Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Maén bal

{{Redirect|Soccer}}
{{Infobox sport
| image      = Football in Bloomington, Indiana, 1996.jpg
| imagesize  = 300px
| caption    = Panarajang <small>(No. 10)</small> rék najong bal ngaliwatan kiper musuh sangkan asup ka gawang jeung nyitak skor.
| union      = [[FIFA]]
| nickname   = Méngbal, sépak bola, bola, ''football, soccer, footy/footie, "the beautiful game", "the world game"''
| first      = Britania panengah abad ka-19
| country/region = Sakuliah dunya 
| registered =
| clubs      =
| contact    = Enya
| team       = 11 per tim
| mgender    = Nya, kompetisi kapisah
| category   = [[Olah raga tim]], [[Olah raga nu maké bal]]
| equipment  = [[Bal (maén bal)|Bal]]
| venue      = [[Lapangan maén bal]]
| olympic    = [[Olimpiade 1900|1900]]
}}
[[Gambar:La mejor Hinchada de Futbol Argentino.jpg|jmpl|Dina maén bal, tujuan dasar para pangpayén nyaéta pikeun ajak timnya salami pertandingan.]]
'''Maén bal''', atanapi '''méngbal''', '''sépak bal''', nyaéta [[olah raga tim|olah raga]] nu dimaénkeun antawis 2 di mana saban tim [[pamaén bal|pamaénna]] 11 urang kalawan hiji [[bal (maén bal)|bal]], di mana bal bisa gerak ku cara ditajong maké [[suku]] atawa dipentalkeun kana unggal babagian [[awak]] salian ti [[leungeun]].<ref name="hiji">{{en}}[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/soccer Soccer] (diaksés ping 1 September 2015)</ref>. Dina abad ka-21, olah raga ieu dimaénkeun ku leuwih ti 250 juta pamaén di leuwih 200 nagara, nyieunanna olahraga nu pangsohorna sajagad raya.<ref name=EB>{{cite web|title= Overview of Soccer |coauthors= |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/550852/football|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=2008-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Guttman |first=Allen |editor=Eric Dunning, Joseph A. Maguire, Robert E. Pearton |title=The Sports Process: A Comparative and Developmental Approach |year=1993 |accessdate=2008-01-26 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=[[Champaign, Illinois|Champaign]] |isbn=0-88011-624-2 |page=129 |chapter=The Diffusion of Sports and the Problem of Cultural Imperialism |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=tQY5wxQDn5gC&pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq=world's+most+popular+team+sport&source=web&ots=6ns3wVUEGV&sig=SZPKYSDMJBrO1uV4mPxNbKyAuJY#PPA129,M1 |quote=the game is complex enough not to be invented independently by many preliterate cultures and yet simple enough to become the world's most popular team sport }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dunning |first=Eric |authorlink=Eric Dunning |title=Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation |year=1999 |accessdate=2008-01-26 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=0-415-06413-9 |page=103 |chapter=The development of soccer as a world game |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=X3lX_LVBaToC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=world's+most+popular+team+sport&source=web&ots=ehee9Lr9o1&sig=nyvDhcrPoR8lXhYKE7k4CZYg_qU#PPA103,M1 |quote=During the twentieth century, soccer emerged as the world's most popular team sport }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mueller |first1=Frederick |last2=Cantu |first=Robert |last3=Van Camp |first3=Steven |title=Catastrophic Injuries in High School and College Sports |year=1996 |accessdate=2008-01-26 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=[[Champaign, Illinois|Champaign]] |isbn=0-87322-674-7 |page=57 |chapter=Team Sports |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=XG6AIHLtyaUC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=soccer+most+popular+team+sport&source=web&ots=QzydYB5Am0&sig=w_ouIgmegjytYFfWy7k92guTNfU#PPA57,M1 |quote=Soccer is the most popular sport in the world and is an industry worth over [[US$]]400 billion world wide. 80% of this is generated in Europe, though its popularity is growing in the United States. It has been estimated that there were 22 million soccer players in the world in the early 1980s, and that number is increasing. In the United States soccer is now a major sport at both the high school and college levels }}</ref>

Olah raga ieu dimaénkeun dina hiji [[Lapangan maén bal|lapangan]] pasagi panjang ti jukut atanapi [[jukut jieunan]], kalawan hiji [[gawang]] di tengah-tengah ti saban sisi pondokna. Aya sawatara strategi anu nyerang jeung anu mertahankeun kalayan pola anu bisa dilarapkeun ka unggal kasabelasan dina laga.<ref name="sb">[http://www.g-excess.com/6030/pengertian-permainan-sepak-bola-beserta-peraturannya/ Pengertian Permainan Sepak Bola Beserta Peraturannya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117174859/http://www.g-excess.com/6030/pengertian-permainan-sepak-bola-beserta-peraturannya/ |date=2013-01-17 }} (Dicutat tanggal 12 November 2011)</ref>
Dina méngbal aya sababaraha pola nyaéta pola nyerang jeung pola mertahankeun.<ref name="sb"/> Dina pola nyerang miboga tujuan nyaéta ngasupkeun bola ka gawang lawan, ku sabab kitu diperlukeun strategi jeung téhnik dina nyerang.<ref name="sb"/> Sedengkeun pola mertahankeun pikeun méré perlawanan ka lawan sangkan henteu gol.<ref name="sb"/>   Tujuan maén bal nyéta nyitak skor ku cara ngasupkeun balna ka gawang musuh. Tim nu boga skor nu panglobana nalika wayahna séép nyaéta nu meunang. Upami skorna sarua, biasana dinyatakeun [[seri]] atawa lanjut ka [[babak tambihan]] jeung/atawa hiji [[adu pénalti (maén bal)|adu pénalti]].

''[[Laws of the Game (maén bal)|Laws of the Game]]'' (aturan kaulinan) aslina disusun di Inggris ku ''[[The Football Association|Football Association]]'' dina 1863 sarta geus robah-robah saprak éta. Maén bal internasionalna diatur ku [[FIFA]], nu ngurus [[Piala Dunya FIFA]] nu dilaksanakeun saban 4 taun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/en/marketing/newmedia/index/0,3509,10,00.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061230124633/http://www.fifa.com/en/marketing/newmedia/index/0,3509,10,00.html |archivedate=2006-12-30 |title=2002 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage |publisher=FIFA |date=2006-12-05 |accessdate=2008-01-06 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230124633/http://www.fifa.com/en/marketing/newmedia/index/0,3509,10,00.html |date=2006-12-30 }}</ref>

==Étimologi jeung ngaran==
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Aturan maén bal disusun di Inggris ku ''the Football Association'' dina 1863 sarta ngaran [[basa Inggris]] ''association football'' dijeung pikeun ngabédakeunana jeung [[Football|wangun ''football'' nu lian]] keur éta, utamina [[rugbi football]]. Sesebutan ''soccer'' asalna ti Inggris, kahiji muncul dina 1880-an salaku hiji singketan [[Oxford "-er"]] pikeun kecap "association".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usembassy.org.uk/rss/transcripts/worldcup2006a.html |title=The Yanks are Coming: A U.S. World Cup Preview |accessdate=2009-06-06 |last=Mazumdar |first=Partha |date=2006-06-05 |publisher=Embassy of the United States in London }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110175014/http://www.usembassy.org.uk/rss/transcripts/worldcup2006a.html |date=2013-11-10 }}</ref>

Di [[Dunya pamaké basa Inggris]], olah raga ieu bisana disebut ''football'' (atawa ''footy'') di Britania Raya, sarta ''soccer'' di [[Australia]], [[Kanada]], [[Selandia Anyar]], jeung [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Di Indonésia, umumna kawanoh salaku ''sepak bola'' atanapi ''bola'' hungkul.

==Cara maén==
[[File:U20-WorldCup2007-Okotie-Onka edit2.jpg|thumb|left|Saurang kiper ngeureunkeun bal ti tajongan deukeut ti jero kotak pénalti]]

Olah raga ieu dimaénkeun dumasar kana sababaraha aturan nu disebut [[Laws of the Game (maén bal)|''Laws of the Game'']]. Kaulinan ieu dimaénkeun maké bal nu bundeur (kira-kira {{convert|28|in|cm|abbr=on|disp=flip}} kurilingna dina standar FIFA). 2 tim (11 urang saban tim) parebut bal pikeun ngasupkeunnana ka gawang musuh. Tim nu miboga skor nu panglobana basa wayahna béak nyaéta nu meunang; lamun dua tim éta skorna sarua, patandingan éta disebut seri. Saban tim dipingpin ku hiji [[Kaptén (maén bal)|kaptén]] nu ngan miboga 1 tanggung jawab sakumaha disebutkeun ku ''Laws of the Game'': dimilukeun dina undian koin saméméh ''kick-off'' atawa adu pénalti.<ref name="laws51-52"/>

Aturan utamina nyaéta pamaén iwal [[Kiper (maén bal)|kiper]] teu kénging ngeunaan balna maké panangan/leungeunna, kajaba basa pikeun [[alungan ka jero]] (''throw-in''). Sanajan umuna ngagunakeun suku, pamaén kénging ngagunakeun sadaya bagian awakna pikeun maénkeun balna, ("nyundul" lamun maké mastaka)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://expertfootball.com/training/heading.php |title=How to head a football ) |accessdate=2011-01-03}}</ref> salian ti panangan jeung leungeunna.<ref name="fouls">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws12_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 12) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071011115718/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws12_02.htm |archivedate=11 October 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011115718/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws12_02.htm |date=2007-10-11 }}</ref> Sadaya pamaén bébas maénkeun bal ka mana waé di jero lapangan, iwal dina posisi ''[[Offside (maén bal)|offside]]''<ref name="offsidelaw">{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |chapter=Law 11 – Offside |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |format=PDF |author=IFAB |authorlink=International Football Association Board |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 |page=31 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704211500/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |date=2010-07-04 }}</ref>, nu ngahasilkeun tajongan bébas pikeun tim lawanna.

Dina kaulinan nu umum, pamaén ngusahakeun pikeun nyitak gol langkung nyieun kasempetan individual ku cara ngadalikeun balna, saperti kalawan ''[[dribbling]]'', ngoper balna ka batur satim, sarta bari najong balna ka gawang musuh, nu dijagaan ku kiper musuh. Pamaén musuh bisa mibogaan kadali balna ku cara motong operan musuhna atanapi ku cara [[Tackle#Maén bal|'tackling'']] musuh nu keur mibanda balna; tapi, kontak pisik biasana bahaya, jeung bisa ngahasilkeun tajongan bébas pikeun musuhna.

[[File:Soccer goalkeeper.jpg|thumb|Saurang kiper ngusahakeun ngeureunkeun bal sangkan teu asup ka gawangna]]
Dina tingkat profésional, kalobaannana patandingan ngan nyieun seutik gol. Contona, [[Liga Primér FA 2005-06|usum 2005–06]] [[Liga Primér]] Inggris ngan nyieun rarata 2,48 gol per patandingan.<ref>{{cite news |title=England Premiership (2005/2006) |work=Sportpress.com |url=http://www.sportpress.com/stats/en/738_england_premiership_2005_2006/11_league_summary.html |accessdate=2007-06-05 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023234/http://www.sportpress.com/stats/en/738_england_premiership_2005_2006/11_league_summary.html |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref> ''The Laws of the Game'' teu nyebutkeun posisi pamaén nanaon salian kiper,<ref name=LAW301>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 3–Number of Players) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142527/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142527/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref> tapi aya sababaraha [[posisi maén bal|posisi]] husus. Umumna, aya 3 kategori posisi nu utama: ''[[striker]]'' (atanapi 'pamaén payun'), nu pancén utamina pikeun nyitak gol; [[Bék (maén bal)|bék]], nu tujuana nyegah musuhna nyitak gol; sarta [[pamaén tengah]]. Pamaén-pamaén dina posisi ieu biasana disebut pamaén ''outfield'', pikeun ngabédakeunnana jeung kiper. Posisi-posisi ieu teras dibagi dumasar wewengkon lapangan di mana pamaén éta. Contona, aya bék tengah, pamaén tengah kénca, jeung pamaén tengah katuhu. 10 pamaén ''outfield'' bisa disusun dina rupa-rupa kombinasi susunan. Jumlah pamaén di unggal posisi nangtukeun pola maén tim; upami nu narajang jumlahna leuwih ti jumlah békna nyieun pola maén nu agrésif jeung ofénsif, samentara nu sabalikna nyieun pola maén nu leuwih defénsif. Ngan aya saeutik larangan dina pagerakan pamaén jadina pamaén bisa gentos posisi iraha waé.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4196830.stm |title=Positions guide, Who is in a team? |work=BBC Sport   |publisher=BBC   |accessdate=2007-09-24 | date=2005-09-01}}</ref> Susunan pamaén-pamaén kawanoh salaku [[Formasi (maén bal)|''formasi'']]. Nangtoskeun formasi biasana hak prérogatif [[Manager (maén bal)|manager]] tim.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4197420.stm |title=Formations |work=BBC Sport   |publisher=BBC   |accessdate=2007-09-24 | date=2005-09-01}}</ref>

==Sajarah==
{{utama|Sajarah maén bal}}
[[File:Fußballgeschichte (1872).jpg|thumb|right|Inggris lawan Skotlandia dina [[Patandingan pawakilan Inggris v Skotlandia (1870–1872)|patandingan maén bal internasional kahiji]] ([[The Oval]], 1872)]]
[[File:1stRoyalEngineers.png|thumb|left|Tim [[Royal Engineers A.F.C.|Royal Engineers]] nu meunangkeun [[Final Piala FA 1872|Final Piala FA]] dina 1872]]

Aya sababaraha bukti yén maén bal datangna ti perang-perang jaman baheula. Baheulana méngbal téh olahraga anu ahéng tur pikasieuneun ku sabab encan ayana peraturan [[FIFA]].<ref name="bola1"/> Para pamaéna osok silih serang anu teu kabendung anu balukarna anarkis.<ref name="bola1"/> Kaulinan nu aya najong balna geus dimaénkeun di  raloba nagara di rupa-rupa jaman. Dumasar FIFA, "wangun pangawalna kaulinan nu mana aya bukti ilmiahna nyaéta hiji latihan ti hiji manual militér ti abad ka-2 jeung ka-3 SM di Cina", nu mana kawanoh salaku ''[[cuju]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title = History of Football | publisher = FIFA | url = http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame1.html | accessdate = 2006-11-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208013354/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame1.html |date=2013-02-08 }}</ref> Lain di [[Cina]] wungkul tapi di [[Jepang]] ogé tapi béda ngarana méngbal di Jepang disebut ''Kemari''. Jadi dina hakékatna mah olahraga méngbal téh mimitina di daérah [[Asia]] namung kamekarana jeung sumebarna méngbal [[Éropa]] anu ngamimitian ngamodifikasi méngbal jadi olahraga modéren anu dieuyeuban ku ayana peraturan dina maénna.<ref name="bola1">[http://sejarahsepakbola.com/ Asal Mula dan Sejarah Sepakbola] (Dicutat tanggal 4 Oktober 2011)</ref> <br/> Aturan maén bal modérn dumasar kana usaha patengahan abad ka-19 pikeun ngastandarisasi [[kaulinan maénbal sakola Inggris|rupa-rupa wangun maén bal]] nu dimaénkeun di sakola-sakola di Inggris. Sajarah maén bal di Inggris bisa ditéangan balik ka [[maén bal jaman patengahan|saheunteuna abad ka-8]].<ref>{{cite web | title = History of Football – Britain, the home of Football | publisher = FIFA | url = http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame2.html | accessdate = 2006-11-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413045718/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame2.html |date=2013-04-13 }}</ref>

[[Aturan Cambridge]]{{dash}}kahiji dirancang di [[Universitas Cambridge]] dina 1848{{dash}}miboga pangaruh husus kana pamekaran aturan-aturan nu salajengna, kaasup maén bal. Aturan Cambridge ditulis di [[Kampus Trinity, Cambridge]], dina hiji panglawungan pawakilan sakola saperti [[Kampus Eton|Eton]], [[Sakola Harrow|Harrow]], [[Sakola Rugby|Rugby]], [[Kampus Winchester|Winchester]], jeung [[Sakola Shrewsbury|Shrewsbury]]. Aturan éta teu diadopsi sadunya. Dina 1850-an, raloba klub nu teu kahubung jeung sakola atanapi universitas dibentuk di sapanjuru dunya panyatur basa Inggris, pikeun maénkeun rupa-rupa wangun maén bal. Sababaraha di antawisna ahirna miboga aturanna sorangan nu béda, cotona [[Sheffield F.C.]], nu dibentuk ku urut murid sakola dina 1857,<ref>{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Adrian |title=Football, the first hundred years |publisher=Routledge |page=126 |year=2005 |location=London |isbn=0-415-35018-2}}</ref> nu mana nuju ka dibentukna [[Sheffield & Hallamshire Football Association|Sheffield FA]] dina 1867. Dina 1862, [[J. C. Thring|John Charles Thring]] ti [[Sakola Uppingham]] ogé manggihan sababaraha sét aturan nu boga pangaruh.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Winner |date=2005-03-28 |title=The hands-off approach to a man's game |newspaper=The Times |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,27-1544006,00.html |accessdate=2007-10-07 |location=London }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528033057/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=2020-05-28 }}</ref>

Usaha-usaha ieu mangaruhan dibentukna ''[[The Football Association]]'' (Asosiasi Maén Bal, The FA) dina 1863, nu mana kahiji patepung dina 26 Oktober 1863 di [[Freemasons' Tavern]] (Warung [miras] Freemason) di [[Jalan Great Queen]], London.<ref name="FAhistory">{{cite web |title=History of the FA |publisher=Football Association (FA) |url=http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/TheOrganisation/Postings/2004/03/HISTORY_OF_THE_FA.htm |accessdate=2007-10-09| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20050407161619/http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/TheOrganisation/Postings/2004/03/HISTORY_OF_THE_FA.htm| archivedate = 7 April 2005}}</ref> Sahiji-hijina sakola nu diwakilkeun di panglawungan ieu nyaéta [[Sakola Charterhouse|Charterhouse]]. Freemason's Tavern jadi patempatan pikeun 5 panglawungan salajengna antawis Oktober jeung Désémber, nu mana ngahasilkeun sét aturan komprehénsif kahiji. Di panglawungan ahir, panata harta kahiji FA, wakil ti [[Blackheath Rugby Club|Blackheath]], kaluar jeung klubna ti FA ku lantaran dihupusna 2 konsép aturan ti panglawungan saméméhna: nu kahiji, ngijinkeun mawa bal jeung leungeun; nu kadua pikeun ngahalangan, lumpat misalna, ku cara najong sampéanna), néngklasanna, jeung nyekelannana. [[Sajarah rugbi union|Klub rugbi football Inggris nu lian mimiliuan ieu]] jeung teu ngagabung ka FA, atawa ninggalkeun FA jeung teras dina 1871 ngawangun [[Union Rugbi Football]]. 11 klub sésana, dina kaluluguan [[Ebenezer Cobb Morley]], ngesahkeun 13 aturan asli kauliinan.<ref name="FAhistory"/> Sheffield FA maén kalawan aturana sorangan nepi ka 1870-an bari FA nyerep sababaraha aturan éta nepi bédana ngan saeutik.<ref name="Merger">{{cite book|author=Young, Percy M.|year=1964|title=Football in Sheffield|pages=28–29|publisher=S. Paul}}</ref>

''Laws of the game'' ayeuna ditangtoskeun ku [[Badan Asosiasi Maén Bal Internasional]] (IFAB).<ref>{{cite web|title=IFAB|url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/aboutifab.html|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=2011-12-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206125507/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/aboutifab.html |date=2013-02-06 }}</ref> Badan éta ngadeg taun 1886<ref>{{cite web |title=The International FA Board |publisher=FIFA |url=http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,3,00.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070422035010/http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,3,00.html |archivedate=2007-04-22 |accessdate=2007-09-02 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422035010/http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,3,00.html |date=2007-04-22 }}</ref> sanggeus hiji panglawungan di [[Manchester]] antawis The Football Association, [[Asosiasi Maén Bal Skotlandia]], [[Asosiasi Maén Bal Wales]], sarta [[Asosiasi Maén Bal Irlandia]]. Kompetisi maén bal nu pangkolotna sadunya nyaéta [[Piala FA]], nu diwangun ku [[C. W. Alcock]] jeung geus dilombakeun antawis tim-tim Inggris saprak 1872. [[Skotlandia v Inggris (1872)|Patandingan maén bal internasional resmi nu kahiji]] lumangsung dina 1872 antawis Skotlandia jeung Inggris di [[Glasgow]]. Inggris minangka imah pikeun [[The Football League|liga maén bal]] nu kahiji di dunya, nu diwangun di [[Birmingham]] dina 1888 ku diréktur [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[William McGregor (maén bal)|William McGregor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The History Of The Football League |publisher=Football League |url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/History/HistoryDetail/0,,10794~1357277,00.html |date=2010-09-22 |accessdate=2011-03-04}}</ref> Wangun aslina miboga 12 klub ti [[Daratan Tengah Inggris|''Midlands'']] (Daratan Tengah) jeung [[Inggris Kalér]]. [[Fédération Internationale de Football Association|FIFA]], badan maén bal internasional, diwangun di [[Paris]] dina 1904 jeung nyebutkeun bakal satia ka ''Laws of the Game''-na Football Association.<ref name=Wherebegan/> Tumuwuhna popularitas patandingan internasional ngarah ka pangakuan pawakilan FIFA ka [[Badan Asosiasi Maén Bal Internasional]] dia 1913. Badan éta ayeuna miboga 4 wakil ti FIFA jeung 1 ti unggal opat asosiasi ti Britania.<ref name="IFAB works"/>

Kiwari, maén bal diulinkeun dina hiji tingkat [[olah raga profésional|profésional]] di sakuliah dunya. Jutaan jalmi biasa angkat ka stadion maén bal pikeun nongton tim dukunganna,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/news/theknowledge/0,9204,1059366,00.html |title=Baseball or Football: which sport gets the higher attendance? |last1=Ingle |first1=Sean |last2=Glendenning |first2=Barry |date=2003-10-09 |work=The Guardian |location=UK |newspaper=The Guardian |accessdate=2006-06-05 }}</ref> samentara milyaran lianna nongton patandingan di televisi atanapi di Internét.<ref>{{cite web | title = TV Data | publisher = FIFA | url = http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/marketingtv/factsfigures/tvdata.html | accessdate = 2007-09-02 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070922225713/http://fifa.com/aboutfifa/marketingtv/factsfigures/tvdata.html | archivedate = 22 September 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224112318/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/marketingtv/factsfigures/tvdata.html |date=2009-02-24 }}</ref> Aya loba ogé nu maén bal dina tingkat amatir. Dumasar hiji survéy FIFA, dibéwarakeun dina 2001, leuwih ti 240 juta urang ti leuwih ti 200 nagara régulér maén bal.<ref>{{cite web | title = FIFA Survey: approximately 250 million footballers worldwide | publisher = FIFA | url = http://access.fifa.com/infoplus/IP-199_01E_big-count.pdf | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060915133001/http://access.fifa.com/infoplus/IP-199_01E_big-count.pdf | archivedate = 2006-09-15 | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915133001/http://access.fifa.com/infoplus/IP-199_01E_big-count.pdf |date=2006-09-15 }}</ref> Maén bal miboga panongton televisi sadunya nu panglobana dina olah raga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/|title=2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider, longer and farther than ever before|publisher=FIFA|date=6 February 2007|accessdate=2009-10-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806183836/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/ |date=2013-08-06 }}</ref>

[[Tim nasional maén bal Basisir Gading]] ngabantos ngamankeun gencatan pakarang di [[Perang Sadulur Basisir Gading]] dina 2006<ref>{{cite web |title=More than a game |work=Common Ground News Service |url=http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?sid=1&id=2079 |last=Stormer |first=Neil |date=2006-06-20 |accessdate=2010-03-02}}</ref> jeung leuwih tebih ngirangan tegangan antawis pamaréntah jeung nu berontak dina 2007 langkung tanding maén bal di ibu kota pamberontakan, [[Bouaké]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Best Feet Forward | work=Vanity Fair | url = http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/07/ivorycoast200707 |first=Merrill |last=Austin | date = 2007-07-10 | accessdate = 2010-03-02 }}</ref> Bandinganna, maén bal kawanoh kalawan luas salaku pertimbangan sabab ayana [[Perang Maén Bal]] dina Juni 1969 antawis [[Él Salvador]] jeung [[Honduras]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Has football ever started a war? |newspaper=The Guardian |url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/theknowledge/story/0,,2017161,00.html |last1=Dart |first1=James |last2=Bandini |first2=Paolo |date=2007-02-21 |accessdate=2007-09-24 |location=London}}</ref> Olah raga ieu ogé miburukan tegangan dina awal [[perang Yugoslav]] dina 1990-an, nalika patandingan antawis [[NK Dinamo Zagreb|Dinamo Zagreb]] jeung [[Red Star Belgrade]] jadi karusuhan dina Maret 1990.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | title= The Soccer Wars | last=Drezner |first=Daniel |authorlink=Daniel W. Drezner |date=2006-06-04 |page=B01 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/02/AR2006060201401.html |accessdate=2008-05-21}}</ref>

==Aturan==
Aya 17 aturan di "Laws of the Game". Aturan nu sarua disusun pikeun dipaké dina sadaya tingkat, sanajan modifikasi  katangtu pikeun kelompok saperti junior, sénior, putri, jeung jalmi kalawan kakirangan fisik, diijinkeun. "Laws of the Game" dimedalkeun ku FIFA, tapi diurus ku [[Badan Asosiasi Maén Bal Internasional]] (IFAB), sanésna FIFA.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/lawsofthegame.html| title=Laws Of The Game| publisher=FIFA| accessdate=2007-09-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901044035/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/lawsofthegame.html |date=2007-09-01 }}</ref> Tambihannana kana 17 aturan, raloba kaputusan IFAB jeung instruksi lianna mangaruhan régulasi maén bal. Nu pangrumitna nyaéta [[offside (maén bal)|''offside'']]. <!-- The offside law limits the ability of attacking players to receive the ball when closer to the opponent's goal line than: the ball itself; the second-to-last defending player (which can include the goalkeeper); and the half-way line.<ref name="offsidelaw"/> -->

===Pamaén, kalengkepan, jeung ofisial===
{{See also|Posisi maén bal|Formasi (maén bal)|Pakéan (maén bal)}}

Unggal tim miboga maksimal 11 pamaén (teu kaasup [[cadangan (maén bal)|cadangan]]), salah sahijina kedah janten [[kper (maén bal)|kiper]]. Aturan kompetisi bisa nyebutkeun jumlah pamaén minimal dina hiji tim, biasana 7. Kiper mangrupa sahiji-hijina pamaén nu kaci maénkeun balna jeung panangan, tapi sabenerna pamaén nu lian ogé kaci ukur keur''throw-in'' (alungan ka jero) hungkul. Sanajan aya sababaraha rupa [[posisi maén bal|posisi]] di mana pamaén ''outfielder'' (non-kiper) ditempatkeun ku palatih, posisi-posisi ieu teu diterangkeun jeung diatur.<ref name=LAW301/>

[[Pakéan (maén bal)|Pakéan]] (''seragam'') nu dipibutuh nyaéta baju, calana, kaos suku, alas suku, jeung upami diperlukeun [[palindung suku]]. [[Hélem (maén bal)|Palindung mastaka]] sanés kalengkepan dasar, tapi kiwari, pamaén tiasa makéna pikeun ngalindungan soranganna ti kacilakaan. Pamaén teu meunang maké nanaon nu bahaya pikeun manéhna atawa pamaén lian, kawas jewellery atanapi arloji. Kiper kedah maké pakéan anu gampang dibédakeung jeung nu dipaké ku pamaén lian jeung ofisial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws4_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 4–Players' Equipment) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913141601/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws4_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913141601/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws4_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref>

Sababaraha pamaén bisa digentos ku cadangan. Jumlah maksimal panggantian nu diijinkeun dina raloba laga doméstik jeung internasional nyaéta 3, sanajan jumlah éta bisa robah di kompetisi lian atanapi patandingan sababaturan. Alesan digentosna pamaén contona ku lantaran cedera, capé, kirang éféktif, taktik, atanapi [[miceun waktos]]. Dina patandingan standar, pamaén nu geus digentos teu kaci maén deui dina patandingan éta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 3–Substitution procedure) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071011144947/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_02.htm |archivedate=11 October 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011144947/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_02.htm |date=2007-10-11 }}</ref> IFAB nyarankeun yén "hiji patandingan kedahna teu dilanjutkeun upami dua tim éta pamaénna nu maénna kirang ti 7 urang." Kaputusan méré poin tina patandingan nu katinggal kitu dumasar kana asosiasi maén bal sosoranganna.<ref>{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |chapter=Law 3 – The Number of Players |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |format=PDF |author=IFAB |authorlink=International Football Association Board |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 |page=62 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704211500/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |date=2010-07-04 }}</ref>

<div id="Match officials"></div>Hiji patandingan diluluguan ku saurang [[wasit (maén bal)|wasit]], nu mibanda "kakawassan pinuh ngalaksanakeun ''Laws of the Game'' dina patandingan di mana manéhna ditunjuk kanana" (Hukum 5), jeung kaputusanna final. Wasit dibantos ku 2 [[asistén wasit]]. Di loba patandingan tingkat luhur, aya ogé saurang [[ofisial kaopat]] nu ngabantoasn wasit jeung bisa ngagentos ofisial nu lian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws5_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 5–The referee) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913141909/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws5_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913141909/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws5_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref>

===Lapangan===
{{utama|Lapangan maén bal}}
[[File:Football pitch metric.svg|thumb|400px|Lapangan standar kalawan ukuranna]]
Ku lantaran aturanna disusun di Inggris, jeung ngan diurus ku 4 asosiasi maén bal Britania dina [[IFAB]], diménsi lapangan maén bal standar aslina ngagunakeun [[unit impérial]]. Aturan ayeuna ngagunakeun diménsi kalawan ajén pakiraan [[SI|métrikna]] (dipiluan ku unit tradisional di jero kurung), sanajan pamakéan populér condongna tetep maké unit tradisional di nagara pamaké basa Inggris kalawan sajarah [[métrikasi]] nu rélatif anyar (atanapi métrikasi sabagian), saperti Britania.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will we ever go completely metric? |work=BBC news   |publisher=BBC   |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3934353.stm |date=2004-09-02 |last=Summers |first=Chris |accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref>

Panjang lapangan pikeun patandingan internasional déwan 100–110&nbsp;m (110–120&nbsp;yd) jeung lébarna 64–75&nbsp;m (70–80&nbsp;yd). Lapangan pikeun patandingan non-internasional bisa 90–120&nbsp;m (100–130&nbsp;yd) panjangna jeung 45–90&nbsp;m (50–100&nbsp;yd) lébarna. Sanajan kitu, dina 2008, IFAB ngasahkeun ukuran panjang standar 105&nbsp;m (344&nbsp;suku) jeung lébra 68&nbsp;m (223&nbsp;suku) salaku diménsi lapangan standar pikeun patandingan internasional.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/media/news/newsid=707751/ |title=Goal-line technology put on ice |publisher=FIFA |date=2008-03-08 |accessdate=2010-06-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704130227/https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2008/m=3/news=goal-line-technology-put-ice-707751.html |date=2018-07-04 }}</ref><!-- ref for last sentence only --> Kaputusan ieu sabenerna teu pernah diréalisasikeun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/77/82/55/circularno.1145-amendmentstothelawsofthegame-2008.pdf |title=FIFA Amendments to the Laws of the Game, 2008 |publisher=FIFA |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-03-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503194134/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/77/82/55/circularno.1145-amendmentstothelawsofthegame-2008.pdf |date=2020-05-03 }}</ref>

Gurat wates nu panjang ngaranna ''touchlines'', samentwis nu pondok nyaéta ''goal lines'' (gurat gawang). Hiji gawang pasagi panjang ditempatkeun di tengah unggal gurat gawang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.1–The field of play) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142202/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_01.htm |archivedate=13 September 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142202/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref> Jarak antawis 2 tihang gawang vértikal nyaéta 7,32&nbsp;m (8&nbsp;yd), jeung tihang horisontalna kedah 2,44&nbsp;m (8&nbsp;ft) luhureun taneuh. Jaring biasana dipasang di tukangeun gawang, tapi teu dipibutuh ku aturan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_04.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.4–The Field of play) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071011144942/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_04.htm |archivedate=11 October 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704014712/https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_04.htm |date=2020-07-04 }}</ref> Hareupeun gawang aya nu kawanoh salaku [[aréa pénalti]]. <!-- Aréa ieu dicirian ku gurat gawang, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5&nbsp;m (18&nbsp;yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5&nbsp;m (18&nbsp;yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a [[penalty kick (football)|penalty kick]]. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at [[Kick-off (association football)|kick-off]]s, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_03.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.3–The field of play) |accessdate=2007-09-24| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071011084145/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_03.htm| archivedate = 11 October 2007}}</ref> -->

===Durasi jeung cara ngeureunkeun waktos===
Patandingan standar miboga 2 babak. Unggal babak panjangna 45 menit. Biasana aya istirahat 15 menit antawis babak-babak. Wasit nyaéta panjaga waktu resmi. Wasit bisa nambihkeun waktosna dina ahir unggal babak ku lantaran misalna aya pamaén nu digentosan, cidera, atawa hal-hal lianna. Waktu tambihan ieu kawanoh ogé salaku ''stoppage time'', ''injury time'', atanapi ''loss time''. Lilana waktu tambihan dumasar kana kaputusan wasit. Dina patandingan di mana aya ofisial kaopat, nuju ka réngséna hiji babak, wasit méré nyahoan baraha menit waktos anu rék ditambih. Ofisial kaopat teras nginformasikeun para pamaén jeung panongton kalawan nyandak papan nu némbongkeun menit tambihannana. Waktu tambihan bisa ditambih deui ku wasit.<ref name="rule7.2">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 7.2–The duration of the match) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071011144952/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_02.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-10-11 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011144952/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_02.htm |date=2007-10-11 }}</ref> Waktu tambihan dipikawanohkeun ku lantaran kacilakaan dina 1891 dina hiji patandingan antawis [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke]] jeung [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]. Kaaayaan 1–0 sarta waktosna ngan sésa 2 menit, Stoke dibéré pénalti. Kiper Aston Villa najong balna kaluar lapangan. Basa balna geus balik, waktu 90&nbsp;menit geus béak jeung patandinganna réngsé.<ref>[[The Sunday Times]] ''Illustrated History Of Football'' Reed International Books Limited 1996. p.11 ISBN 1-85613-341-9</ref> Aturan nu sarua ogé mikawanohkeun yén upami waktosna geus béak tapi aya pénalti nu kedah dilakukeun, durasi babak éta dilamikeun deui nepi ka pénalti dilaksanakeun, ku kituna taya patandingan nu réngsé kalawan hiji pénalti pikeun dilakukeun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_03.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 7.3–The duration of the match) |accessdate=2010-03-03 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080603064822/http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_03.htm |archivedate=3 June 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603064822/http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_03.htm |date=2008-06-03 }}</ref>

Dina kompetisi liga, patandingan bisa réngsé dina kadudukan seri, tapi dina sababaraha kompetisi sistim gugur, upami hiji patandingan réngséna seri, patandingan éta bisa lanjut ka babak tambihan, unggall babakna 15-menit. Upami skorna masih kénéh seri, sababaraha kompetisi ngijinkeun pamakéan [[adu pénalti]] (resmina dina ''Laws of the Game'': "kicks from the penalty mark") pikeun nangtoskeun tim nu mana nu ngalanjutkeun ka puteran salajengna dina turnamén éta. Gol nu dicitak dina babak tambihan diétang kana skor ahir patandingan, tapi gol ti adu pénalti ukur dipaké pikeun nagroskeun tim mana nu meunangna (gol dina adu pénalti teu diétang kana skor ahir).<ref name="laws51-52">{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |chapter=Procedures to determine the winner of a match or home-and-away |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |format=PDF |author=IFAB |authorlink=International Football Association Board |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 |pages=51–52 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704211500/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |date=2010-07-04 }}</ref>

Dina kompetisi nu ngagunakeun [[patandingan 2 laga]], unggal tim tanding di stadion kandangna sakali. Skor agrégat ti 2 patandingan éta nangtukeun tim mana nu lanjut. Upami skor agrégatna sarua, [[aturan gol tandang]] bisa dipaké pikeun nangtoskeun nu meunangna, nu mana nu meunangna nyaéta tim nu nyitak gol panglobana basa maén di kandang musuhna. Upami hasilna masih kénéh sarua, adu pénalti.<ref name="laws51-52"/>

Dina ahir 1990-an jeung awal 2000-an, [[IFAB]] nyobian cara nangtoskeun nu meunang tanpa adu pénalti. Di antarana ngeureunkeun patandingan dina babak tambihan, boh basa gol kahiji dina babak tambihan dicitak (''[[golden goal]]''), boh hiji tim skorna mingpin dina ahir babak kahiji babak tambihan (''[[silver goal]]''). ''Golden goal'' dipaké dina Piala Dunya [[Piala Dunya FIFA 1998|1998]] jeung [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2002|2002]]. Patandingan Piala Dunya nu kahiji ditangtukeun ku ''golden goal'' nyaéta meunangna [[tim nasional maén bal Perancis|Perancis]] ti [[tim nasional maén bal Paraguay|Paraguay]] dina 1998. [[tim nasional maén bal Jérman|Jérman]] mangrupa nagara kahiji nu nyitak ''golden goal'' dina hiji kompetisi gedé, ngéléhkeun [[tim nasional maén bal Céko|Céko]] di final [[Euro 1996]]. ''Silver goal' dipaké dina [[Euro 2004]]. Pacobaan ieu duanana teu dilanjutkeun ku IFAB.<ref>{{cite news | title = Time running out for silver goal |publisher=Rediff.com |agency=Reuters  | url = http://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/jul/02silver.htm | last=Collett |first=Mike | date = 2004-07-02 | accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref>''

===Bal asup jeung kaluar===
Dina ''Laws of the Game'', 2 dasar patandingan nyaéta ''bal di'' jeung ''di luar maén''. Ti mimitina unggal babak kalawan kick-off nepi ka réngséna, bal salawasna aya di pamaénan, iwal nalika balna kaluar lapangan, atanapi patandingan distop heula ku wasit. Basa balna kaluar ti pamaénan, maénna di-"ulang" deui ku salah sahiji cara ti 8métodeunu aya dumasar sababna:
[[File:Shunsuke1 20080622.jpg|thumb|right|Saurang pamaén ngalaksanakeun tajongan bébas. Musuhna ngawangun "témbok" pikeun ngalingan balna]]
* [[Kick-off (maén bal)|Kick-off]]: sanggeus hiji gol ku tim lawan, atanapi mimitian unggal babak.<ref name="restart">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws8_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 8) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142456/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws8_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142456/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws8_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref>
* [[Alungan ka jero]]: basa balna kaluar ti gurat sisi (nu panjang, sanés nu aya gawangna); dibéré ka lawan ti tim nu pangahirna ngeunaan bal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws15_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 15–The Throw-in) |accessdate=2007-10-14 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142556/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws15_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142556/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws15_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref>
* [[Tajongan gawang]]: basa balna kaluar liwat garis gawang tanpa hiji skor nu dicitak sarta pangahirna dikeunaan ku tim nu narajang; dibéré ka tim musuhna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws16_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 16–The Goal Kick) |accessdate=2007-10-14 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913141725/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws16_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913141725/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws16_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref>
* [[Tajongan juru]]: basa balna geus meuntasan gurat gawang tanpa aya gol nu kacitak tina sarta pangahirna dikeunaan ku tim nu ditarajangan; dibéré ka tim nu narajang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws17_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 17–The Corner Kick) |accessdate=2007-10-14 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142324/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws17_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142324/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws17_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref>
* [[Tajongan bébas teu langsung]]: dibéré ka lawanna tim nu ngalakukeun palanggaran "non-pidana", palanggaran téhnis katangtos, atanapi basa pamaénanna dieureunkeun saheulaan. Teu kaci nyitak gol langsung liwat tajongan ieu (tanpa ngeunaan paamén lian).<ref name="freekick">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws13_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 13–Free Kicks) |accessdate=2007-10-14 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142645/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws13_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142645/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws13_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref>
* [[Tajongan bébasa langsung]]: dibéré ka lawanna tim nu ngalakukeun palanggaran "pidana".<ref name="freekick"/> Kénging nyitak gol langsung liwat tajongan ieu.
* [[Tajongan pénalti (maén bal)|Tajongan pénalti]]: dibéré ka lawanna tim nu ngalakukeun palanggaran di kotak pénalti soranganna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws14_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 14–The Penalty Kick) |accessdate=2007-10-14 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142717/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws14_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142717/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws14_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref>
* ''[[Dropped-ball]]'': basa wasitna ngeureunkeun patandingan saheulaan pikeun alesan-alesan lian, saperti aya pamaén nu cedera serius di lapangan. Kaputusan kieu carang aya dina patandingan normal.<ref name="restart"/>

===Palanggaran===
{{double image|right|Yellow card.svg|60|Red card.svg|60|Pamaén dibéré pangélingan maké kartu konéng, jeung dikaluarkeun maké kartu beureum. Warna-warna ieu kahiji dipikawanohkeun dina [[Piala Dunya FIFA 1970]] jeung masih dianggo nepi ka ayeuna.}}
[[File:Ryan Valentine scores.jpg|thumb|left|Saurang pamaén nyitak hiji tajongan pénalti nu dihadiahkeun sanggeus hiji palanggaran kana timna dina kotak pénalti lawanna]]
Hiji [[palanggaran (maén bal)|palanggaran]] aya basa saurang pamaén ngalakukeun hiji kalakuan katangtos nu kaserat dina Laws of the Game nalika balna keur dimaénkeun. Lalaku anu nyababkeun palanggaran kaserat dina Law 12. Ku sangaja ngeunaan balna maké tangan, néngklasan musuh, atanapi ngadorong musuh, mangrupa conto "pidana", bisa dihukum ku [[tajongan bébas langsung]] atanapi [[tajongan pénalti (maén bal|tajongan pénalti]] dumasar di mana palanggaran éta aya. Palanggaran lian dihukum ku hiji [[tajongan bébas teu langsung]].<ref name="fouls"/> Wasit bisa ngahukum saurang pamaén atanapi ku cara méré pangélingan ([[kartu palanggaran|kartu konéng]]) atanapi ngaluarkeunna ([[kartu palanggaran|kartu beureum]]). Kartu konéng kadua bisa nyababkeun pamaén narima kartu beureum. Saurang pamaén nu dibéré kartu kuning kawanoh salaku geus "booked", wasit nyerat nami si pamén dina buku resmina. Upami saurang pamaén geus dikaluarkeun, pamaén cadangan teu kénging ngeusian posisina. Non-pamaén saperti ménéjer jeung staf teu kénging dibéré kartu, tapi bisa diusir upami kalakuanna katempo teu sopaneun.<ref name="fouls"/>

Tinimbang ngeureunkeun patandingan, wasit bisa ngidinkeun patandingan lanjut. Upami kitu, nu kawas kitu bisa nguntungkeun tim lawanna nu ngalakukeun palanggaranna. Hal ieu kawanoh salaku "''playing an advantage''".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4188646.stm |title=Referee's signals: advantage |work=BBC Sport   |publisher=BBC   |accessdate=2011-03-04 |date=14 September 2005}}</ref> Wasit bisa "''call back''" patandingan jeung méré hukuman éta palanggaran upami teu jadi "''advantage''" dina "sababaraha detik". Upami hiji palanggaran teu dihukuman ku lantaran keur aya ''advantage'', nu ngalakukeunnana masih bisa dihukum ku sabab palanggaran salajengna nu dilakukeunnana.<ref>{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |chapter=Law 5: Referee: Advantage |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |format=PDF |author=IFAB |authorlink=International Football Association Board |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 |page=66 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704211500/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |date=2010-07-04 }}</ref>

==Babon organisasi==
{{See also|Maén bal di sakuliah dunya}}
Babon organisasi internasional maén bal (jeung varian-varianna, kawas [[futsal]] jeung [[maén bal basisir]]) nu diakuan nyaéta [[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] (FIFA). Markas FIFA aya di [[Zurich]]. 6 konféderasi kawewengkonan kahubung jeung FIFA; nyaéta:<ref name="confeds">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/confederations/ |title=Confederations |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317215323/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/confederations/ |date=2015-03-17 }}</ref>

* Asia: [[Konféderasi Maén Bal Asia|Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC)
* Afrika: [[Konféderasi Maén Bal Afrika|Confederation of African Football]] (CAF)
* Éropa: [[UEFA|Union of European Football Associations]] (UEFA)
* Amérika Kalér/Tengah & Karibia: [[CONCACAF|Konféderasi Maén Bal Amérika Kalér, Tengah, jeung Karibia]] (CONCACAF)
* Oséania: [[Konféderasi Maén Bal Oséania]] (OFC)
* Amérika Kidul: [[CONMEBOL|Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol/Confederação Sul-americana de Futebol]] (CONMEBOL)

Asosiasi nasional ngawasan maén bal dina nagara sosoranganna. Hali ieu umumna harina sarua jeung [[nagara daulat]], (conto: [[Fédération Camerounaise de Football]] di [[Kamerun]]) tapi ngawengku ogé sababaraha asosiasi nu ngawasan éntitas sub-nasional (contona [[Scottish Football Association]] di [[Skotlandia]]). 208 asosiasi nasional kaafiliasi boh jeung FIFA atanapi konféderasi kabuanaanna.<ref name="confeds"/>

FIFA miboga tanggung jawab pikeun nyusun kompetisi jeung aturan-aturanna nu patali, tapi Laws of the Game sabenerna diatur ku [[Badan Asosiasi Maén Bal Internasional]], di mana unggal asosiasi ti Britania Raya miboga hiji sora, samentara FIFA sacara koléktif miboga 4 sora.<ref name="IFAB works">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/aboutifab.html |title=The IFAB: How it works |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206125507/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/aboutifab.html |date=2013-02-06 }}</ref>

==Pasanggiri internasional==
{{utama|Daptar pasanggiri maén bal}}
Kompetisi maén bal internasional utami nyaéta [[Piala Dunya FIFA|Piala Dunya]], diatur ku FIFA. Kompetisi ieu lumangsung dina jangka waktos 4 taun. Leuwih ti 190 tim nasional palomba-lomba dina turnamén. Puteran finalna, nu dilaksanakeun unggal 4 taun, mimilukeun 32 tim nasional dina jangka waktos 4 minggu.<ref>Jumlah tim nu asup ka puteran final robah-robah saprak mimitina Piala Dunya. Nu panganyarna nyaéta 32 tim, saprak [[Piala Dunya FIFA 1998|1998]].</ref> Turnamén nu panganyarna, [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2010]], dilaksanakeun di [[Afrika Kidul]] ti 11 Juni nepi ka 11 Juli.<ref>{{cite web | title = The FIFA Calendar | publisher = FIFA | url = http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/calendar/events.html | accessdate = 2010-06-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424044547/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/calendar/events.html |date=2013-04-24 }}</ref>

Aya [[Maén bal di Olimpiade|pasanggiri maén bal]] dina unggal [[Olimpiade Usum Panas]] saprak 1900, iwal dina 1932 di [[Olimpiade 1932|Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/football-equipment-and-history?tab=1 |title=Football Equipment and History |publisher=International Olympic Committee (IOC) |accessdate=2011-03-04}}</ref> Saméhémh mimitina Piala Dunya, maén bal nu dina Olimpiade (utamina dina 1920-an) miboga status nu sarua jeung Piala Dunya. Aslina, cabang ieu ngan pikeun amatir hungkul,<ref name=Wherebegan>{{cite web |url=http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,4,00.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070608215029/http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,4,00.html |archivedate=2007-06-08 |title=Where it all began |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-06-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608215029/http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,4,00.html |date=2007-06-08 }}</ref> tapi, saprak [[Olimpiade 1984]], pamaén profésional diidinkeun ngiring, sanajan kalawan larangan katangtos nu nyegahan nagara nurunkeun timna nu pangkiatna. Ayeuna, turnamén maén bal putra dina Olimpiade dimaénkeun ku pamaén U-23. Baheula, Olimpiade miboga larangan ngeunaan umur sababaraha pamaén;<ref>{{cite web |title=Football – An Olympic Sport since 1900 |publisher=International Olympic Committee (IOC) |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=FB |archiveurl=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090601015157/http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=FB |archivedate=2009-06-01 |accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> tapi praktikna euweuh dina Olimpiade 2008. Turnamén putrina ditambihkeun dina 1996. Lain jeung nu putrana, euweuh larangan ngeunaan yuswa pamaén dina turnamén nu putrina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://olympics.sportinglife.com/olympics/story/0,23911,14986,00.html |title=Event Guide – Football |work=sportinglife |publisher=365 media group |accessdate=2011-03-05 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430181217/http://olympics.sportinglife.com/olympics/story/0%2C23911%2C14986%2C00.html |date=2011-04-30 }}</ref>

Sanggeus Piala Dunya, kompetisi internasional maén bal nu penting lianna nyaéta kajuaraan konféderasi, nu diatur ku asosiasi kabuanaan jeung dilombakeun antawis tim-tim nasional. Kajuaraanna nyaéta [[Kajuaraan Maén Bal Éropa UEFA|Kajuaraan Éropa]] (UEFA), [[Copa América]] (CONMEBOL), [[Piala Bangsa-Bangsa Afrika]] (CAF), [[Piala Asia]] (AFC), [[Piala Emas CONCACAF]] (CONCACAF), jeung [[Piala Bangsa-Bangsa OFC]] (OFC). [[Piala Konféderasi FIFA]] dilombakeun antawis 6 juara konféderasi, juara [[Piala Dunya FIFA]] keur éta, jeung nagara tuan rumah Piala Konféderasi éta sorangan. Kompetisi ieu umumna katémbong salaku pamanasan pikeun Piala Dunya FIFA. Aya ogé kompetisi konféderasi pikeun klub contona saperti [[UEFA Champions League]] jeung [[Copa Libertadores de América]]. Nu meunang kajuaraan konféderasi ngawakilkeun konféderasina dina [[Piala Dunya Klub FIFA]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Organising Committee strengthens FIFA Club World Cup format| publisher=FIFA| url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/japan2007/releases/newsid=570740.html| date=2007-08-14| accessdate=2007-10-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531094715/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/japan2007/releases/newsid=570740.html |date=2008-05-31 }}</ref>

==Pasanggiri lokal==
{{utama|Maén bal di sakuliah dunya}}
[[File:Cesc Fàbregas Anderson.jpg|thumb|2 pamaén parebut bal]]
Umumna, babon organisasi di unggal nagara nguruskeun [[sistim liga]] dina hiji [[usum doméstik maén bal|usum doméstik]], biasana miboga sababaraha [[divisi (olahraga)|divisi]], di mana tim-tim mibandaan poin dina sausum dumasar hasil atandinganna. Tim-tim ditempatkeun kana [[klasemén]], diurutkeun dumasar poin nu dipibanda. Dina ahir usum, tim nu panglobana mibanda poin nyaéta nu meunang. Umumna dina ahir usum, sababaraha tim nu pangluhurna [[promosi jeung dégradasi|promosi]] ka divisi nu leuwih luhur. Sabalikna, hiji atanapi sababaraha tim nu dina ahir usum jadi panghandapna dégradasi ka divisi nu leuwih handap.<ref>{{cite journal |title=European and North American Sports Differences(?) |title=Scottish Journal of Political Economy |last=Fort |first=Rodney |month=September |year=2000 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=431–455 |doi=10.1111/1467-9485.00172}}</ref> Pangajabaan sistem ieu aya di sababaraha liga [[Amérika Latin]], nu ngabagi kajuaraan kana 2 bagian, [[Apertura jeung Clausura]] (Basa Spanyol pikeun ''Pamuka'' jeung ''Panutup''), ngahadiahan ka unggal juara bagian.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/foxsoccer/latinamerica/story/Estudiantes-win-Argentina-Apertura-title |title=Estudiantes win Argentina Apertura title |date=2010-12-13 |newspaper=FoxSports |agency=Associated Press   |quote=Under the system used in Argentina and most of Latin America, two season titles are awarded each year – the Apertura and Clausura.}}</ref>

Sababaraha liga top midangkeun pamaén-pamaén béntang; sabalikne di liga nu leuwih leutik, pamaén bisa jadi nu boga gawé lian atanapi amatiran. Lima liga Éropa top&nbsp;– [[Premier League]] (Inggris),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/7321408.stm |work=BBC Sport   |publisher=BBC   |title= Premier League conquering Europe |date=2008-03-31 |accessdate=2008-05-27 | first=Ian | last=Hughes}}</ref> [[La Liga]] (Spanyol), [[Serie A]] (Italia), [[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] (Jérman), jeung [[Ligue 1]] (Perancis)&nbsp;– mincut raloba pamahttp://tiatizzianni.com/wp-content/uploads/4307103713_0e18a0d57f.jpgn alus sadunya sarta unggal liga miboga total biaya bayaran leuwih ti £600 yuta/[[Euro|€]]763 yuta/$AS 1,185 milyar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Louise |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/may/29/premierleague |newspaper=The Guardian |title=Leading clubs losing out as players and agents cash in |date=2008-05-29 |accessdate=2008-11-28 | location=London}}</ref>

==Maén bal putri==
{{utama|Maén bal putri}}
Awéwé geus ngulinkeun maén bal saprak patandingan putri nu kahiji kacutat nyaéta dina 1895 di London Kalér. Maén bal pikeun awéwé sok dihubngkeun jeung patandingan amal sarta latihan fisik, utamina di Britania Raya.<ref name="BBCwomen-Gregory">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/women/4607171.stm |title=How women's football battled for survival |last=Gregory |first=Patricia |work=BBC sport   |publisher=BBC   |date=2005-06-03 |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref> Cara nempo kieu mimiti ngarobah dina 1970-an kalawan torobosan dina maén bal pikeun awéwé nu diorganisir.

Tumuwuhna maén bal pikeun awéwé, ngahasilkeun kompetisi tingkat boh [[maén bal putri di sakuliah dunya|nasional]] boh [[kompetisi maén bal putri internasional|internasional]]. Maén bal putri pernah miboga "jaman kajayaan" di Britania Raya dina awal 1920-an basa panongtonna nepi ka 50.000 di sababaraha patandingan;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/women/4603149.stm |title=Trail-blazers who pioneered women's football |last=Alexander |first=Shelley |work=BBC sport   |publisher=BBC   |date=2005-06-03 |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref> tapi dieureunkeun dina 5 Désémber 1921 nalika Asosiasi Maén Bal Inggris nyorakeun sangkan ngalaranganna ti lapangan nu dipaké ku anggotana. Larangan éta dibatalkeun dina Désémber 1969 kalawan pamilihan sora di UEFA pikeun ngakuan sacara resmi maén bal putri dina 1971.<ref name="BBCwomen-Gregory"/> [[Piala Dunya Putri FIFA]] mimiti dina 1991 jeung saprak éta geus dilaksanakeun unggal 4 taun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=103/awards/index.html |title=Tournaments: Women's World Cup |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-11 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208042405/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=103/awards/index.html |date=2013-02-08 }}</ref>

==Tingali ogé==
{{Portal|Maén bal}}
*[[Budaya maén bal]]
*[[Taktik jeung kaahlian maén bal]]
*[[Daptar klub maén bal]]
*[[Daptar klub maén bal putri]]
*[[Daptar tim nasional maén bal putra]]
*[[Daptar panyitak gol top maén bal]]
*[[Daptar panyitak gol top maén bal dumasar nagara]]
*[[Daptar pamaén bal]]
*[[Maén bal Paralimpiade]]
*[[Variasi maén bal]]

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
{{Commons|Football (Soccer)}}
* [http://www.fifa.com/ Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)]
* [http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/lawsofthegame.html Laws of the Game (LOTG)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901044035/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/lawsofthegame.html |date=2007-09-01 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maen bal}}
[[Kategori:Kaulinan nu maké bal]]
[[Kategori:Maén bal| ]]
[[Kategori:Olah raga ti Inggris]]
[[Kategori:Kode football]]
[[Kategori:Aturan maén bal]]