Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Kareseban

[[Image:MenstrualCycle.png|thumb|300px|right|Siklus kareseban]]
'''Kareseban''' mangrupa kaayaan [[fisiologi]]s normal [[bikang|awéwé]] {{ref|typical}} dina siklus kareseban nu lumangsung sababaraha poé (ilaharna mah 3-5 poé) nu patali jeung kasuburan/fértilitas réproduktifna, ditandaan ku kaluarna getih (''eumenorrhea'', 10-18 ml, rata-rata 35 ml [http://www.med.monash.edu.au/ob-gyn/research/menorr/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427131155/http://www.med.monash.edu.au/ob-gyn/research/menorr/ |date=2006-04-27 }}); para wanoja sabagian bisa ngawaskeun kaluarna jaringan [[éndométrium]] pacampur getih nu kaluar nalika kareseban. Getih nu kaluar ieu teu ngagumpal ku sabab éndométrium ngaluarkeun [[énzim]] nu disebut [[plasmin]].

ku sabab kaleungitan getih nalika kareseban, wanoja butuh asupan [[beusi|zat beusi]] dina katuanganana leuwih loba batan [[jalu|lalaki]] sangkan teu ngalaman [[defisiénsi beusi]]. Nalika kareseban, aya ogé nu sok ngalaman keram (katelah [[dysmenorrhea]]).

Artikel ieu museur kana siklus kareseban nu lumangsung di [[manusa]].

== Sari ==
Nu bener-bener ngalaman siklus kareseban mah ukur manusa jeung [[kera gedé]], [[mamalia]] [[bali (anatomi)|plaséntal]] lianna mah lolobana ukur ngalaman [[éstrus]]. Siklus kareseban diatur ku sistim [[hormon]] [[baranahan|réproduksi]] nu diperlukeun pikeun [[baranahan]], sacara umum lumangsung bulanan ti saprak [[pubertas]] nepi ka [[ménopause]].

Dina awal siklus kareseban, wanoja nu geus sawawa sacara séksual ngaleupaskeun hiji [[ovum]] (atawa, kadang-kadang, dua, nu bisa ngahasilkeun [[kembar]] [[zigot|dizigotik]] atawa non-idéntik) nalika [[ovulasi]]. Sanggeus ovulasi, lapisan éndométrium [[rahim]] robah pikeun nyiapkeun kamungkinan [[implantasi]] ovum nu geus dibuahan pikeun ngamimitian [[reuneuh|kakandungan]]. Mun euweuh fértilisasi sarta teu reuneuh, rahim ngaleupaskeun lapisan éndométrium pikeun nyiapkeun siklus salajengna. Prosés ngaleupaskeun lapisan éndométrium ieu nu disebut '''kareseban''', kaluarna éndométrium jeung [[getih]] ngaliwatan [[heunceut]]. Najan sacara umum dianggap getih, kandunganana mah béda ti [[getih véna]].

Kareseban mangrupa tanda yén hiji wanoja teu kakandungan (najan kitu, kadang aya ogé nu ngalamana kaluarna saeutik getih nalika awal kakandungan), ku kituna, telat kareseban dina masa subur mangrupa totondén awal kakandungan. Rata-rata wanoja mimiti ngalaman kareseban dina umur 12 taun, antara 8 jeung 16 taun{{ref|age}}. Siklus kareseban ieu lumangsung nepi ka mangsa [[ménopause]], kira nalika nincak umur 45-55. Simpangan tina pola ieu perlu dipariksakeun ka dokter; misalna ''[[amenorrhea]]'', tayana kareseban dina mangsa nu leuwih lila, tapi teu kakadungan. Gangguan sarupa kieu kadang kaalaman ku wanoja nu kandungan lemak awakna leutik, samodél atlit.

== Siklus kareseban normal ==
Siklus kareseban téh rupa-rupa panjang waktuna, ogé dina unggal sato. Wanoja mah rata-rata siklus karesebanana salila 28 poé, nu kabagi kana opat fase: kareseban, fase folikulér, ovulasi, jeung fase lutéal.

===Fase folikulér===
<!--Alatan pangaruh ningkatna [[hormon stimulasi folikel]](''Follicle stimulating hormone'', FSH), five to seven tertiary-stage ovarian follicles are recruited for entry into the menstrual cycle. These follicles, that have been growing for the better part of a year in a process known as [[folliculogenesis]], compete with each other for dominance. In a signal cascade kicked off by [[luteinizing hormone]] (LH), the follicles secrete [[estradiol]], a steroid that acts to inhibit pituitary secretion of FSH. With diminished FSH supply comes a slowing in growth that eventually leads to follicle death, known as ''atresia''. The largest follicle secretes [[inhibin]] that serves as a finishing blow to less competent follicles by further suppressing FSH. This ''dominant follicle'' continues growing, forms a bulge near the surface of the ovary, and soon becomes competent to ovulate.

The follicles also secrete [[estrogen]]s (of which estradiol is a member). Estrogens initiate the formation of a new layer of endometrium in the uterus, histologically identified as the proliferative endometrium. If fertilised, the [[embryo]] will implant itself within this hospitable flesh.-->

===Ovulasi===
<!--[[image:ovulation.jpg|thumb|This ovary is about to release an egg.]]
When the follicle has matured, it secretes enough estradiol to trigger the acute release of [[luteinizing hormone]] (LH). In the average cycle this LH surge starts around cycle day 12 and may last 48 hours. The release of LH matures the egg and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary. This process leads to [[ovulation]]: the release of the now mature [[ovum]], the largest cell of the body (with a diameter of about [[1 E-4 m|0.5 mm]]). Which of the two ovaries &mdash; left or right &mdash; ovulates appears essentially random; no known left/right co-ordination exists. The [[Fallopian tube]] needs to capture the egg and provide the site for [[fertilisation]]. A characteristic clear and stringy [[mucus]] exhibiting [[spinnbarkeit]] develops at the [[cervix]], ready to accept [[sperm]] from [[intercourse]]. In some women, ovulation features a characteristic pain called ''[[Mittelschmerz]]'' (German term meaning 'middle pain') which lasts for several hours. The sudden change in hormones at the time of ovulation also causes light mid-cycle bleeding for some women. Many women perceive the vaginal and cervical mucus changes at ovulation, particularly if they are monitoring themselves for [[Fertility awareness|signs of fertility]]. An unfertilised egg will eventually disintegrate or dissolve in the uterus. Scientific investigations{{ref|threshold}} have indicated that the [[olfactory]] acuity or the sense of [[olfaction|smell]] is greatest during ovulation in women.-->

===Fase lutéal===
<!--The corpus luteum is the solid body formed in the ovaries after the egg has  been released from the fallopian tube which continues to grow and divide for a while. After ovulation, the residual follicle transforms into the [[corpus luteum]] under the support of the pituitary hormones. This corpus luteum will produce [[progesterone]] in addition to estrogens for approximately the next 2 weeks. Progesterone plays a vital role in converting the proliferative endometrium into a secretory lining receptive for [[implantation]] and supportive of the early [[pregnancy]]. It raises the body temperature by half- to one degree Fahrenheit (one-quarter to one-half degree Celsius), thus women who record their temperature on a daily basis will notice that they have entered the luteal phase. If fertilisation of an egg has occurred, it will travel as an early [[embryo]] through the tube to the uterine cavity and implant itself 6 to 12 days after ovulation. Shortly after implantation, the growing embryo will signal its existence to the maternal system. One very early signal consists of [[human chorionic gonadotropin]] ([[hCG]]), a hormone that [[pregnancy test]]s can measure. This signal has an important role in maintaining the corpus luteum and enabling it to continue to produce progesterone. In the absence of a pregnancy and without hCG, the corpus luteum demises and inhibin and progesterone levels fall. This will set the stage for the next cycle. Progesterone withdrawal leads to menstrual shedding (''progesterone withdrawal bleeding''), and falling inhibin levels allow FSH levels to rise to raise a new crop of follicles.

==Gejala kareseban==
In many women, various unpleasant symptoms caused by the involved hormones and by [[cramp]]ing of the uterus can precede or accompany menstruation.  More severe symptoms may include significant menstrual pain ([[dysmenorrhea]]), abdominal pain, [[migraine]] headaches, [[depression (mood)|depression]] and irritability. Some women encounter [[premenstrual stress syndrome]] (PMS or premenstrual syndrome), a cyclic clinical entity. Other women are said to suffer from what some doctors call [[post-menstrual syndrome]] where similar symptoms manifest themseleves.  This is rare and is usually not as severe or as long as pre-menstrual syndrome.  Breast discomfort caused by [[premenstrual water retention]] is very common.  The list of symptoms experienced varies from person to person.  Furthermore, within an individual, the severity of the symptoms may vary from cycle to cycle.  Pharmaceutical and herbal companies provide [[#Menstrual products|products]] designed to lessen or relieve some or all of these symptoms.

==The fertile window==
The length of the follicular phase &mdash; and consequently the length of the menstrual cycle &mdash; may vary widely.  The luteal phase, however, almost always takes the same number of days.  Some women have a luteal phase of 10 days, others of 16 days (the average is 14 days), but for each individual woman, this length will remain constant. [[Sperm]] survive inside a woman for 3 days on average, with survival time up to five days considered normal.  A pregnancy resulting from sperm life of eight days has been documented {{ref|spermlife}}.  The most fertile period (the time with the highest likelihood of [[sexual intercourse]] leading to pregnancy) covers the time from some 5 days before ovulation until 1-2 days after ovulation. In an average 28 day cycle with a 14-day luteal phase, this corresponds to the second and the beginning of the third week of the cycle.
[[Fertility awareness]] methods of [[birth control]] attempt to determine the precise time of ovulation in order to find the relatively fertile and the relatively infertile days in the cycle.

People who have heard about the menstrual cycle and ovulation may commonly and mistakenly assume, for [[contraceptive]] purposes, that menstrual cycles always take a regular 28 days, and that ovulation always occurs 14 days after beginning of the menses. This assumption may lead to unintended pregnancies. Note too that not every bleeding event counts as a menstruation, and this can mislead people in their calculation of the fertile window.

If a woman wants to conceive, the most fertile time occurs between 19 and 10 days prior to the expected menses. Many women use ovulation detection kits that detect the presence of the LH surge in the urine to indicate the most fertile time. Other ovulation detection systems rely on observation of one or more of the three primary fertility signs (basal body temperature, cervical fluid, and cervical position).

Among women living closely together, the onsets of menstruation may tend to synchronise somewhat. Researchers first described this phenomenon in 1971, and explained it by the action of [[pheromone]]s in 1998 ([[McClintock effect|Stern and McClintock]] 1998).  However, subsequent research has called this conclusion into question.

== Hormonal control ==
Extreme intricacies regulate the menstrual cycle. For many years, researchers have argued over which regulatory system has ultimate control: the hypothalamus, the pituitary, or the ovary with its growing follicle; but all three systems have to interact. In any scenario, the growing follicle has a critical role: it matures the lining, provides the appropriate feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary,  and modifies the mucus changes at the cervix.  Two [[sex hormone]]s  play a role in the control of the menstrual cycle: [[estradiol]] and [[progesterone]]. While estrogen peaks twice, during follicular growth and during the luteal phase, progesterone remains virtually absent prior to ovulation, but becomes critical in the luteal phase and during pregnancy. Many tests for ovulation check for the presence of progesterone. These sex hormones come under the influence of the pituitary gland, and both FSH and LH play necessary roles. FSH stimulates immature [[follicle]]s in the ovaries to grow. LH triggers
ovulation. The [[gonadotropin-releasing hormone]] of the hypothalamus controls the pituitary, yet both the pituitary and the hypothalamus receive feedback from the follicle. After ovulation the corpus luteum &mdash; which develops from the burst follicle and remains in the ovary &mdash; secretes both estradiol and progesterone. Only if pregnancy occurs do hormones appear in order to suspend the menstrual cycle, while production of estradiol and progesterone continues. Abnormal hormonal regulation leads to disturbance in the menstrual cycle.

Some women with [[Neurology|neurological conditions]] experience increased activity of their conditions at about the same time every month.  80 percent of women with [[epilepsy]] have more seizures than usual in the phase of their cycle when progresterone declines and estrogen increases.

Mice have been used as an experimental system to investigate possible mechanisms by which levels of sex steroid hormones might regulate nervous system function. During the part of the mouse estrous cycle when progesterone is highest, the level of [[Neuron|nerve-cell]] [[GABA A receptor|GABA receptor]] subtype delta was high. Since these GABA receptors are [[Inhibitory postsynaptic potential|inhibitory]], nerve cells with more delta receptors are less likely to fire than cells with lower numbers of delta receptors.  During the part of the mouse estrous cycle when estrogen levels are higher than progesterone levels, the number of delta receptors decrease, increasing nerve cell activity, in turn increasing anxiety and seizure susceptibility. (Maguire et al., 2005)

==Hidden ovulation==
{{utama|concealed ovulation}}

Unlike almost all other species, the external physical changes of a human female near ovulation are very subtle.  A woman may sense her own ovulation while it may remain indiscernible to others; this is considered to have [[sociobiology|sociobiological]] significance. In contrast, other species often signal receptivity through heat. The great apes are the only other mammals to have hidden ovulation.

==The ovary as an egg-bank==
Evidence suggests that eggs are formed from germ cells early in fetal life. The number is reduced to an estimated 400,000 to 450,000 immature eggs residing in each ovary at puberty. The menstrual cycle, as a biologic event, allows for ovulation of one egg typically each month. Thus over her lifetime a woman will ovulate approximately 400 to 450 times. All the other eggs dissolve by a process called [[atresia]]. As a woman's total egg supply is formed in fetal life, to be ovulated decades later, it has been suggested that this long lifetime may make the chromatin of eggs more vulnerable to division problems, breakage, and mutation than the chromatin of sperm, which are produced continuously during a man's reproductive life. This possibility is supported by the observation that fetuses and infants of older mothers have higher rates of chromosome abnormalities than those of older fathers.

== The anovulatory menstrual cycle==
Not all menstruations result from an ovulatory menstrual cycle ([[Anovulatory cycle]] - literally 'an-' absence of 'ovulation'). In some women, follicular development may start but not complete, nevertheless estrogens will form and will stimulate the uterine lining. Sooner or later the uterus will shed this lining. As no ovulation and no progesterone involvement occurs, doctors call this type of bleeding an ''estrogen breakthrough bleeding'', and cannot always predict its duration or frequency. Anovulatory bleeding commonly occurs prior to [[menopause]] (premenopause) or in women with [[polycystic ovary syndrome]]. Infrequent or irregular ovulation is called ''oligoovulation''.-->

==Abnormalitas siklus==
{{utama|Kalainan kareseban}}
<!--
===Frequency===
The "normal menstrual cycle" occurs every 28 days ± 7 days.

The medical term for cycles with intervals of 21 days or fewer is ''[[polymenorrhea]]'' and, on the other hand, the term for cycles with intervals exceeding 35 days is ''[[oligomenorrhea]]'' (or ''[[amenorrhea]]'' if intervals exceed 180 days).

===Flow===
The normal menstrual flow amounts to 50 ml ± 30 ml. It follows a "crescendo-decrescendo" pattern; that is, it starts at a moderate level, increases somewhat, and then slowly tapers.  Sudden heavy flows or amounts in excess of 80 ml (''hypermenorrhea'' or ''[[menorrhagia]]'') may stem from hormonal disturbance, uterine abnormalities, including uterine [[leiomyoma]] or [[cancer]], and other causes. Doctors call the opposite phenomenon, of bleeding very little, ''hypomenorrhea''.

===Duration===
The typical woman bleeds ("is on her period") for three to seven days out of each month.

Prolonged bleeding (''metrorrhagia'', also ''meno-metrorrhagia'') no longer shows a clear interval pattern. [[Dysfunctional uterine bleeding]] refers to hormonally caused bleeding abnormalities, typically anovulation.
All these bleeding abnormalities need medical attention; they may indicate hormone imbalances, uterine fibroids, or other problems. As pregnant patients may bleed, a [[pregnancy test]] forms part of the evaluation of abnormal bleeding.

==The birth control pill==
{{utama|Birth control pill}}

Estrogens and progesterone-like hormones make up the main active ingredients of [[birth control pill]]s. Typically they tend to mimic a menstrual cycle in appearance, but to suppress the critical event of the ovulatory cycle, namely ovulation.  Normally, a woman takes hormone pills for 21 days, followed by 7 days of non-functional [[placebo]] sugar pills or no pills at all; then the cycle starts again. During the 7 placebo days, a ''withdrawal bleeding'' occurs; this differs from ordinary menstruation, and skipping the placebos and continuing with the next batch of hormone pills may suppress it. (Two main versions of the pill exist: ''monophasic'' and ''triphasic''. With triphasic pills, skipping of the placebos and continuing with the next month's dose can make a woman more likely to experience spotting or breakthrough bleeding.) In 2003 the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved low-dose monophasic birth control pills which induce withdrawal bleedings only every 3 months.

== Etymology and the lunar month ==
The terms "menstruation" and "menses" come from the [[Latin]] ''mensis'' (month), which in turn relates to the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''mene'' (moon) and to the roots of the English words ''month'' and ''moon'' &mdash; reflecting the fact that the [[moon]] also takes close to 28 days to revolve around the Earth (actually 27.32 days).  The synodical [[lunar month]], the period between two new moons (or full moons), is 29.53 days long.

Many women, when not being exposed to artificial nighttime lighting, find that their menstrual cycles occur in rhythm with the lunar cycle.

== Menstrual products==
While some women allow their menses to flow freely or learn to recognise when their menses will flow, most women prefer to use some artificial means to absorb or catch their menses to prevent soiling their clothes.  There are a number of different methods used:

*[[Sanitary towel]]s, [[sanitary napkin]]s, or pads - Somewhat rectangular pieces of material worn in the underpants to absorb menstrual flow, often with "wings," pieces that fold around the [[panties]], and/or an adhesive backing to hold the pad in place.  Reusable cloth pads are made of [[cotton]] (often [[organic farming|organic]]), [[terrycloth]], or [[flannel]], and may be handsewn (from material or reused old clothes and towels) or storebought.  Disposable synthetic pads are made of [[wood pulp]] or [[synthetic]] products, usually with a [[plastic]] lining and bleached.
*[[Tampon]]s - Disposable wads of treated [[rayon]]/[[cotton]] blends or all-[[cotton]] fleece, usually bleached, that are inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual flow.
*[[Menstrual cup]]s - A firm, flexible cup- or bell-shaped device worn inside the vagina to catch menstrual flow.  Reusable versions include rubber or silcone cups (like the [[Keeper]], [[Divacup]], [http://www.lunette.fi Lunette] and [[Mooncup]]).  Disposable versions come in soft plastic cups (like [[Instead]]).
*[[Sea sponge]]s - Reuseable soft sponges from plant-like animals that grow on the ocean floor, worn internally to absorb blood.
*[[Padettes]] - Disposable wads of treated [[rayon]]/[[cotton]] blend fleece that are placed within the inner labia to absorb menstrual flow.
*Padded [[panties]] - Reuseable cloth (usually [[cotton]]) [[undergarment|underwear]] with extra absorbent layers sewn in to absorb flow.
*[[Blanket]], [[towel]] - Large reuseable piece of cloth, most often used at night, placed between legs to absorb menstrual flow.

Pharmaceutical companies also provide products &mdash; commonly [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs) &mdash; to relieve menstrual cramps.

===Debate===
Much debate centers around which menstrual products to use.  The main debate can be summarized as one between the convenience, availability, and general knowledge of disposables; versus the environmental, monetary, and potential health benefits of reuseables.  A secondary aspect of this is commercial responsibility.  Disposable menstrual products compose a large and powerful industry in the West, with a near monopoly on advertising, supermarket shelves, and menstrual education. This leads many people to believe that these corporate products are their only options.  Many people object to the negative portrayal of menstruation in advertising; menstruation is portrayed as shameful, unnatural, smelly, and hindering. In contrast, the reuseable menstrual products industry is composed mostly of small, independent, and woman-owned, woman-positive businesses. Finally, some believe that the disposable menstrual products industry is imperialist, forcing or coercing women of other cultures to leave their reuseable, inexpensive or free menstrual products to become consumers of disposables.

A summary of the main issues of debate:
; Environmental waste : Tampons, pads, disposable cups and their packaging generate tons of bulky waste per year, much of which is not biodegradable.
; Cost : Many disposables have a cheaper upfront cost than reuseables, but over time (a period of a few months), this cost is recouped many times over from savings on reuseables.  Many reuseables can also be made for free from old clothes or other scraps of cloth.
; Health concerns : 1.  [[Bleaching]] - Many women object to the chlorine bleaching of disposable menstrual products, which leaves trace amounts of [[dioxin]], a [[carcinogen]], in their bodies.  2.  Scents and deodorizers - Chemical scents and deodorizers can cause rashes, irritation, and allergic reactions.  They can upset the pH balance of the vagina and cause yeast infections.
; Health concerns specific to [[tampons]] : [[Toxic Shock Syndrome]] is indirectly caused by [[Staphylococcus aureus]], which can thrive in the environment found in tampon fibers. TSS is ''very rare'', with only approx. 40 cases per year in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. Tampon-associated TSS is not caused by the staphylococci invading into tissues, but rather as a result of the release of a protein called [[toxic shock syndrome toxin]] (TSST){{ref|Baron}}. TSST is absorbed into the body where it acts as a toxin. Toxic Shock Syndrome can, and does, cause death. TSS can be avoided by using the least absorbent tampon possible for one's flow, and changing tampons at least every 8 hours, or by avoiding tampons altogether.  This may apply to [[sea sponge]]s also, though no cases of TSS with sea sponge use have been reported.

==Culture and menstruation ==
=== Mysticism ===
[[Mysticism|Mystics]] have sometimes elaborated "equivalencies", analogising the waxing and waning of [[moon|the moon]] with influences on human menstruation. In this spiritual, [[moon goddess]], or [[astrology|astrological]] context some women call menstruation their "moontime". Some ancient views also regarded menstruation as a cleansing of the body: compare [[bloodletting]] as a major medical treatment of pre-modern times.

===Religion===
Many religions have menstruation-related rituals.

==== Christianity on menstruation ====
Some Christian denominations, including some (but by no means all) authorities of the [[Orthodox Church]] [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/praxis/menses.aspx], advise women not to receive communion during their menstrual period.  Other denominations follow the rules laid out in the [[Holiness Code]] section of Leviticus, somewhat similar to the Jewish ritual of Niddah.

Most Christian denominations do not follow any specific rituals or rules related to menstruation.

==== Islam on menstruation ====
The traditional Islamic interpretation of the [[Qur'an]] forbids intercourse, but not physical intimacy, during a woman's menstrual cycle.  During menstrual cycle, women are not allowed to perform  prayers and fasting. [http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-koran?specfile=/lv2/english/relig/koran/www/koran.o2w&act=surround&offset=54748&tag=Koran.002]

==== Judaism on menstruation ====
{{details|Niddah}}

A ritual exclusion applies to a woman while menstruating and for about a week thereafter, until she immerses herself  in a [[mikvah]] (ritual bath).  While Orthodox Jews follow this exclusion, many Jews in other branches of the religion do not.

==== Hindu tradition ====
During the menses, Hindu woman avoid routine work to maintain religious privacy. They do not go into the kitchen or pooja room. They do not touch any member of the family and dont exchange clothes with them. They use mats and wollen as bed for sleeping. The privacy is maintained for three days, with the starting day counted as one day. On fourth day morning, she takes bath and ends the ritual. On the fifth day, she takes an oil bath and is back to the regular routine. The practice is used in various forms by all Hindus but strictly followed by Brahmins.

== Menstruation in other mammals ==
A regular menstrual cycle as described here only occurs in the [[great ape]]s. Menstrual cycles vary in length from an average of 29 days in [[orangutan]]s to an average of 37 days in [[chimpanzee]]s.

Females of other [[mammal|mammalian]] species go through certain episodes called "[[estrus]]" or "heat" in each breeding season. During these times, ovulation occurs and females become receptive to mating, a fact advertised to males in some way. If no fertilisation takes place, the uterus reabsorbs the endometrium: no menstrual bleeding occurs. Significant differences exist between the [[estrus]] and the menstrual cycle. Some animals, such as domestic [[cat]]s and [[dog]]s do produce a very short and mild menstrual flow. However, due to its small amount (and personal cleanliness in cats) it passes pet owners largely unnoticed.-->

==Rujukan==
*''[[:en:Menstrual cycle|Menstrual cycle]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (26 Maret 2006)
* K. Stern and M. K. McClintock: "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9515961 Regulation of ovulation by human pheromones.]" ''Nature'', 392 (1998), pages 177 &ndash; 179.
* Gangestad et al.: "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15016293 Women's preferences for male behavioral displays change across the menstrual cycle.]" ''Psychological Science'', March 2004, vol. 15, no. 3, pages 203 - 207
* {{cite journal | author=Maguire, J.L. . . . and I. Mody. | title=[http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v8/n6/abs/nn1469.html Ovarian cycle-linked changes in GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors mediating tonic inhibition alter seizure susceptibility and anxiety] | journal=Nature Neuroscience | volume=8 | issue=June | year=2005 | pages=797-804}}

==Catetan==
#{{note|age}} "[http://www.4woman.gov/faq/menstru.htm#6 At what age does a girl get her first period?]," from ''Menstruation and the Menstrual Cycle'', National Women's Héalth Information Center (accessed June 11, 2005).
#{{note|typical}} Ibid., "[http://www.4woman.gov/faq/menstru.htm#4 What is a typical menstrual period like?]" (accessed June 11, 2005).
# {{note|threshold}} "Lower olfactory threshold during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle" by E. Navarrete-Palacios, R. Hudson, G. Reyes-Guerrero and R. Guevara-Guzman in ''Biol Psychol.'' (2003) volume 63 page 269-279 PMID 12853171
# {{note|spermlife}} M. Ball, "A prospective field trial of the Ovulation Method", Européan Journal of Obstetrical and Gynaecological Reproductive Biology, 6/2, 63-6, 1976. (Summarized at [http://www.woomb.org/bom/trials/index.html Trials of the Billings Ovulation Method] accessed November 3, 2005)
# {{note|Baron}} "Medical Microbiology" 4th ed.  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=toxic+shock+syndrome+AND+mmed%5Bbook%5D+AND+147524%5Buid%5D&rid=mmed.section.769#775 Online textbook] Samule Baron, editor. (1996) Published by University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston (TX)

== Tumbu kaluar ==
*[http://mum.org/ Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health]
*Leslie Botha-Williams, Women's Héalth Educator: A Woman's Guide to Understanding Her Hormone Cycle, http://www.holyhormones.com
*[http://63.175.194.25/index.php?ln=eng&ds=qa&lv=browse&QR=43028&dgn=4 An Islamic answer for the ruling of women menstruating] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050503230953/http://63.175.194.25/index.php?ln=eng&ds=qa&lv=browse&QR=43028&dgn=4 |date=2005-05-03 }}
*[http://www.noperiod.com Menstrual Suppression With Birth Control Pills]
*[http://www.scarleteen.com/body/ontherag.html On The Rag: Everything you need to know about your fertility cycles and menstruation...period] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708041550/http://www.scarleteen.com/body/ontherag.html |date=2006-07-08 }} - Article on the menstrual cycle by notable sex activist and educator Héather Corinna
*[http://menstral.net/ Menstral - menstrual calendar for your mobile phone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408080915/http://menstral.net/ |date=2006-04-08 }}

'''Produk higienis'''
*[http://www.livejournal.com/users/incendiaryfs/204904.html Love Your Blood: An info-zine on menstrual products and their alternatives]
*[http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/rags/ The rags: paraphernalia of menstruation]
*[http://www.scarleteen.com/pink/washable.html Eight Myths About Washable Menstrual Pads Dispelled] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707010023/http://www.scarleteen.com/pink/washable.html |date=2006-07-07 }}
*[http://www.seac.org/tampons/ Tampaction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717220128/http://www.seac.org/tampons/ |date=2006-07-17 }} and [http://bloodsisters.org/bloodsisters/ The Bloodsisters Project]- Menstrual activism against chlorine bléaching, excessive packaging, and negative attitudes toward menstruation in the West

{{biologi-pondok}}

[[Kategori:Ginékologi]]