bix's research), Hirohito was deeply concerned by the decision to place "war preparations first and diplomatic negotiations second" and announced his intention to break with centuries-old protocol and, at the Imperial Conference on the following day, directly question the chiefs of the Army and Navy general staffs — a quite unprecedented action. Konoe quickly persuaded Hirohito to summon them for a private conference instead, at which the Emperor made it plain that a peaceful settlement was to be pursued "up to the last". Chief of Naval General Staff  Admiral [[Osami Nagano]], a former Navy Minister and vastly experienced, later told a trusted colleague "I have never seen the Emperor reprimand us in such a manner, his face turning red and raising his voice."

Nevertheless, all speakers at the Imperial Conference were united in favour of war rather than diplomacy. Baron [[Yoshimichi Hara]], President of the Imperial Council and the Emperor's representative, then questioned them closely, producing replies to the effect that war would only be considered as a last resort from some, and silence from others.

At this point, the sovereign astonished all present by addressing the conference personally, and in breaking the tradition of Imperial silence left his advisors "struck with awe". (Prime Minister Konoe's description of the event.) Emperor Hirohito stressed the need for peaceful resolution of international problems, expressed regret at his ministers' failure to respond to Baron Hara's probings, and recited a poem written by his grandfather, [[Emperor Meiji]] which, he said, he had read "over and over again":

: ''Methinks all the people of the world are brethren, then.''
: ''Why are the waves and the wind so unsettled nowadays?''

Recovering from their shock, the ministers hastened to express their profound wish to explore all possible peaceful avenues. The war preparations continued without the slightest change, however, and within weeks Cabinet would replace the insufficiently belligerent Konoe with the hard line General [[Hideki Tojo]], formally chosen by Hirohito under the Constitution (but whether he was in fact favored by Hirohito remains disputed). On [[December 8]] ([[December 7]] in Hawaii) [[1941]], in simultaneous attacks, Japanese forces struck at the US Fleet in [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] and began the [[South-East Asian Theatre of World War II|invasion of South-East Asia]]. From here, there was no turning back.

Whatever his actual involvement leading up to hostilities, with the nation now fully committed to the war, Emperor Hirohito took a keen interest in military progress and sought to boost morale, just as George VI did, for example, in Britain at the same time. To begin with, the news was all good. As the tide of war gradually began to turn (around late [[1942]] and early [[1943]]), some people argue that the flow of information to the palace gradually began to bear less and less relation to reality, while others suggest that the emperor worked closely with Prime Minister Tojo, continued to be well and accurately briefed by the military, and knew Japan's military position precisely right up to the point of surrender. In the first six months of war, all the major engagements had been victories. Throughout the following years, the sequence of drawn and then decisively lost engagements was also reported to the public as a series of great victories. Only gradually did it become apparent to the people in the home islands that the situation was very grim. U.S. air raids on the cities of Japan starting in [[1944]] made a mockery of the unending tales of victory. Later that year, with the downfall of Hideki Tojo's government, two other prime ministers were appointed to continue the war effort, [[Kuniaki Koiso]] and [[Kantaro Suzuki]] - again, with at least the formal approval of Hirohito, but whether he agreed with their policies is still disputed. Both were unsuccessful and Japan was nearing defeat.

==Last days of the war==
In early [[1945]], in the wake of the loss of [[Battle of Leyte|Leyte]], the Emperor began a series of individual meetings with senior government officials to consider the progress of the war. All but one advised continuing. The exception was ex-Prime Minister [[Fumimaro Konoe]], who feared a [[Communism|communist]] revolution even more than defeat and urged a negotiated surrender. According to some accounts, Hirohito apparently took the view that peace was essential, but that the armed forces would have to engineer a conspicuous military victory somewhere in order to provide a stronger bargaining position. With each passing week this became less likely. In April the [[Soviet Union]] issued notice that it would not renew its neutrality agreement. Japan's ally [[Germany]] surrendered in early May 1945. In June, the cabinet reassessed the war strategy, only to decide more firmly than ever on a fight to the last man. This was officially affirmed at a brief Imperial Council meeting, to which the Emperor listened in stone-faced silence.

The following day, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal [[Koichi Kido]] prepared a draft document which summarised the hopeless military situation and proposed a negotiated settlement. According to some sources, the Emperor privately approved of it and authorised Kido to circulate it discreetly amongst the less hawkish cabinet members; others suggest that the Emperor was indecisive, and that the mixed signals from the palace may have delayed the peace process, costing many tens of thousands of Japanese and Allied lives. By mid-June the cabinet had agreed to approach the Soviet Union to act as a mediator, though not before the bargaining position had been improved by a repulse of the coming Allied invasion of mainland Japan.

On [[June 22]], Hirohito broke tradition once again to speak to his ministers, saying "I desire that concrete plans to end the war, unhampered by existing policy, be speedily studied and that efforts be made to implement them." The attempt to negotiate a peace via the Soviet Union came to nothing: the Allies were determined not to settle for anything short of [[unconditional surrender]], and as late as July [[1945]] the Japanese government was not prepared to consider that option: they insisted on at least one condition, a guarantee of the emperor's continuing position in Japanese society.

==Post-war reign==

[[image:macarthur hirohito.jpg|thumb|300px|General MacArthur and The Emperor ]]

On [[August 15]], [[1945]], following the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] and the [[Operation August Storm|entry of the Soviet Union]] into the war against Japan, Hirohito, after more hesitation, abandoned the condition of preserving his own position and finally made the radio broadcast announcing the unconditional surrender of Japan's military forces (known as ''[[Gyokuon-hoso|Gyokuon-hōsō]]'').  The broadcast exhorted the Japanese to "accept the unacceptable" in surrender. It was the first time the public had ever heard the Emperor's voice. He was purposely vague, because the Emperor of Japan clearly could not be regarded merely as a human saying "We surrender to the Americans"; he had to be viewed as the godly leader of Japan, so when he said "accept the unacceptable", most people sitting by the radio didn't know what he meant. Even if they had known, there was a clear difference between standard Japanese speech and the emperor's own lexicon. He used in this broadcast, according to historian Richard Storry in ''A History of Modern Japan'', "a form of language familiar only to the well-educated".

There were attempts by numerous leaders, among them [[President of the United States|President]] [[Harry S. Truman]], to have Hirohito put on trial for alleged [[war crimes]]. U.S. General [[Douglas MacArthur]] insisted that Hirohito remain Emperor to keep him as a symbol of the continuity and cohesion of the Japanese people. Hirohito was spared trial and retained the throne, but Hirohito was forced to explicitly reject (in the {{nihongo|''[[Ningen-sengen]]''|人間宣言|}}) the traditional claim that the Emperor of Japan was divine, and a descendant of the [[Amaterasu|Sun Goddess]]. According to the [[Constitution of Japan#The Constitution of the Empire of Japan .281889-1947.29|Japanese constitution of 1889]], Hirohito had a divine power over his country, which was derived from the mythology of the Japanese Imperial Family who were said to be the offspring of the creator of Japan, [[Amaterasu]]. The imperial title was thus transformed from 'imperial sovereign' to '[[Constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarch]]' in [[1946]]. Immediately after Hirohito's repudiation of divinity, he asked the occupation authorities for permission to worship the Sun Goddess. Some have seen this as an implicit reaffirmation of the claim to divine status; others have seen it as simply an expression of Hirohito's personal religious beliefs, with no political or social implications.

<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[image:Reaganhiro.jpg|left|framed|{{unverifiedimage}} The Emperor's later life. Meeting with [[Ronald Reagan|President Reagan]]]] -->
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Although Hirohito was forced to reject any claims to his own divine status, his status was deliberately left vague, partly because General MacArthur thought him likely to be a useful tool to get the Japanese to accept the occupation, and partly due to behind-the-scenes maneuverings by [[Shigeru Yoshida]] to thwart MacArthur's attempts at casting Hirohito as a European-style monarch. While Hirohito was usually seen as a [[head of state]], there is still a broad dispute about whether he became a mere citizen or something else. Many scholars claim that today's ''tennō'' (usually translated [[Emperor of Japan]] in English) is not an [[emperor]]. See the "[[Emperor of Japan]]" article for discussion of the position of Emperor of Japan.

For the rest of his life, Hirohito was an active figure in Japanese life, and performed many of the duties commonly associated with a constitutional [[head of state]]. The emperor and his family maintained a strong public presence, often holding public walkabouts, and making public appearances on special events and holidays. He also played an important role in rebuilding Japan's diplomatic image, traveling abroad to meet with many foreign leaders, including numerous American presidents and Queen [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]]. In 1975, Hirohito and his wife were honored guests at [[Colonial Williamsburg]] in [[Virginia]], the first such visit by Japanese royalty.

Hirohito was deeply interested in and well-informed about [[marine biology]], and the [[Kokyo|Imperial Palace]] contained a laboratory from which Hirohito published several papers in the field.  His contributions include the description of several dozen species of [[jellyfish]] new to science.

==Death==

On [[September 22]], [[1987]], Hirohito underwent surgery on his pancreas after having digestive problems for several months. This was the very first time a Japanese Emperor underwent surgery. The doctors discovered that he had [[duodenal cancer]], but in accordance with Japanese tradition, they did not tell him. Hirohito seemed to be recovering well for several months after his surgery. About a year later, however, on [[September 19]], [[1988]], he collapsed in his palace, and his health worsened over the next several months as he suffered from continuous internal bleeding. On [[January 7]], [[1989]], at 6:33 AM, Hirohito died. At 7:55 AM, the grand steward of Japan's Imperial Household Agency, Shoichi Fujimori, officially announced the Emperor's death, and revealed details about his cancer for the first time. Upon his death, he was renamed Emperor Showa (''Shōwa Tennō''), after the era during which he ruled. His posthumous name was determined on [[January 13]] and formally released on [[January 31]] by Japanese prime minister. (From [[January 7]] until [[January 31]], the formal appellation of Hirohito was "Taigyō Tennō(大行天皇)", which means the former emperor.) On [[February 24]], Emperor Showa's funeral was held, and unlike that of his predecessor, it was not done in a strictly [[Shinto]] manner, and a number of world leaders attended it. He is buried in the Imperial mausoleum in  [[Hachioji, Tokyo|Hachioji]], alongside other past emperors.

===Yasukuni Shrine===

Although largely refraining from becoming involved in the politics surrounding [[Yasukuni Jinja]], Hirohito maintained an official boycott of the controversial monument from [[1978]], when it was revealed to him that wartime Prime Minister [[Hideki Tojo]] was being honored there, until the time of his death.

This boycott has been maintained by his son [[Akihito]], who has also refused to worship at Yasukuni since [[1978]].
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== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Fumimaro Konoe]]
* [[Gyokuon-hoso|Gyokuon-hōsō]]
* [[Hideki Tojo]]
* [[Japanese nationalism]]
* [[Showa period|Shōwa period]]
* [[Tanaka Memorial]]
* [[World War II]]
* [[Imperial Japan]]

== Rujukan ==
* Mosley, Léonard ''Hirohito, Emperor of Japan'', Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1966. ISBN 1-111-75539-6 ISBN 1-199-99760-9 - Biografi lengkepna nu munggaran.<!-- The first full-length biography, it gives his basic story. -->
* Hoyt, Edwin P. ''Hirohito: The Emperor and the Man'', Praeger Publishers, 1992. ISBN 0-275-94069-1
* Behr, Edward ''Hirohito: Behind the Myth'', Villard, New York, 1989. - Hiji buku kontroversial anu ngadadarkeun yén Hirohito mibanda lalakon leuwih di WWII ti batan anu geus dikanyaho masarakat. Mangaruhan apresiasi masarakat kana lalakon éta. <!-- A controversial book that posited that Hirohito had a more active role in WWII than had publicly been portrayed; it contributed to the re-appraisal of his role. -->
* Bix, Herbert P. ''Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan'', HarperCollins, 2000. ISBN 0-06-019314-X - <!-- A recent scholarly (and copiously sourced) look at the same issue. -->
* Wetzler, Peter ''Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan'', University of Hawaii Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8248-1925-X
* Kawahara, Toshiaki ''Hirohito and His Times: A Japanese Perspective'', Kodansha International, 1997. ISBN 0-87011-979-6 (Japanese standard image)

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons|Hirohito}}

* [http://homepage3.nifty.com/kadzuwo/triviana/hirohito.htm Hirohito, Emperor @A Trivial Encyclopedia of Japan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041019205201/http://homepage3.nifty.com/kadzuwo/triviana/hirohito.htm |date=2004-10-19 }} (with links in multiple languages)
* [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/esyouwa/esyouwa.html#koujyun Kunaicho | Emperor Showa]

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{{succession box | before=[[Kaisar Taishō|Taishō]] | title=[[Runtuyan Kaisar Jepang|Kaisar-kaisar Jepang]] | after=[[Akihito]] | years=[[1926]]-[[1989]]}}
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{{Emperors of Japan}}
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[[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1901|Hirohito, emperor of Japan]]
[[Kategori:Nu pupus taun 1989|Hirohito, emperor of Japan]]
[[Kategori:Kaisar Jepang]]
[[Kategori:Silsilah Yamato]]