Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Leo Hendrik Baekeland

{{Infobox person
|image       = Leo Baekeland ca 1906.jpg
|image_size  =x300px
|caption     =Portrait of Leo Baekeland in 1916.
|birth_name  =Leo Henricus Arthur Baekeland
|birth_date  =November 14, 1863
|birth_place =[[Sint-Martens-Latem]], [[Belgium]]
|death_date  ={{Death date and age|1944|2|23|1863|11|14}}
|death_place =[[Beacon, New York]], [[United States|USA]]
|known_for   =naluntik [[plastik]] , [[Bakelite]], [[Novolac]]
|awards      = [[John Scott Medal]] <small>(1910)</small><br>[[Willard Gibbs Award]] <small>(1913)</small><br>[[Perkin Medal]] {{small|(1916)}}<ref name=Perkin/><BR>[[Franklin Medal]] <small>(1940)</small>
|occupation=[[kimiawan]]/[[anu manggihan]]
}}
[[File:Leo Hendrik Baekeland Gravesite.JPG|250px|thumb|Kuburan-na Leo Hendrik Baekeland]] 
'''Léo Hendrik Baekeland'''('''Léo Henricus Arthur Baekeland''') nyaéta urang [[Amérika]] anu  lahir di ({{lahirmati|[[Bélgia]]|14|10|1863|[[New York]]|23|02|1944}}) nyaéta salah saurang [[ahli kimia]]. Manéhna paling dipikawanoh ku alatan pamaggihna ngeunaan kertas ''fotografik''/Velox dina taun  1893 jeung [[Bakelite]] dina taun 1907. Kasohor ogé ku sebutan  " Bapa-na   [[Industri]] [[Plastik]]"<ref name=Landmarks>{{cite book|title=Landmarks of the Plastics Industry|date=1962|publisher=Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., Plastics Division|location=England|pages=13-25}}</ref>{{rp|13}} anu mana plastik [[Bakelite]] pamanggih-na  kawentar, kahiji murah, ''nonflammable'', Tur sarwaguna, di mana ieu ogé engkéna mangrupa cikal bakal tina industri [[plastik]] modérn.<ref name="heritage">{{cite web
|url=http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/plastics/baekeland.html
|title=Chemical Achievers: Leo Hendrik Baekeland
|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation
|year=2005
|accessdate=2007-11-08
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203054604/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/plastics/baekeland.html |date=2007-02-03 }}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite web
|url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/baekeland.html
|title=Time 100: Leo Baekeland
|first=Ivan
|last=Amato
|date=1999-03-29
|accessdate=2007-11-08
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106110739/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/baekeland.html |date=2007-11-06 }}</ref>

==Lalakon Hirup==
'''Léo Baekeland''' gumelar di  [[Sint-Martens-Latem]], [[Belgia]] dina 14 Nopémber taun 1863,<ref name=Sas>{{cite book|last1=Sas|first1=Benedikt|last2=Vocht|first2=Stanislas De|last3=Jacobs|first3=Philippe|title=Intellectual Property and Assessing its Financial Value|date=2014|publisher=Chandos Publishing|location=Kidlington|isbn=9781843347927|pages=2-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-pfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|accessdate=1 September 2015}}</ref> ngaran bapana cobbler.<ref name=Gratzer>{{cite book|last1=Gratzer|first1=Walter|title=Giant molecules : from nylon to nanotubes|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University  Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199562138|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rBp-R2k2FAC&pg=PT118}}</ref> Léo Baekeland dina mangsa keur leutik kénéh nganjrekna di  [[Ghent, Belgium]] nepikeun ka déwasa. Baekeland lulus  ti ''Ghent Municipal'' Sakola Tehnik kalawan meunang pamuji nepikeun ka dibéré béasiswa ku ieu Kota Ghent<ref name="Bijker"/>{{rp|102}} pikeun diajar kimia di [[''University of Ghent'']], Saterusna Baekeland asup dina taun 1880.<ref name=Landmarks/>{{rp|13}}anu teu kungsi lila meunang gelar [[PhD]] kalayan lulus [[Suma cum laude]] dina umur anu kawilang ngora (21 taun).<ref name="Bijker">{{cite book|chapter=The Fourth Kingdom: The Social Construction of Bakelite|pages=101-198|last1=Bijker|first1=Wiebe E.|title=Of bicycles, bakelites, and bulbs : toward a theory of sociotechnical change|date=1997|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=9780262522274|edition=1st MIT Press pbk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsbmwN8-m1cC&pg=PA138|accessdate=2 September 2015}}</ref>{{rp|102}}diangkat sumpahna jadi Profesor Fisika jeung Kimia di Sakola Normal ''Pemerintah Tinggi di Bruges''(1887-1889) teu kungsi lila Baekeland diangkat jadi professor kimia di Ghent dina taun 1889.<ref name=Landmarks/>{{rp|14}}  Baekeland rimbitan jeung Céline Swarts, putri-na profesor ''Theodore Swarts'' jeung Celine (Plattéau) Swarts, dina 8 Agustus 1889. Anak tina hasil rimbitan-na nyaéta , Géorge, Nina, jeung Jenny.<ref name=NNDB>{{cite web|title=Leo Baekeland|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/363/000094081/|website=NNDB Tracking the entire world|publisher=Soylent Communications|accessdate=1 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=Flynn/>

==Karir==
Dina taun 1889 Baekeland jeung pamajikanana meunang béasiswa pikeun indit  maguron luhur ka  [[Inggris]] jeung  [[Amérika]].<ref name=Perkin>{{cite journal|title=Perkin Medal Award|journal=The Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry|date=1916|volume=8|issue=2|pages=177-190|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSpGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA178|accessdate=1 September 2015}}</ref>{{rp|178}}<ref name=Landmarks/>{{rp|14}}  maranéhna ngajugjug [[New York City]], di dieu papanggih jeung Profesor Charles F. Chandler ti  [[Columbia]] University jeung  [[Richard Anthony]],  katut HT Anthony Ti parusahaan ''fotografi''. Nya  ''Profesor'' Charles F ieu pisan anu méré pangharepan ka  Baekeland pikeun netep/dumuk di Amérika Serikat<ref name=Baekeland/> Baekeland geus nyiptakeun hiji tarékah pikeun ngamekarkeun ''pelat'' ''fotografi'' ngagunakeun [[cai]] lain bahan kimia séjéna, anu geus dipaténkeun di [[Belgia]] dina taun 1887;<ref name=Landmarks/>{{rp|13}} <ref name="Bijker"/>{{rp|127-129}} Anthony nempo kana ieu  potensi Baekeland dina widang kimia sok sanajan ngorakénéh   tuluy waé manéhna (Anthony ) nawarkeun pagawéan ka Baekeland.
.<ref name="Bijker"/>{{rp|130}}<ref name=gehani>{{cite book | last = Gehani | first = R. Ray | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Management of Technology and Operations | publisher = John Wiley and Sons | year = 1998 | location = | pages = 81–82 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-471-17906-X}}</ref>

Baekeland digawé pikeun parusahaan Antony salila dua taun, teu kungsi lila tuluy muka usaha sorangan dina  taun 1891 dina widang konsultan kimia.<ref name="Bijker"/>{{rp|130}} Tapi ieu henteu lila manéhna balik deui kana ''kertas'' foto anu geus ditaluntik leuwih jero tur ngahasilkeun di mana  bisawaé gambar anu bakal dicitak bisa digedékeun ukuran-na henteu kudu maké cahaya lampu.<ref name="Chemical Age, Velox" >{{Cite book
  |title=This Chemical Age
  |chapter=XIX: Materials for To-morrow
  |last=Haynes  |first=Williams
  |publisher=[[Secker and Warburg]]  |location=London
  |year=1946
  |ref=harv
  |pages=238–239
}}</ref> Sanggeus dua taun usaha satékah polah  pikeun ngahasilkeun karya tulis anu sampurna anu dibéré judul  "Velox". Nincak mangsana  [[Amérika]] ngarandapan katalangsara ku alatan  ''résési'' katambah teuaya  ''invéstor'' atawa anu meuli kana produk anyarna.  Antukna   Baekeland ngayakeun gawé bareng jeung Léonard Jacobi  ditululuykeun ku  ngadegkeun pausahan ''(Nepera Kimia )'' di Nepera Park, [[New York]]. Saterusna ieu jadi ''suksés'' ''komérsil'' kertas fotografik<ref name="Bijker"/>{{rp|131-135}}<ref name=gehani/>

Dina taun 1899, Jacobi, Baekeland, jeung  Albert Hahn, ngajual Nepera ka Géorge éastman asalna ti éastman Kodak Co hargana $750,000.<ref>{{cite book | last = Jenkins | first = Reese V. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Images and Enterprise: Technology and the American Photographic Industry, 1839 to 1925 | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | year = 1975 | location = Baltimore, MD | pages = 191–201 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0801815886}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Haynes<ref name="Chemical Age, Velox" /> quotes a surprising immediate offer of $1,000,000, when Baekeland had been hoping for $50,000 at most.}} tina ieu transaksi Baekeland kabagéan kurang leuwih $215,000.<ref name="Bijker"/>{{rp|134-136}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mercelis|first=Joris|title=Leo Baekeland's Transatlantic Struggle for Bakelite: Patenting Inside and Outside of America|journal=Technology and Culture|year=2012|volume=53|issue=2|page=372|doi=10.1353/tech.2012.0067}}</ref> 
Tuluy waé Baekeland meuli "Snug Rock", hiji imah  di Yonkers, [[New York]], di dieu Baekeland ngawangun ''laboratorium'' pribadi anu pereték/lengkep.

salah sahiji katangtuan dina mangsa ngajual ieu  ''Nepera'', nyaéta Baekeland kudu panuju pikeun henteu ngayakeun deui panalungtikan dina widang ''fotografi'' sahenteuna dina [[waktu]] 20 taun. Manéhna kudu nalungtik widang anu séjén. Dimimitian ku balik deui ka [[Jerman]] dina taun 1900,  "geusan nyoréang deui perkara éléktrokimia" di Institut Tehnis di Charlottenburg.<ref name=Landmarks/>{{rp|14}}

Dina mangsa mulang deui ka  [[Amerika Serikat]], Baekeland sanajan henteu lila mantuan ''Clinton Paul Townsend'' jeung ''Elon Huntington Hooker'' ngaréngsékeun dina ngamekarkeun produksi  sél éléktrolit anu hadé. Baekeland dipercaya jadi [[konsultan]] ''independen'', anu mana diamanatkeun pikeun ngawangun jeung ngoperasikeun pabrik ''percontohan''.<ref name="Bijker"/>{{rp|138-139}} Baekeland ngamekarkeun sel ''diafragma'' kuat pikeun ''prosés''  ''chloralkali'', maké [[kaén]] [[tinun]] asbés dieusian ku campuran [[oksida]] [[beusi]], ramat asbés jeung beusi [[hidroksida]]. Hasil Baekeland nyampurnakeun ieu penting dina mangsa ngadeg na  ''Hooker Chemical Company'' dina ngawangun  salah sahiji [[pabrik]] [[elektrokimia]]pang gedéna sadunya.<ref name=Landmarks/><ref name="salt">{{cite book|last=Thomas |first=Robert E. |date=1955 |title=Salt & Water, Power & People: A Short History of Hooker Electrochemical Co. |url= |location=Niagara Falls, NY |publisher=Hooker Chemical Co. |pages=109 |isbn=1258790807}}</ref>

==Kapanggihna Bakelite==
Sanggeus suksés tina ''Velox'', Baekeland indit kaluar pikeun manggihan widang anu lian anu leuwih ngajangjikeun pikeun pangwangunan kimiawi. Saperti  anu dipigawé saméméhna nyaéta  Velox. Naha Baekeland asup kana widang [[resin]] [[sintétis]], Baekeland ngajawab  pikeun ngahasilkeun duit.<ref name=Baekeland>{{cite web|title=Leo Hendrik Baekeland|url=http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/petrochemistry-and-synthetic-polymers/synthetic-polymers/baekeland.aspx|website=Chemical Heritage Foundation|accessdate=2 September 2015}}</ref> dina taun 1900-an, kimiawan geus mimiti sadar yén loba résin alami jeung serat éta [[polimér|polymeric]], istilah anu piwanoh dina taun 1833 ku [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]].<ref name=Jensen>{{cite journal|last1=Jensen|first1=William B.|title=Ask the Historian:  The origin of the polymer concept|url=http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/141.%20Polymer.pdf|pages=624-625|publisher=University of California|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|date=2008|volume=85}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125718/http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/141.%20Polymer.pdf |date=2018-06-18 }}</ref><ref name=Westman>{{cite web|last1=Westman|first1=M.|last2=Laddha|first2=S.|last3=Fifield|first3=L.|last4=Kafentzis|first4=T.|last5=Simmons|first5=K.|title=Natural fiber composites: a review|url=http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19220.pdf|publisher=Pacific North National Laboratory|accessdate=2010}}</ref> [[Adolf von Baeyer]] geus  nyobaan [[fenol]] jeung  [[aldehida]] dina  taun 1872, utamana [[Pyrogallol]] jeung [[benzaldehida]]manéhna nyiptakeun hiji [[zat]] "katempona hideung" anu dianggapnya henteu  aya gunana jeung heneuweuh hubungana jeung panalungtikan-na pikeun kelir sintetis. tina 115 murid Baeyer. Werner Kleeberg, nyobaan ogé  [[fenol]] jeung [[formaldehidadina]]dina  taun 1891, Baekeland mimiti nalungtik réaksi fenol jeung formaldehida. [11] Baekeland suhud kana tujuan saméméhna nyaéta ngadeukeutan cara anu  ''sistematis'', ati-ati ngatur jeung nyoba pangaruh tina suhu, tekenan ogé takaran  bahan anu dipaké.<ref name=Landmarks/><ref name="Bijker"/>{{rp|144-145}}

Hasil tina panalungtikan nyaéta ayana hiji bahan anu bisa dimekarkeun pikeun nyieun lak. Baekeland menghasilkan lak tina ngahijikeun fenol-formaldehida  disebut "novolak" tapi sapaniténan ieu hasilna kurang kuat. Ku alatan éta  pamanggihna hente dimekarkeu pikeun dijual.<ref name="heritage"/>

Baekeland henteu bosen nalungtik hasil tina nyampurkeun ''fenol'' jeung ''formaldehida'', ku lantaran Baekeland mibanda kayakinan di mana éta hasil tina nyampurkeun  bahan bieu  bisa digunakan sajeroeun prosés maké citakan. ku jalan ngontrol tekenan jeung suhu salila nyampurkeun ieu ''fenol'' jeung ''formaldehida'', manéhna nyawang yén hasil panalntikanna bisa diolah ku jalan ngagunakeun citakan: Bakelite ddijieun tina fenol, ka dieunakeun dipiwanoh  asam karbol, jeung formaldehid. Ngaran kimia tina  Bakelite nyaéta [[''polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride'']]
Dina taun  1917 Baekeland kapeto jadi  profesor husus di ''Columbia University'' The Smithsonian anu eusina cutatan ti  ''County West Chester Court House di White Plains, NY'', nétélakeun kana diakuna jadi warganagara dina 16 Desémber taun 1919.<ref name=Harding>{{cite web|last1=Harding|first1=Robert|title=Guide to the Leo H. Baekeland Papers NMAH.AC.0005|url=http://amhistory.si.edu/archives/AC0005.pdf|website=Smithsonian National Museum of American History|date=1994|accessdate=1 September 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623030000/http://amhistory.si.edu/archives/AC0005.pdf |date=23 June 2015 }}</ref><ref name=Westchester>{{cite web|title=County of Westchester|url=http://ids.si.edu/ids/deliveryService?id=NMAH-AC0005-0000049-000001|website=sdfsdf|accessdate=1 September 2015}}</ref>

Dina taun 1922, saenggeus litigasi patén nguntungkeun  Baekeland, General Bakelite Co, anu geus ngadeg dina taun  1910, bareng jeung  Condensite Co diadegkeun ku  Aylesworth, jeung  Redmanol Chemical Products Co diadegkeun ku  LV Redman, ngayakeun gawe bareng jeung pausahaan  Bakelite

Kapanggihhna ieu Bakelite bisa disebutkeun ogé gumelarna tina [[plastik]]. Bakelite nyaéta plastik munggaran bisa ''dibentuk''  di mana geus dipanaskeun heula saméméhna. Radio, [[telepon]] dan [[isolator]] [[listrik]] dijieun tina Bakelite ku sabab [[isolasi]] listrik anu hadé jeung kuat ku panas. Teu kungsi lila ti harita pamangpaatan ieu Bakelite sumebar méh ka unggal  industri<ref name="time"/>

Baekeland loba pisan narima penghargaan jeung kahormatan, kaasup  Medali Perkin dina taun 1916 jeung  Medali Franklin dina taun 1940. dina taun  1978 manéhna dilantik kalayan  anumerta mangrupa salah saurang pamanggih  Nasional ''Hall of Fame di Akron'', Ohio.<ref name=Flynn>{{cite web|last1=Flynn|first1=Tom|title=Yonkers, Home of the Plastic Age|url=http://www.yonkershistory.org/bake.html|accessdate=2 September 2015}}</ref>

==Tilar Dunya==
Baekeland dinamangsana geus kolot manéhna ngalaman loba masalah, nyaéta ayana pacéngkadan ngeunaan gaji jeung masalah-masalah anu séjéna jeung anakna sorangan. Manéhna ngajual ''General Bakelite Company'' ka [[''Union Carbide'']] dina taun 1939 jeung ti saprak éta ogé dititah pangsiun ku anakna. Tuluy waé manéhna méakeun waktu pikeun istirahat, dahar sakabéh dahareun  kaléng-an jeung mibanda kahayang ngamekarkeun hiji taman tropis gedé pisan dina usum tiris [[Coconut Grove, Florida]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Fairchild | first = David | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The World Grows Round My Door | publisher = Charles Scriber's Sons | year = 1948 | location = New York | page = 258 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> Baekeland tilar dunya ku lantaran [[cerebrovascular]] dina hiji sanatorium [[Beacon, New York]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |agency= |title=Leo Baekeland Dead, Created Bakelite. Chemist Noted for Invention in Plastics. Produced Velox, a Photographic Paper |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A06E1DF113CE03ABC4C51DFB466838F659EDE |quote= |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=February 24, 1944 |accessdate=2015-04-14 }}</ref>  Baekeland dikuburkeun di [[Sleepy Hollow Cemetery]] in [[Sleepy Hollow, New York]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7704571|title=Leo Hendrik Baekeland (1863 - 1944) - Find A Grave Memorial|work=findagrave.com}}</ref>

==Barang-barang tina Bakelite==

<gallery>
File:Bakelite_bangles.jpg  | [[Geulang]] tina Bakelite
File:Doppelstecker2.jpg  | [[Dop steker]]
File:Ericsson_bakelittelefon_1947.jpg  |[[telepon]] Bakelite
File:Bakelite_fishtank_cover.jpg  | Tutup Wadah
File:Knobs_bakelite.jpg  | Knop 
</gallery>

==Tempo Ogé==
* [[Bakelite]]
* [[Plastik]]
* [[Injeksi|Mesin Injéksi]]
* [[Termoplastik|Térmoplastik]]

==Dicutat tina==

{{reflist|33em}}

;Baca Ogé
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Craig |first=John A. |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=April 1916  |title=Leo Hendrik Baekeland: The Latest Winner Of The Perkin Medal |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXXI |issue= |pages=651–655 |id= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=09_Sr9emceQC&pg=PA651 |accessdate=2009-08-04 |quote= }}
* {{cite encyclopedia
  | last = Farber
  | first = Eduard
  | title = Baekeland, Leo Hendrik
  | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]
  | volume = 1
  | pages = 385
  | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons
  | location = New York
  | year= 1970
  | isbn = 0-684-10114-9
 }}
{{Refend}}

==Tutumbu Kaluar==
{{Commons category|Leo Hendrik Baekeland}}
*[http://www.baekelandfonds.com The Baekeland fund] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604222442/http://www.baekelandfonds.com/ |date=2019-06-04 }}
*{{Find a Grave|7704571}}
*[http://www.bakelitemuseum.de A virtual Bakelite museum with a short biography of Leo Baekeland]
*[http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/plastics/baekeland.html Chemical Achievers: Leo Hendrik Baekeland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203054604/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/plastics/baekeland.html |date=2007-02-03 }}
*[http://juliensart.be/bakeliet Virtual Bakelite Museum of Ghent 1907–2007]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990610,00.html ''Time'', Mar. 29, 1999, Chemist LEO BAEKELAND] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826120201/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990610,00.html |date=2013-08-26 }}
*[http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/baekeland-leo-h.pdf National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir]
{{pondok}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Baekeland, Leo}}
[[Category:Plastik]]
[[Category:Kimia]]
[[Category:Inohong Amérika Sarikat]]