Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Mayas

{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Orang utan<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=183-184}}</ref>
| image = Pongo_pygmaeus_(orangutang).jpg
| image_width = 200px
| regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mamalia|Mammalia]]
| ordo = [[Primata]]
| familia = [[Hominidae]]
| subfamilia = '''Ponginae'''
| subfamilia_authority = [[Daniel Giraud Elliot|Elliot]], 1912
| genus = '''''Pongo'''''
| genus_authority = [[Bernard Germain Étienne de la Ville, Comte de Lacépéde|Lacépéde]], 1799
| type_species = ''[[Orang utan Bornéo|Simia pygmaeus]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1760
| subdivision_ranks = [[Spésiés]]
| subdivision = 
''[[Orang utan Bornéo|Pongo pygmaeus]]''<br />
''[[Orang utan Sumatra|Pongo abelii]]''<br /> ''[[Pongo tapanuliensis]]''
| range_map = Mapa distribuicao pongo.png
| range_map_width = 200px
| range_map_caption = Sebaran orang utan
}}
'''Mayas'''/'''mawas''' (Dayak), atawa '''Orang utan''' (''urang leuweung'') nujul ka tilu [[spésiés]] [[Hominidae|kera gedé]] ku kawentar ku kapinteranana, panjang leungeun jeung bulu coklat semu beureum. Ieu sato pituin ti [[Indonésia]] jeung [[Malaysia]], hirupna ngan di [[leuweung hujan]] di pulo [[Kalimantan]] jeung [[Sumatra]], najan aya ogé fosilna nu kapanggih di [[Jawa]], [[Viétnam]], jeung [[Cina]]. Tilu spésiés ieu mangrupa sésa ti genus ''Pongo'' jeung subfamili ''Ponginae'' (nu ogé ngawengku genera ''[[Gigantopithecus]]'' jeung ''[[Sivapithecus]]'' nu geus lastari). Sebutan 'orang utan' asalna tina [[basa Malayu]].<ref name=“Gebang”>{{Cite book | title =Melestarikan alam Indonesia| first =Jatna | last =Supriatna| publisher =Yayasan Obor Indonesia| location =Jakarta| year =2008| pages =24|ISBN=9789794616963|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=VX0crY5PkFYC&pg=PA18&dq=vegetasi+jawa+barat,+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiogsCTztbuAhWMT30KHV-ZCzoQ6AEwBnoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=vegetasi%20jawa%20barat%2C%20sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 7 Peb 2021)}}</ref>


Orang utan mangrupa kera gedé nu paling [[arboréal]], sapanjang hirupna ampir salawasna cicing dina tatangkalan. Unggal peuting maranéhna nyieun sayang tina catang jeung dangdaunnan pikeun saré. Hirupna [[nyorangan]] leuwih ti kera lianna, jalu jeung bikangna ukur panggih dina mangsa kawin. Anak orang utan diasuh terus ku indungna nepi ka disapih umur 6-7 taun. Tina dedeganana, jalu jeung bikang [[dimorfismeu baga-purusa|bisa dibédakeun]]. Nu jalu jangkungna bisa nepi ka 1,8 m kalawan beurat 100&nbsp;kg, sedengkeun nu bikang leuwih leutik: jangkungna 1,3 m, beuratna 45&nbsp;kg<ref>{{cite web | title=Sumatran Orangutan Society | url=http://www.orangutans-sos.org/faq.php | accessdate=2007-04-01 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114233340/http://www.orangutans-sos.org/faq.php |date=2006-11-14 }}</ref>. Jalu nu geus kolot bisa kaciri tina pipina nu mébér jeung buluna nu leuwih paranjang.

== Paripolah jeung basa ==
Teu béda ti kera gedé lianna, orang utan téh pinter. Nuturkeun [[simpanseu]] nu kungsi karékam maké pakakas ku [[Jane Goodall]] taun [[1960-an]], tengah taun [[1990-an]] kapanggih hiji populasi orang utan nu ilahar ngagunakeun pakakas pikeun dahar. Hiji makalah taun [[2003]] di jurnal ''Science'' medarkeun 'kabudayaan' orang utan<ref name=Merrill2003>{{cite web | first = Michelle last = Merrill | year = 2003 | url = http://www.duke.edu/%7Emym1/ouculturesPR.htm | title = Roads through rainforest threaten our cultured cousins}}</ref>.

Dina ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' disebutkeun yén program ulikan basa orang utan munggaran dipingpin ku Dr. Francine Néago taun [[1988]]. Proyék basa orang utan di [[Smithsonian National Zoological Park|Smithsonian National Zoo]] di [[Washington, D.C.]] ngagunakeun sistem komputer nu asalna dimekarkeun di [[Universitas California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] ku Néago dibantu ku IBM<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ThinkTank/ResearchProjects/OLP/default.cfm |title=Orangutan Language Project |work=Think Tank Research Projects |publisher=[[Smithsonian National Zoological Park]] |accessdate=2006-12-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318005138/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ThinkTank/ResearchProjects/OLP/default.cfm |date=2009-03-18 }}</ref>.

Najan umumna mah pasif, orang utan sok ogé ganggu ka nu lianna. Jalu nu can sawawa bakal nyoba jalangan jeung bikang mana waé, nu biasana bisa hasil mun jeung bikang nu sarua can sawawa. Bikang nu geus sawawa mah biasana ngusir jalu nu can sawawa, sabab leuwih suka jalangan jeung jalu nu geus sawawa. Orang utan liar kanyahoan sok ngadatangan patempatan nu dieusi manusa pikeun nyiar anak orang utan nunggelis nu dileupaskeun tina inguan, sigana mah pikeun ngaping sangkan bisa balik deui hirup di alam liar.

Orang utan sigana mah kagolongkeun sato nu sok ngilu mencarkeun sababaraha spésiés tutuwuhan, kaasup ''Strychnos ignatii'' nu ngandung [[alkaloid]] [[strihnina]] nu toksik<ref>{{cite journal | last = Rijksen | first = H. D.| title = A Field Study on Sumatran Orang Utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii, Lesson 1827): Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation | journal = The Quarterly Review of Biology | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | month = Désémber | year = 1978 | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-5770(197812)53%3A4%3C493%3AAFSOSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4}}</ref>. Racunna teu mangaruhan orang utan, iwal ukur nambahan produksi [[ciduh]]na.

== Spésiés ==
* '''Genus ''Pongo'' '''<ref name=MSW3/>
** [[Orang utan Kalimantan]] (''Pongo pygmaeus'')
*** ''[[Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus]]'' - populasi kalér-ngulon
*** ''[[Pongo pygmaeus morio]]'' - populasi kalér-ngétan jeung wétan
*** ''[[Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii]]'' - populasi kidul-ngulon
** [[Orang utan Sumatra]] (''P. abelii'')
** ''[[Pongo tapanuliensis]]''

Orang utan téh tadina mah digolongkeun kana dua subspésiés Kalimantan jeung Sumatra, tapi ayeuna mah kanyahoan yén di Sumatra waé aya tilu subspésiés. Aya ogé nu boga pamanggih yén subspésiés ''wurmbii'' téh sarua jeung nu di Sumatra (''P. abelii''). Mun enya, spésiés nu dihasilkeun téh bakal disebut ''Pongo wurmbii'', luyu jeung ngaran heubeulna{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.

Fosil nu kapanggih di Viétnam asup kana spésiés ''[[Pongo hooijeri|P. hooijeri]]'', sedengkeun nu lianna nu kapanggih di sababaraha wewengkon di Asia kidul-ngétan mah masih diadurényomkeun, naha asup ka ''P. pygmaeus'', ''P. abeli'', atawa spésiés anu béda deui.

== Status konservasi ==
[[Gambar:Orangutan.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Orang utan Sumatra]] nu kaancam lastari, kera gedé éndemik Indonésia.]]
Numutkeun [[Daptar Beureum IUCN]] mamalia, spésiés orang utan di Kalimantan geus [[spésiés nu kaancam lastari|kaancam lastari]]<ref name=IUCN1>{{IUCN2006 | assessors = Eudey, A. & Members of the Primate Specialist Group | year = 2000 | title = Pongo pygmaeus | id = 17975 | downloaded = [[2006-08-25]]}}</ref>, komo deui nu di Sumatra geus kritis pisan<ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN2006 | assessors = Eudey, A. & Members of the Primate Specialist Group | year = 2000 | id = 39780 | title = Pongo abelii | downloaded = [[2006-05-11]]}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered</ref>, sarta kadaptar dina Appendix I [[CITES]]. Populasi Kalimantan di alam liar kiwari aya 50 rébuan, sedengkeun di Sumatra kira ukur 7000-7500. Orang utan dijadikeun sato nagara resmi di [[Sabah]], Malaysia.

[[Habitat]] orang utan loba diruksak ku kagiatan pertambangan, nuaran kai jeung kahuruan leuweung nu beuki ngagalaksak<ref>{{cite book | author = Rijksen, H.D. and Meijaard, E. | year = 1999 | title = Our Vanishing Relative: The Status of Wild Orang-utans at the Close of the Twentieth Century | Dordrecht | location = Boston | publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers}}</ref>, utamana mah alatan dirobahna [[leuweung tropis]] jadi kebon [[kalapa sawit]]<ref>http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/reports/oil_for_ape_summary.pdf</ref>. Sababaraha élmuwan [[PBB]] manghariwangkeun yén kagiatan kebon sawit ieu bisa ngabalukarkeun lastarina orang utan taun [[2012]]<ref>http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,2042243,00.html</ref>. <!--Much of this activity is illegal, occurring in national parks that are officially off limits to loggers, miners and plantation development.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} There is also a major problem with the poaching of baby orangutans for sale into the pet trade; the trappers usually kill the mother to steal the baby.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}-->

Puseur konservasi nu utama di Indonésia di antarana aya di [[Tanjung Puting]] di [[Kalimantan Tengah]], [[Kutai]] di [[Kalimantan Wétan]], [[Gunung Palung]] di [[Kalimantan Kulon]], jeung [[Bukit Lawang]] di [[Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser]] (wates antara [[Acéh]] jeung [[Sumatra Kalér]]. Di Malaysia, wilayah konservasina nyaéta [[Semenggok]] di [[Sarawak]] jeung [[Suaka Orang Utan Sepilok]] deukeut [[Sandakan]] di [[Sabah]].

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Commons|Pongo|Pongo}}
{{Wikispecies|Ponginae}}
{{Wikispecies|Pongo}}
<div class="External links-small">
'''Émbaran umum'''
<div class="references-small">
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/orangutan Primate Info Net ''Pongo'' Factsheet]
* [http://www.grungyape.com/old/orangutan.html# Information from Grungy Ape on the difference between the two Orang-utan species] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105222502/http://www.grungyape.com/old/orangutan.html |date=2010-01-05 }}
* [http://www.orionsociety.org/pages/om/05-2om/Antonetta.html OrionSociety.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208155020/http://www.orionsociety.org/pages/om/05-2om/Antonetta.html |date=2007-02-08 }} - 'Does an orangutan find Freedom in the Gift of Words?  Do We?'
* [http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ThinkTank/ResearchProjects/OLP/default.cfm Orang utan language project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318005138/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ThinkTank/ResearchProjects/OLP/default.cfm |date=2009-03-18 }}
* [http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/groups/research/chimpanzee-cognition/CCL/ethogram/spec_laugh.jpg&imgrefurl=http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/groups/research/chimpanzee-cognition/CCL/ethogram.htm&h=382&w=784&sz=94&hl=en&start=6&tbnid=SzTd6o7BvU2mUM:&tbnh=70&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3DChimpanzee%2Blaughter%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DHPIA,HPIA:2006-24,HPIA:en%26sa%3DN Facial Expression & Vocalizations]
* [http://www.uturatpublishing.com/francine-neago-biography.htm Dr. Francine Neago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203222251/http://www.uturatpublishing.com/francine-neago-biography.htm |date=2016-02-03 }} Directed world's first orangutan language study.

'''Panyalindungan orang utan'''
* [http://www.orangutan.org/ Orangutan Foundation International] non-profit organization dedicated to "''support the conservation and understanding of the orangutan and its rain forest habitat while caring for ex-captive individuals as they make their way back to the forest.''"
* [http://www.orangutannetwork.net/ The Orangutan Network] - Documents Orangutan cultural variation / traditions and also conservation efforts
* [http://www.orangutanrepublik.org/ Orang Utan Republik Education Initiative] non-profit organization whose mission is to secure the future of the orangutan through programs of education and outréach in Indonésia.
* [http://www.orangutanlanguage.com/ Preserving orangutans and their habitat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011236/http://www.orangutanlanguage.com/ |date=2007-09-28 }}. Orangutan Language.

'''Di Kalimantan'''
* [http://www.orangutan.or.id/ The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation]
* [http://www.orangutans.com.au/ The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOS)] - Australia
* [http://savetheorangutan.co.uk Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation UK] Part of a worldwide group dedicated to saving and preserving Orangutans in Bornéo
* [http://www.panda.org/heart-of-borneo/ WWF Heart of Borneo conservation initiative] - The [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]'s information about the Héart of Bornéo - 220,000&nbsp;km² of upland montane tropical rainforest, where endangered species such as the orang-utan, rhinoceros and pygmy elephant cling for survival
* [http://www.orangutantrop.com Orangutan Tropical Peatland Research Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505070454/http://www.orangutantrop.com/ |date=2007-05-05 }} non-profit organization dedicated to studying and conserving orangutans in the Sebangau National Park,. Kalimantan."

'''Di Sumatra'''
* [http://www.orangutans-sos.org/ Sumatran Orangutan Society] International non-profit organization dedicated to the protection of Sumatran orangutans
* [http://www.sumatranorangutan.org/ Sumatra Orangutan Conservation Program] A program under PanEco which reintroduces captured orangutans in the wilds among many other projects in Sumatra.

'''Poto jeung vidéo'''
* [http://ianandwendy.com/OtherTrips/ThailandMalaysia/Malaysia/Sandakan/slideshow2.htm Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Center Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816130629/http://www.ianandwendy.com/OtherTrips/ThailandMalaysia/Malaysia/Sandakan/slideshow2.htm |date=2007-08-16 }} - Photos from a rehabilitation center in Bornéo, Malaysia
* ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Pongo_pygmaeus/ images and movies of the Bornean orang-utan ''(Pongo pygmaeus)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910055610/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Pongo_pygmaeus/ |date=2007-09-10 }}
* ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Pongo_abelii/ images and movies of the Sumatran orang-utan ''(Pongo abelii)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414123544/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Pongo_abelii/ |date=2006-04-14 }}
* [http://www.mysabah.com/sepilok/ Orangutan Rehabilitation Center in Sepilok, Sandakan] - Photos and vidéos of the oldest Orangutan Rehabilitation Center in the world
</div>

{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Mamalia Asia]]
[[Kategori:Sasatoan Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Sasatoan Malaysia]]
[[Kategori:Hominidae]]