Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Sapfo

{{short description|Ancient Greek poet from Lesbos (c. 630-c. 570 BC)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Malarz Safony - Kalpis wykonana techniką Six.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kalpis]] lukisan Sapfo ku [['' Pelukis'' Sapfo]] ({{circa}} 510 SM), ayeuna tempatna di [[Museum Nasional, Warsawa]]]]


[[File:Head Sappho Glyptothek Munich.jpg|thumb|Patung sirah awéwé ti [[Glyptothek]] di Munich, ''diidentifikasi'' "meureun" minangkatironan  tina [[Silanion]]'s potrét ''imajinatif''  abad ka opat SM ngeunaan Sapfo{{sfn|Ohly|2002|page=48}}]]

'''Sapfo'''; Sappho ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|f|oʊ}}; {{lang-el|Σαπφώ}} ''Sapphō'' hu ''[[Aeolic Greek]] '' {{lang|grc|Ψάπφω}} ''Psápphō''; c. 630 – c. 570 BC) Nyaéta saurang pujangga asal [[Yunani kuna]] dumuk di [[Eresos]] atawa [[Mytilene]] di pulo [[Lesbos]].{{efn|The fragments of Sappho's poetry are conventionally referred to by fragment number, though some also have one or more common names. The most commonly used numbering system is that of [[Eva-Maria Voigt]], which in most cases matches the older Lobel-Page system. Unless otherwise specified, the numeration in this article is from Diane Rayor and André Lardinois' ''Sappho: A New Translation of the Complete Works'', which uses Voigt's numeration with some variations to account for the fragments of Sappho discovered since Voigt's edition was published.  References to ancient authors commenting on Sappho give both the conventional reference, and the numeration given in Campbell's ''Greek Lyric I: Sappho and Alcaeus''.}} Sapfo dipiwanoh dina lirik puisina, nu ditulis pikeun ditembangkeun bari dipirig ku musik/gamelan. Jaman baheula, Sapfo dina umumna dianggap salaku saurang pujangga anu mana lirik-lirikna kamashur malahan dingaranan saperti "''Tenth Muse''" jeung "''The Poetess''". Kalolobaan  [[Puisi]] Sapfo kiwari geus laleungitan, sanajan aya ogé anu nyésa kalolobaan ngawujud fragmén/potongan; Kajaba ''[[Ode to Aphrodite]]'' masih kénéh dina kaayan weuteuh. Kitu deui jeung lirik puisina, Koméntator kuna nyebutkeun cenah gaya nulis Sapfo lirik puisina ''élegi'' jeung ''iambic''. Aya tilu ''épigram'' anu disangkut pautkeun jeung sapfo, Sok padahal éta mah  ''Hellenistik'' meunang niron tina gaya nulisna sapfo.

Saeutik pisan anu dipikanyaho ngeunaan kahirupan Sapfo. Anjeuna téh kawasna katurunan kulawarga beunghar ti Lesbos, Sanajan teu kungsi kanyahoan saha ngaran kolotna. Ceuk sumber kuna nyebutkeun cenah sapfo téh boga tilu dulur lalaki; Charaxos (Χάραξος), Larichos (Λάριχος) jeung Eurygios (Εὐρύγιος). Dua diantarana, Charaxos jeung  Larichos, disebutkeun dina puisina “ [[Brothers Poem]]” kapanggih taun 2014. Manéhna Safo ditundung/diasingkeun ka Sicily kurang leuwih taun 600 SM, éta ogé meureun terus lumangsung digawé nepi ka taun 570 SM. Numutkeun kana legenda, anjeuna nelasan manénéh/bunuh diri kujalan luncat tina gawir Leucadian alatan ambon sorangan mikahayang ka [[Phaon]] tukang perahu. 


Sapfo saurang pujangga anu loba ngahasilkeun [[puisi]],  meureun lamun dikumpulkeun aya kana 10,000 baris. Puisina kakoncara sareng seueur anu mikayungyun, Safo ogé kalebet salah saurang kanon [[Salapan Pujangga Lirik]] anu paling dipihormat ku sarjana [[Hellenistic]] Alexandria. Puisi-puisi  Sapfo masih dianggap luar biasa sareng karya-karyana terus mangaruhan panulis sanés. Disaluareun puisina, anjeunna kasohor salaku simbol [[Lesbian]] cinta ka sasama awéwé,{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|pp=2–9}} dina kecap basa Inggris ''[[:wikt:sapphic|sapphic]]'' jeung ''[[:wikt:lesbian|lesbian]]'' diturunkeun tina ngaran dirina sareng pulo asalna masing-masing.

==Sumber kuna==
Pangaweruh modérn ngeunaan Sapfo dumasar tina naon anu tiasa disimpulkeun tina puisina sorangan, jeung tina naskah kuno lianna anu nyebutkeun ngeunaan dirina.{{sfn|duBois|2015|p=81}}  Puisi Sapfo sorangan mangrupikeun hiji-hijina sumber kontémporér pikeun hirupna.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=2}}  ''Biografi'' Sapfo anu masih nyésa/salamet ti anu pangheubeulna  abad kadua atawa mimiti abad katilu [[Maséhi]], kurang leuwih dalapan abad sanggeus hirup Sapfo;  salajengna nyaéta ''Suda'', énsiklopédi jaman [[Bizantium]].{{sfn|Kivilo|2021|p=11}}  Sumber-sumber sanés anu nyebatkeun leuwih jéntré ngeunaan kahirupan Sapfo ditulis langkung caket sareng jamanna, dimimitian dina abad kalima SM.{{sfn|Kivilo|2021|p=11}}  Inpormasi ngeunaan kahirupan Sapfo anu kacatet dina sumber kuna diturunkeun tina guaran pernyataan-pernyataan dina puisina sorangan anu dianggap ku pangarang kuna salaku biografi, dibarengan ku ''tradisi lokal''.{{sfn|Kivilo|2021|p=11}}  Sababaraha tradisi kuna ngeunaan Sapfo, kayaning pamadegan ngeunaan séksualitas jeung dangdanan dirina, bisa diturunkeun tina ''komedi/drama''.{{sfn|Lefkowitz|2012|p=42}}

Nepi ka abad XIX, sumber kuna ngeunaan kahirupan pujangga kuna anu loba ditarima kurang jero/''uncritically''. Dina abad ka-19, kaom ''klasikis'' mimiti ''skeptis'' kana tradisi ieu, sarta tinimbang nyoba diturunkeun inpormasi biografi tina puisi-puisina anu salamet.{{sfn|Kivilo|2010|pp=2&ndash;3}}  Dina satengah ahir abad ka XX, sarjana janten beuki ''skeptis'' kana  ''lirik'' puisi [[Yunani]] salaku sumber informasi ''otobiografi''.{{sfn|Kivilo|2010|pp=3&ndash;4}}  Sababaraha sarjana, sapertos [[Mary Lefkowitz]], mibanda pamadegan yén ampir euweuh anu bisa dipikawanoh ngeunaan kahirupan pujangga Yunani ti mimiti Sapfo; Seuseueurna sarjana percaya yén kasaksian kuno ngeunaan kahirupan para pujangga ngandung sababaraha bebeneran tapi kedah pariksa tur ditaluntik kalayan ati-ati.{{sfn|Kivilo|2010|p=4}}



==Kahirupan==
Tangtuna saeutik anu dipikanyaho ngeunaan kahirupan Sapfo.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=1}} Manéhna ti pulo Lesbos{{sfn|Hutchinson|2001|p=139}}{{efn|According to the [[Suda]] she was from [[Eresos]] rather than Mytilene;{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=4}} most ''testimonia'' and some of Sappho's own poetry point to Mytilene.{{sfn|Hutchinson|2001|p=140|loc=n.1}}}} sarta hirup di ahir abad katujuh jeung awal abad kagenep SM.{{sfn|Kivilo|2010|p=198|loc=n.174}}  Ieu mangrupikeun tanggal anu dipasihkeun ku kalolobaan sumber kuna, anu nganggap dirina kontémporér [[Alcaeus of Mytilene|Alcaeus]] jeung [[Pittacus]].{{sfn|Kivilo|2010|p=198|loc=n.174}}{{efn|[[Strabo]] nyebutkeun yén manéhna téh kontémporér tina [[Alcaeus of Mytilene|Alcaeus]] (born {{circa|620 BC}}) jeung [[Pittacus]] ({{circa|645 BC|570 BC}}); [[Athenaeus]] yén anjeunna kontemporer [[Alyattes of Lydia|Alyattes]], raja Lidia ({{circa|610 BC|560 BC}}). The Suda nyebutkeun yén manéhna aktip salila Olimpiade 42nd(612&ndash;608 BC), bari [[Eusebius]] nyebutkeun yén manéhna kawentar ku Olimpiade ka-45 (600&ndash;599 BC).{{sfn|Campbell|1982|pp=x–xi}}}} Ku kituna bisa waé manéhna bisa jadi geus dilahirkeun dina kuartal katilu abad katujuh &ndash; Franco Ferrari nyimpulkeun waktu kurangleuwih 650 atanapi 640 SM;{{sfn|Ferrari|2010|pp=8&ndash;9}} David Campbell nyarankeun kira-kira atawa saméméh 630 SM.{{sfn|Campbell|1982|p=xi}}  [[Gregory Hutchinson (classicist)|Gregory Hutchinson]] nunjukkeun yén anjeunna aktip dugi ka  570-an SM.{{sfn|Hutchinson|2001|p=140}}

Ngaran tradisional indungna salaku Cleïs.{{sfn|Mendelsohn|2015}} Ieu tiasa diturun tina sajak atanapi catetan anu ayeuna tos leungit,{{sfn|Kivilo|2010|p=175}} sanajan sarjana kuna bisa ngan geus ditebak ieu ngaran, asumsina yén putri Sapfo urang Cleïs dingaranan dirina.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=4}} Ngaran bapana Sapfo urang kirang pasti. Sapuluh ngaran dipikawanoh pikeun bapana Sapfo urang ti sumber kuna;{{efn|Two in the [[Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1800|Oxyrhynchus biography (P.Oxy. 1800)]], seven more in the Suda, and one in a [[scholion]] on Pindar.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2008|loc=ch. 4 n. 65}}}} ''proliferasi'' ieu tina ngaran mungkin nunjukkeun yén anjeunna teu éksplisit ngaranna dina salah sahiji sajakna Sapfo.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|pp=3–4}} Ngaran pangheubeulna jeung paling ilahar #attesteds pikeun bapana Sapfo urang nyaéta Scamandronymus.{{efn|Σκαμανδρώνυμος in Greek. Given as Sappho's father in the Oxyrhynchus biography, Suda, a scholion on Plato's ''Phaedrus'', and Aelian's ''Historical Miscellanies'', and as Charaxos' father in Herodotus.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2008|loc=ch. 4}}}} In Ovid's ''[[Heroides]]'', Bapana Sapfo maot nalika yuswa tujuh.{{sfn|Most|1995|p=20}} Anjeunna teu disebutkeun dina salah sahiji karyana anu salamet, tapi Campbell nunjukkeun kalawan  jéntré ieu mungkin geus dumasar kana sajak anu ayeuna-leungit.{{sfn|Campbell|1982|p=15|loc=n.1}} Ngaran Sapfo sorangan kapanggih dina sababaraha rupa  éjaan;{{efn|Inscriptions on Attic vase paintings read ΦΣΑΦΟ, ΣΑΦΟ, ΣΑΠΠΩΣ, and ΣΑΦΦΟ; on coins ΨΑΠΦΩ, ΣΑΠΦΩ, and ΣΑΦΦΩ all survive.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2008|loc=ch. 2}}}} wangun nu nembongan dina puisi ''extant'' dirina sorangan nyaéta Sapfo (Ψάπφω).<ref>Sappho, frr. 1.20, 65.5, 94.5, 133b</ref>{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|page=98}}

[[File:1877_Charles_Mengin_-_Sappho.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=|''Sappho'' (1877) by [[Charles Mengin]] (1853–1933). Hiji tradisi nyebutkeun yén Sapfo bunuh diri ku luncat tina gawir Leucadian.{{sfn|Lidov|2002|pp=205–6|loc=n.7}}]]

Sapfo cenah gaduh tilu sadulur: Erigyius, Larichus, jeung Charaxus. Numutkeun [[Athenaeus]], anjeunna sering muji Larichus pikeun tuang anggur di aula kota Mytilene, hiji kantor dicekel ku budak kulawarga pangalusna.{{sfn|Campbell|1982|pp=xi, 189}} Indikasi ieu yén Sapfo lahir dina kulawarga bangsawan saluyu sareng lingkungan anu sakapeung jarang anu dirékam ayat-ayat na.. Hiji tradisi kuno nyarioskeun hubungan antara Charaxus sareng courtesan Mesir [[Rhodopis (hetaera)|Rhodopis]]. Herodotus, sumber carita pangkolotna, ngalaporkeun yén Charaxus nebus Rhodopis ku jumlah anu ageung sareng yén Sapfo nyerat sajak anu ngahukum anjeunna pikeun ieu.{{efn|Other sources say that Charaxus' lover was called Doricha, rather than Rhodopis.{{sfn|Campbell|1982|pp=15, 187}}}}<ref>Herodotus, ''Histories'', 2.135 = Sappho 254a</ref> Ngaran dua lanceukna, Charaxus jeung Larichus, anu disebutkeun dina [[Brothers Poem]], kapanggih dina 2014; lanceukna pamungkas, Erigyius, disebatkeun dina tilu sumber kuno tapi henteu aya dina karya Sapfo anu masih aya.{{sfn|Lardinois|2021|p=172}}

Manéhna bisa jadi geus miboga putri ngaranna Cleïs, nu disebut dina dua fragmén.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=3}} Henteu sadayana sarjana nampi yén Cleïs mangrupikeun putri Sapfo. Fragment 132 ngajelaskeun Cleïs salaku "παῖς" (''pais''), anu, ogé hartina "anaking", ogé bisa ngarujuk kana "youthful beloved in a male homosexual liaison".{{sfn|Hallett|1982|p=22}} Geus ngusulkeun yén Cleïs éta salah sahiji pencinta ngora Sappho urang, tinimbang putrina,{{sfn|Hallett|1982|p=22}} sanajan [[Judith Hallett]] pamadegan yén basa nu dipaké dina fragmén 132 nunjukkeun yén Sappho ngarujuk Cleïs salaku putri nya..{{sfn|Hallett|1982|pp=22–23}}

Nurutkeun kana [[Suda]], Sapfo ieu nikah ka Kerkylas ti [[Andros]].{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=4}} Ngaran ieu sigana geus invented by pujangga komik: nami "Kerkylas" ({{lang|grc|Κερκύλας}}) kaciri mangrupa kecap ''diminutif'' {{lang|grc|κέρκος}} ({{transl|grc|kerkos}}), kamungkinan hartina "sirit"/"penis", tur teu disebutkeun ''attested'' salaku ngaran,{{sfn|Parker|1993|p=309}}{{efn|Padahal ngaran sarupa kaasup {{lang|grc|Κερκύλος}} ({{transl|grc|Kerkylos}}) anu dibuktoskeun.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2008|loc=Ch.4 n.36}}}} sedengkeun "Andros", sakumaha ogé jadi ngaran hiji  pulo Yunani, mangrupa wangun kecap Yunani {{lang|grc|ἀνήρ}} ({{transl|grc|aner}}), anu hartina "lalaki".{{sfn|Mendelsohn|2015}} Ku kituna, ngaranna bisa jadi lulucon.{{sfn|Parker|1993|p=309}} Dina basa Inggris sarua bakal éta Sapfo ieu nikah ka "Dick-Allcock ti Pulo Man".{{sfn|Mendelsohn|2015}}

Ceuk hiji tradisi yén Sapfo diasingkeun ti Lesbos sabudeureun 600 SM.{{sfn|Hutchinson|2001|p=139}} Babad Parian/ [[Parian Chronicle]] catetan Sapfo badé diasingkeun di Sisilia sababaraha waktu antara 604 jeung 595, meureun ''coinciding''/bertepatan jeung [[Pittacus]] nyandak kakuatan dina 597.{{sfn|Ferrari|2010|pp=18&ndash;19}} Ieu bisa jadi salaku hasil tina ''involvement'' kulawargana jeung ''konflik'' antara élit pulitik di Lesbos dina mangsa ieu.,{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=10}} alesan anu sami pikeun pengasingan Alcaeus kontémporér Sapfo ti Mytilene sakitar waktos anu sami.{{sfn|Kurke|2007|p=158}}

Hiji tradisi balik deui sahenteuna ka [[Menander]] (Fr. 258 K) ngusulkeun éta Sapfo bunuh diri ku luncat tina [[Lefkada|Leucadian cliffs]] pikeun cinta ka [[Phaon]], tukang kapal. Ieu dianggap salaku ahistorical ku sarjana moderén, meureun diciptakeun ku para panyajak komik atawa asalna tina kasalahan maca rujukan jalma kahiji dina sajak ''non-biografi''.{{sfn|Lidov|2002|pp=205–6|loc=n.7}} Legénda éta tiasa nyababkeun sabagian tina kahayang pikeun negeskeun Sapfo salaku hétéroséksual.{{sfn|Hallett|1979|pp=448–449}}{{clear left}}


==Pagawéna==
[[File:P.Sapph.Obbink.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Black and white photograph of a fragment of papyrus with Greek text|P.&nbsp;Sapph.&nbsp;Obbink: hiji fragmén anu kapanggih tina papirus salahsahiji puisi Sapfo [[Brothers Poem]]/sajak baraya]
Sapfo dipercaya geus nulis kurang leuwih 10,000 baris sajak; kiwari, ngan kari 650 anu salamet.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=7}} Anu dipikawanoh ti manéhna téh tayalian pangalusna dina [[puisi liris]], ditulis pikeun dipirig ku musik.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=7}} ''Suda'' ogé nyebutkeun kana karya Sappho mibanda ciri mandiri /genre ''[[epigrams]]'', ''[[elegiacs]]'', jeung ''[[iambus (genre)|iambics]];'' tilu tina ''epigrams'' ieu aya, engkéna sajak-sajakna Hellenistic diideuan ku ieukaryana Sappho.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=8}}  ''The iambic'' jeung ''elegiac'' sajak dikaitkeun ka dirina di Suda ogé bisa jadi ''imitations'' engkéna.{{efn|Scholars such as Alexander Dale and Richard Martin have suggested that some of Sappho's surviving fragments may have been considered iambic in genre, even though they were not composed in iambic trimeter, by ancient sources.{{sfn|Dale|2011|pp=47&ndash;55}}{{sfn|Martin|2016|pp=115&ndash;118}}}}{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=8}}Baheula pangarang ngaku yén Sappho utamana nulis cinta sajak,{{sfn|Campbell|1982|p=xii}} sarta transmisi teu langsung karya Sappho ngarojong pamanggih ieu.{{sfn|Bierl|Lardinois|2016|p=3}} Sanajan kitu, tradisi papirus nyarankeun yén ieu bisa jadi teu jadi: runtuyan papirus diterbitkeun dina 2014 ngandung fragmen sapuluh padeukeut sajak ti Buku I tina édisi Alexandrian of Sapfo, di antarana waé dua anu pasti cinta puisi, sedengkeun sahanteuna tilu jeung kamungkinan opat utamana paduli kulawarga.{{sfn|Bierl|Lardinois|2016|p=3}}


===Édisi Baheula===
Puisi-puisi Sapfo éta meureun mimiti ditulis di Lesbos, boh dina hirupna atawa teu lila saterusna,{{sfn|Bolling|1961|p=152}} mimitina meureun dina wangun skor pikeun palaku karyana.{{sfn|Winkler|1990|p=166}} Dina abad kalima SM, Buku Athena penerbit meureun mimiti ngahasilkeun salinan puisi lirik Lesbian, sababaraha kaasup katerangan bahan jeung glosses ogé sajak sorangan.{{sfn|Bolling|1961|p=152}} Sababaraha waktu dina abad kadua atawa katilu, [[Alexandrian school|Alexandrian scholars]] ngahasilkeun édisi kritis puisi Sapfo.{{sfn|de Kreij|2015|p=28}} Aya meureun geus leuwih ti hiji édisi Alexandrian – [[John J. Winkler]] boga dua pamanggih, hiji diédit ku [[Aristophanes of Byzantium]] jeung hiji deui ku muridna [[Aristarchus of Samothrace]].{{sfn|Winkler|1990|p=166}} eu henteu pasti – sumber kuna béjaan kami itu édisi Aristarchus ti  Alcaeus gaganti édisi ku Aristophanes, tapi teu kanyahoan ngeunaan  karya Sapfo naha ogé ngaliwat sababaraha édisi.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|1999|p=180|loc=n.4}}

Édisi Alexandrian tina puisi Sapfo ieu dumasar kana aya kumpulan Athena,{{sfn|Bolling|1961|p=152}} sarta éta dibagi jadi sahenteuna dalapan buku, sanajan jumlah pastina teu pasti.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|1999|p=181}} Loba sarjana modern geus dituturkeun Nolak Kaca, anu ngaduga buku kasalapan dina édisi standar;{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|1999|p=181}} Yatromanolakis ieu ragu, sanajan yén teu aya sumber kuna ngarujuk kana buku kadalapan puisi Sapfo, taya nu nyebut kasalapan.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|1999|p=184}} Édisi Alexandrian tina Sapfo sigana dikelompokeun sajak-sajakna ku waktuna: sumber kuna ngabejaan urang yén tiap tina tilu buku munggaran ngandung sajak dina méter husus tunggal.{{sfn|Lidov|2011}} Édisi kuno Sapfo, kamungkinan dimimitian ku édisi Alexandrian, sigana geus maréntahkeun sajak dina sahenteuna buku munggaran puisi Sapfo – nu ngandung karya nu diwangun dina [[Sapphic stanza]]s – ''alphabetically''.{{sfn|Obbink|2016|p=42}}

Malah sanggeus publikasi tina édisi Alexandrian standar, Puisi Sapfo terus medar dina kumpulan puisi séjénna. Contona, nu dina ''Cologne Papyrus'' [[Tithonus poem]] éta dilestarikeun  bagian tina hiji puisi ''antologi'' Hellenistic, anu eusina puisi disusun dumasar téma, tinimbang ku waktu medalna, sakumaha anu kasebut dina édisi Alexandrian.{{sfn|Clayman|2011}}

===Puisi Anu Salamet===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 320
| image1 = P.Köln XI 429.jpg
| alt1 = Fragments of papyrus
| width1 = 1608
| height1 = 1628
| image2 = Ostrakon PSI XIII 1300, II sec. ac, frammento di un'ode di saffo sul culto di afrodite.JPG
| alt2 = A fragment of teracotta pottery, written on with black ink.
| width2 = 1664
| height2 = 2080
| footer = Most of Sappho's poetry is preserved in manuscripts of other ancient writers or on papyrus fragments, but part of one poem survives on a potsherd.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=8}}  The papyrus pictured (left) preserves the [[Tithonus poem]] (fragment 58); the potsherd (right) preserves [[Sappho 2|fragment 2]].
}}

Naskah puisi Sapfo anu pangheubeulna masih keneh aya kapanggih, kaasup tulisan nu aya dina gerabah [[Sappho 2|fragment 2]] masih kaburu dilestarikeun, éta asalna ti abad ka  katilu SM, kawasna baé tiasa sateuacanna édisi Alexandrian.{{sfn|Winkler|1990|p=166}} Salinan anu pang panderina  tina sajak Sapfo anu dikirimkeun langsung ti jaman baheula ditulis dina parchment [[codex]] kaca ti kagenep jeung abad katujuh Masehi, tur éta pasti dihasilkeun tina papirus kuno ayeuna geus leungit.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|pp=81–2}} Salinan naskah karya Sapfo mungkin geus salamet dina sababaraha abad, ngan kawasna abad ka-9 puisi kacirina geus ngiles,{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=81}} sarta ku abad ka 12, [[John Tzetzes]] bisa nulis éta "the passage of time has destroyed Sappho and her works".{{refn|1=Tzetzes, ''On the Metres of Pindar'' 20–22 = T. 61}}

Nurutkeun legenda, Puisi Sapfo leungit kusabab [[gareja]] teu satuju kana moralna.{{sfn|Mendelsohn|2015}} Ieu legenda nembongan geus asalna dina [[Renaissance]] – kurang leuwih dina 1550, [[Jerome Cardan]] nulis anu [[Gregory of Nazianzus|Gregory Nazianzen]] karya Sapfo sacara umum ancur, sarta dina ahir abad 16 [[Joseph Justus Scaliger]] ngaku yén karya Sappho diduruk di Roma jeung [[Konstantinopél]] di 1073 dumasar pesenan ti [[Pope Gregory VII]].{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=81}}
bisa nulis éta|p=18}} Faktor nyumbang kana kaleungitan sajak Sapfo meureun nya [[dialék Aeolic]], dianggap propinsi dina hiji periode dimana éta [[Attic dialék]] dianggap salaku Yunani klasik asli,{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=18}} jeung kungsi jadi patokan karya sastra.{{sfn|Williamson|1995|page=41}} Balukarna, loba pamiarsa kapanggih  hésé ngarti kana dialek Sapfo: dina abad kadua [[Maséhi]], pangarang [[Romawi]] [[Apuleius]] specifically remarks on its "strangeness",<ref>Apuleius, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu v/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0501%3Asection%3D9 ''Apologia'' 9]</ref> jeung sababaraha komééntator dina subjék démonstrasi kungsi ngalaman kasusah nu maca dina hésé ngahartikeun.{{sfn|Williamson|1995|pp=41&ndash;42}} Ieu bagian tina turunna leuwih umum dina minat para pujangga kuna;{{sfn|Williamson|1995|p=42}} leres pisan, papirus salamet nyarankeun yén puisi Sapfo urang salamet leuwih panjang batan nu kontémporée dirina kayaning Alcaeus.{{sfn|Finglass|2021|pp=232, 239}}

Ngan kira-kira 650 baris puisi Sapfo urang masih salamet, nu ngan hiji sajak – the "Ode to Aphrodite" – geus lengkep, sarta leuwih ti satengah tina garis aslina salamet dina sabudeureun sapuluh deui fragmén. Loba sempalan salamet tina Sapfo ngandung ukur hiji kecap{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=7}} – salaku conto, fragment 169A ngan saukur harti kecap "kado kawinan",{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=85}} tur salamet salaku bagian tina kamus kecap langka.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=148}} Dua sumber utama tina fragmen salamet tina Sapfo mangrupa cutatan dina kuna séjén dianggo, tina sajak gembleng nepi ka saeutik jadi hiji kecap, jeung fragmén tina papirus, loba nu kapanggih di [[Oxyrhynchus]] di Mesir.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|pp=7–8}} sempalan lianna salamet dina bahan séjén, kaasup ''parchment''jeung ''potsherds''.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=8}} Pangkolotna salamet sempalan puisi Sapfo ayeuna dipikawanoh nyaéta ''Cologne papyrus'' nu ngandung sajak ''Tithonus'',{{sfn|West|2005|p=1}} ti abad ka tilu SM.{{sfn|Obbink|2011}}

[[File:Grenfell-hunt-1896.jpg|thumb|right|Grenfell jeung Hunt, c.1896]]
Sampai kuartal terakhir abad ka salapan belas, ngan kutipan kuna puisi Sapfo anu nyesa. Di 1879, munggaran anyar kapanggihna  tina sempalan pisi Sapfo dijieun di [[Fayum]].{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=289}} Nepi ka tungtun taun abad XIX, [[Bernard Pyne Grenfell|Grenfell]] jeung [[Arthur Surridge Hunt|Hunt]] geus dimimitian ngagali tempat pamiceunan runtah kuna di Oxyrhynchus, ngarah kana pamanggihan tina loba fragmén/sempalan puisi Sapfo saméméhna kungsi kanyahoan.{{sfn|Mendelsohn|2015}} Fragmén puisi Sapfo terus kapanggih deui. Loba Nu panganyarna, pamanggihan utama dina 2004 ''(the "Tithonus poem" and a new, previously unknown fragment)''{{sfn|Skinner|2011}} jeung 2014 (sempalan salapan sajak: lima geus dipikawanoh tapi ku bacaan anyar, opat, kaasup nu "[[Brothers Poem]]", teu dipikawanoh saméméhna){{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=155}} geus dilaporkeun dina média sakuliah dunya.{{sfn|Mendelsohn|2015}}




===Gaya===
Sapfo digawé dina tradisi anu alus-dimekarkeun tina puisi Lesbian, nu kungsi mekar diksi puitis sorangan, méter, jeung konvénsi.{{sfn|Burn|1960|page=229}} Sateuacan Sapfo sareng Alcaeus kontemporer na, Lesbos ieu pakait kalawan puisi jeung musik ngaliwatan mistis [[Orpheus]] jeung [[Arion]], dina abad katujuh SM pujangga [[Terpander]].{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=35}}  The [[Aeolic verse|Lesbian metrical tradition]] dimana Sapfo ngarang puisina béda tinu séjén di Yunani sabab baris na salawasna ngandung jumlah suku kata tetep &ndash; kontras jeung tradisi séjén nu diwenangkeun pikeun substitusi dua suku kata pondok pikeun hiji panjang atawa sabalikna.{{sfn|Battezzato|2021|p=121}}

Sapfo mangrupikeun salah sahiji pujangga Yunani anu munggaran ngadopsi "lyric 'I'" – nulis sajak nyoko kana panéénjo/''sudut pandang'' jalma nu tangtu, kontras jeung pujangga éépik saméméhna [[Homer]] jeung [[Hesiod]], anu nembongkeun n diri leuwih salaku "saluran tina ''divine''''/ ilham pangééean".{{sfn|duBois|1995|p=6}} Puisi nya explores individu jati diri jeung pribadi émosi – kahayang, timburuan, jeung cinta; éta ogé adopts jeung napsirkeun deui nu geus aya gambaran puisi épik dina ngokolakeun ieu téma.{{sfn|duBois|1995|p=7}} Sigana geus diwangun pikeun rupa-rupa kasempetan boh publik jeung swasta, sarta meureun ''encompassed'' duanana dianggi dina  [[paduan suara]] dianggo.{{sfn|Kurke|2021|p=95}}  Dibarengan ku puisi cinta anu anjeunna paling dikenal, karya-karyana anu masih kénéh hirup diantarana sajak museur kana kulawarga, naratif dipangaruhan epik, lagu kawinan, ''hymns kultus'', jeung ''invective''.{{sfn|Budelmann|2019|pp=113&ndash;114}}

Puisi Sapfo dipikanyaho ku basa anu jelas sareng pikiran anu sederhana, jeung ngagunakeun cutatan langsung nu brings rasa immediacy.{{sfn|Campbell|1967|p=262}} Kecap-muter anu teu kaduga mangrupikeun ciri khas tina gayana.{{sfn|Zellner|2008|p=435}} Contona nyaéta tina sempalan 96: "ayeuna manehna nangtung kaluar diantara awéwé Lydian sakumaha sanggeus Panonpoé Tilelep the rose-meraba bulan melebihi semua bintang",{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=66}} variasi dari [[Homeric epithet]] "Fajar berjari kemerahan".{{sfn|Zellner|2008|p=439}} Puisi Sapfo sering digunakan [[hyperbole]], menurut kritikus kuno "karena pesonanya".{{sfn|Zellner|2008|p=438}} Contoh ditemukan dalam fragmen 111, di mana Sapfo menulis itu "Pengantin pria pendekatan seperti Ares [...] Jauh lebih besar dari pria besar".{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=73}}

[[Leslie Kurke]] ngagolongkeun Sapfo dengan itu penyair Yunani kuno dari apa yang disebut "élit" ''ideologis tradisi'',{{efn|Though the word "élite" is used as a shorthand for a particular ideological tradition within Archaic Greek poetic thought, it is highly likely that all Archaic poets in fact were part of the elite, both by birth and wealth.{{sfn|Kurke|2007|p=152}}}} nu hargana méwah (''habrosyne'') jeung lahir luhur. Ieu pujangga élit condong ngaidentipikasi diri jeung dunya mitos Yunani, déwa, jeung pahlawan, kitu ogé Wétan jegud, utamana [[Lydia]].{{sfn|Kurke|2007|pp=147–148}} Thus in fragment 2 Sapfo boga Aphrodite "tuang kana cangkir emas nectar lavishly dicampurkeun jeung joys",{{refn|Sappho 2.14–16}} sedengkeun dina sajak Tithonus anjeunna sacara éksplisit nyatakeun yén "Abdi resep hal anu langkung saé [''habrosyne'']".{{refn|Sappho 58.15}}{{sfn|Kurke|2007|p=150}}{{efn|M.L. West comments on the translation of this word, "'Loveliness' is an inadequate translation of ''habrosyne'', but I have not found an adequate one.  Sappho does not mean 'elegance' or 'luxury'".{{sfn|West|2005|page=7}}}} Numutkeun Page DuBois, basa, ogé eusina, puisi Sapfo evokes hiji lapisan aristocratic.{{sfn|duBois|1995|pp=176–7}} Manéhna kontras Sapfo urang"flowery,[...] adorned" style with the "austere, decorous, restrained" style embodied in the works of saterusna pangarang klasik kayaning [[Sophocles]], [[Demosthenes]], dan [[Pindar]].{{sfn|duBois|1995|pp=176–7}}



===Musik===
[[File:Brygos Painter ARV 385 228 Alkaios and Sappho - Dionysos and maenad (07).jpg|thumb|alt=Red-figure vase painting of a woman holding a barbitos. On the left, a bearded man with a barbitos is partially visible.|Salah sahiji gambar Sapfo pangheubeulna anu masih bisa disalametkeun, ti c. 470 SM. Manéhna ditémbongkeun keur nyekel hiji ''[[barbitos]]'' jeung ''plectrum'' (samodél harpa), bari ngaregepkeun [[Alcaeus of Mytilene|Alcaeus]].{{sfn|McClure|2002|page=38}}]]

Puisi Sapfo ditulis keur ditembangkeun tapi éta henteu tangtu gumantung kaperluanna.{{sfn|Battezzato|2021|p=129}} 
Salaku éta sapertina teu mirip kanu mana wae tina sistem [[Musical system of ancient Greece|notasi musik]] nuaya di Yunani Kuna harita saméméh abad kalima, musik aslina anu bakal marengan lagu Sapfo urang meureun moal mikanyaho nepi ka panggih naskah séjén ti jaman klasik anu salamet,{{sfn|Battezzato|2021|p=129}} tur kitu deui euweuh sahiji ogé musik kuna nu dipiwanoh pikeun marengan puisi Sapfo anu salamet atawa kapanggih kiwari .{{sfn|Gordon|2002|p=xii}} Puisi Sapfo ieu cenah geus ditulis dina[[Mixolydian mode#Greek Mixolydian|mixolydian mode]],{{sfn|Battezzato|2021|p=130}} nu dianggap sedih; ieu ilahar dipaké dina [[tragedi Yunani]], jeung [[Aristoxenus]] percaya yén tragedi diajar ti Sapfo .{{sfn|West|1992|p=182}}  Aristoxenus nyangkut pautkeunn Safpo tina pamanggih  tina mode ieu, tapi ieu tetep klaim dubious.{{sfn|Anderson|Mathiesen|2001}} '' The classicist Stefan Hagel'' boga panyangga  éta sugan waé Sapfo mimiti ngapopulerkeun téh pakaitna antara mixolydian na mournfulness.{{sfn|Hagel|2010|p=373}} Bari aya euweuh attestations yén Aisyah dipaké lianna [[Mode (music)|mode]]s, nya meureun variatif aranjeunna gumantung kana sajak  karakterna.{{sfn|Battezzato|2021|p=130}} Nalika mimiti ditembangkeun, unggal suku kata téks nya sigana pakait sareng hiji catetan salaku pamakéan panjangna [[melisma]]s dimekarkeun dina jaman klasik engké..{{sfn|Battezzato|2021|p=131}}

Sapfo utamina nyerat pikeun dua format: panyanyi solo sareng paduan suara.{{sfn|Battezzato|2021|p=131}} Kalayan Alcaeus, anjeunna naratas gaya nyanyian énggal [[monody]] (single-line melody) anu undur tina gaya paduan suara multi-bagian anu umumna diartikeun musik Yunani baheula.{{sfn|Anderson|Mathiesen|2001}} Gaya ieu dipasihan nya leuwih kasempetan pikeun ngaindividualkeun eusi sajakna; the historian [[Plutarch]] nyatet yén manéhna "speaks kecap dicampur sabenerna jeung seuneu, sarta ngaliwatan lagu nya, manéhna tarik panas ngagambarkeun haténa".{{sfn|Anderson|Mathiesen|2001}} Beberapa sarjana téori yén sajak Tithonus  éta diantara karyana maksudna pinanggih  pikeun penyanyi solo.{{sfn|Battezzato|2021|p=131}} Ngan fragmen karya paduan suara Sapfo masih aya, jeung ieu, saeutik leuwih ti dirina [[épithalamia]] lagu kawin masih aya bisa disalametkeun .{{sfn|Anderson|Mathiesen|2001}} Nu engké komposisi éta meureun dimaksudkeun pikeun [[Call and response (music)|antiphonal]] prakna antara boh paduan suara lalaki jeung awéwé atawa soloist jeung paduan suara.{{sfn|Battezzato|2021|p=131}}

Dina waktosna Sapfo, puisi ditembangkeun éta dipirig ku [[musical instrument]]s, which usually [[Voicing (music)#Doubling|doubled]] the voice in [[unison]] atawa diputer [[Homophony|homophonically]] hiji [[octave]] luhur atawa handap.{{sfn|Battezzato|2021|p=130}} Sajakna nyebut loba instrumén, kaasup the [[Ancient Greek harps#Pektis, trigonus|pēktis]], hiji harpa ti  [[Lydians|Lydian]] asal usul,{{efn|The [[Ancient Greek harps#Pektis, trigonus|pēktis]] harpa, ogé katelah plektron atawa plectrum, bisa jadi sarua jeung [[magadis]].{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2008|loc=ch. 3}}}} jeung [[lyre]].{{efn|Sappho names both the {{lang|grc|λύρα}} (''lyra'') and {{lang|grc|χελύννα}} (''chelynna'', {{lit|tortoise}});{{sfn|Battezzato|2021|p=131}} duanana nuduhkeun [[bowl lyre]]s.{{sfn|West|1992|p=50}}}}{{sfn|Battezzato|2021|p=131}} Sappho paling raket pakaitna jeung [[barbitos]],{{sfn|Anderson|Mathiesen|2001}} a lyre-kawas instrumen string anu jero dina pitch.{{sfn|Battezzato|2021|p=131}}  [[Euphorion of Chalcis]] ngalaporkeun yén anjeunna ngarujuk kana sajakna,{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2008|loc=ch. 3}} sareng vase abad ka-5 anu kasohor ku boh nu [[Dokimasia Painter]] atawa [[Brygos Painter]] ngawengku Sappho na Alcaeus kalawan barbitoi.{{sfn|Battezzato|2021|p=131}} Sappho nyebatkeun [[aulos]], a wind instrument kalawan dua pipa, in [[Sappho 44|fragment 44]] salaku pamirig lagu wanoja-wanoja Trojan di [[Hector]] jeung [[Andromache]]'s kawinan, tapi henteu sebagé pamirig puisina sorangan .{{sfn|Battezzato|2021|p=132}}  Engké Koméntator Yunani salah percaya anu mana manéhna  geus manggihan [[plectrum]].{{sfn|West|1992|p=65}}



==Sexuality==
{{multiple image|total_width=300|direction=vertical
|image1=Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, R.A., O.M. - Sappho and Alcaeus - Google Art Project.jpg|width1=7628|height1=4172
|image2=Sappho and Erinna in a Garden at Mytilene.jpg|width2=1536|height2=1338
|footer=Seksualitas Sapfo geus lila jadi bahan padungdengan.  Sir [[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]]'s ''[[Sappho and Alcaeus]]'' (luuhur) katempo manéhna keur mencrong ka Alcaeus kalawan dilimpudan ku rasa birahi;  gambar-gambar Sapfo lesbian, seperti lukisan Sapfo ku [[Simeon Solomon]] jeung [[Erinna]] (handap), jauh lewih jarang mangsa abad ke-19.}}
Istilah umum ''lesbian'' tayalian métafora pikeun Sapfo, anu asalna tina ngarana ti pulo [[Lesbos]], tempat manéhna gumelar.{{efn|The adjective ''sapphic'', which means "relating to lesbians and/or lesbianism", and the related words ''sapphist'', ''sapphism'' etc. all also come from Sappho.}}{{sfn|Most|1995|p=15}} Sanajan kitu, manéhna teu salawasna dianggap kitu. Dina komedi Athena klasik (ti éta [[Old Comedy]] ti abad kalima ka Menander dina ahir kaopat jeung mimiti abad katilu SM), Sapfo karikatur salaku awéwé hétéroséksual promiscuous,{{sfn|Most|1995|p=17}} sarta teu nepi ka Hellenistic periode nu kahiji sumber anu sacara éksplisit ngaguar homoeroticism Sapfo dilestarikan. Pangheubeulna ieu mangrupa fragmentary biografi ditulis dina papyrus dina ahir abad katilu atawa awal abad kadua SM,<ref>P.Oxy. 1800 fr. 1 = T 1</ref> nu mertahankeun yén Sapfo éta "dituduh ku sababaraha anu henteu sajalan dina cara dirina sareng kabogoh awéwé".{{sfn|Campbell|1982|page=3}} meureun kaca koméntar éta frasa "ku sababaraha" nunjukkeun yén sanajan korpus pinuh ku puisi Sapfo  teu nyadiakeun bukti konklusif naha manéhna digambarkeun salaku gaduh dorongan sex jeung awewe.{{sfn|Page|1959|page=142}} Ieu pangarang kuna teu kaciri boga dipercaya yén Sapfo tuh, kanyataanna, gaduh hubungan seksual jeung awéwé séjén, jeung ahir abad kasapuluh teh Suda ngarékam éta Sapfo "dituduh fitnah" gaduh hubungan seksual sareng anjeunna "murid awéwé".{{sfn|Hallett|1979|p=448}}

Di antara sarjana modern, seksualitas Sapfo  masih jadi padungdengan – André Lardinois ngagambarkeun salaku "Patarosan Sapfo  Hébat".{{sfn|Lardinois|2014|p=15}} Tarjamahan mimiti tina puisi Sapfo sakapeung eusina némbongkeun heterosexualised.{{sfn|Gubar|1984|p=44}} [[Ambrose Philips]]' 1711 tarjamah tina [[Ode to Aphrodite]] ngagambarkeun objek kahayang Sapfo salaku lalaki, bacaan anu dituturkeun ku ampir unggal penerjemah sajak lianna nepi ka abad ka,{{sfn|DeJean|1989|p=319}} Tisaprak 1781 Alessandro Verri nafsirkeun séjén [[Sappho 31|fragment 31]] salaku saurang anu némbongkeun cintana Sapfo pikeun Phaon.{{sfn|Most|1995|pp=27–28}} [[Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker]] pamadegan yén parasaan Sapfo pikeun awéwé séjén éta "sakabéhna nembongkeun idealis tur lain hubunganna jeung sensualitas",{{sfn|Most|1995|p=26}} Nalika [[Karl Otfried Müller]] nulis tina fragment 31 digambarkeun "euweuh micinta tapi ngan saukur sikep ramah":{{sfn|Most|1995|p=27}} [[Glenn Most]] ngoméntaran  "hiji kaluhungan Basa nu dipaké Sapfo  dipaké pikeun ngajelaskeun parasaan dirina lamun maranéhna geus leuwih ti pikagumbiraeun dina séksual", lamun téori ieu bener.{{sfn|Most|1995|p=27}} Ku 1970, éta bakal mibanda pamadegan yén sajakna sarua ngandung "buktina positip tina [Sapfo] memang saurang lesbianisme".{{sfn|Devereux|1970}}

Kiwari, umumna ditarima yén puisi Sapfo ngagambarkeun parasaan homoérotik:{{sfn|Klinck|2005|p=194}} salaku Sandra Boehringer nempatkeun éta, karyana "jelas ngagungkeun eros antara awéwé".{{sfn|Boehringer|2014|p=151}} Nuju ahir abad ka XX, sanajan, sababaraha Sarjana mimiti nolak pananya tina naha Sapfo éta lesbian atawa sanes – Glenn Kalolobaan panulis ngeunaan Sapfo  "bakal teu boga pamanggih naon-naon nalika aranjeunna nelepon dirina naha manéhna saurang   homoseksual",{{sfn|Most|1995|p=27}} André Lardinois nyatakeun yén éta téh "omong kosong" nanya naha Sapfo éta lesbian,{{sfn|Lardinois|2014|p=30}} jeung Page duBois nelepon nepikeun hiji patarosan "khususna madungdengkeun hiji hal anu matak bingung".{{sfn|duBois|1995|p=67}}

Salah sahiji anu jadi tujuan utama para sarjana nalungtik Sapfo tayalian usaha pikeun nangtukeun kontéks budaya di mana Puisi Sapfo disusun sareng  dipintonkeun.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2009|p=216}} Rupa-rupa kontéks budaya jeung peran sosial anu geus ditempokeun ku Sapfo geus kungsi disodorkeu, kaasup guru, pamingpin séké, katut pujangga anu minton pikeu  lingkungan batur awéwé.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2009|p=216}} Tangtu, kontéks nu ditembongkeun tina loba fragménn Sapfo  henteu gampang ditangtukeun, sarta bisa dibayangkeun pikeun leuwih ti hiji kamungkinan konteks ..{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2009|pp=216–218}}

Hiji saran anu parantos lami ngeunaan peran sosial pikeun Sapfo nyaéta "Sapfo salaku guru sakola".{{sfn|Parker|1993|p=310}} Dina awal abad ka dua puluh, ahli klasik ti Jerman [[Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff]] sapamadegan yén Sappho éta jenis guru sakola, pikeun "ngécéskeun jauh gairah Sapfo pikeun budak awéwéna jeung melaan dirina tina tuduhan homoseksualitas.{{sfn|Parker|1993|p=313}} Panalungtikan terus jadi pangaruh, boh di kalangan sarjana anapon masarakat umum,{{sfn|Parker|1993|pp=314–315}} sanajan kamari ieu éta gagasan  dikritik ku para sajarawan salaku anakronistik {{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=15}} kalawan meunang panolak ku sababaraha ahli klasik anu kamashur alatan henteu dibenerkeun ku bukti. Jeroning taun 1959, Denys Page, salaku conto, nyatakeun yén fragmén Sapfo anu masih aya ngagambarkeun "kaasih sareng timburu, kasenangan sareng kanyeri, ti Sapfo jeung babaturanna"; sarta anjeunna nambihan, "Kami geus manggihan, sarta bakal manggihan, henteu aya tapak  formal kitu ogé hubungan resmi atau profesional di antara maranéhanana ."{{sfn|Page|1959|p=|pages=139–140}} David A. Campbell dina 1967 boga pamadegan yén  Sapfo meureun  "mingpin hiji paguyuban  sastra", tapi itu "bukti pikeun penunjukan formal salaku panduta atawa guru hésé kapanggihna".{{sfn|Campbell|1967|page=261}} Teu aya hiji oge dina puisi Sapfo anu nyebutkeun ajarana, kitu deu sumber nu ngamimitian ngadukung pamadegan Sapfo saurang guru mimiti ti Ovid, genep abad sabada masa hidup Sapfo .{{sfn|Parker|1993|pp=314–316}} Sanajan masalah ini, loba interpretasi anyar ngeunaan peran sosial Sapfo masih dumasar kana ieu  pamadegan.{{sfn|Parker|1993|p=316}} Dina interpretasi ieu, Sapfo ilubiung dina ngatik ritual budak Awéwé,{{sfn|Parker|1993|p=316}} saperti  salaku pelatih ''paduan suara'' budak awéwé.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2009|p=216}}

Sanaos Sapfo ngadamel lagu pikeun ngalatih ''paduan suara'' barudak awéwé, henteu  sakabeh puisina bisa ditafsirkeun maké cara séjén,{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2009|p=218}} kitu deui sanajan sarjana upaya anu hadé pikeun  manggihan, Yatromanolakis boga pamadegan yén  henteu aya kontéks pintonan  tunggal anu bisa dikaitkeun jeung sakabeh puisi Sapfo. Parker argues cenah Sapfo kudu dianggap salaku bagian tina paguyuban batur awéwé anu baris dipintonkeun ku manéhna, sarua saperti jalma anu sazananna [[Alcaeus of Mytilene|Alcaeus]] .{{sfn|Parker|1993|p=342}} Sababaraha puisina katempo dijieun pikeun acara resmi,{{sfn|Parker|1993|p=343}} tapi loba ngeunaan tina laguna - jeung kawasna baris dipaké pikeun parasmanan .{{sfn|Parker|1993|p=344}}

==Warisan==
===Reputasi kuno===
[[File:NAMA Sappho lisant.jpg|thumb|alt=Red-figure vase, depicting a seated woman reading, surrounded by three standing women, one holding a lyre.|Sappho mere ilham penyair sareng seniman kuno, kalebet pelukis vas ti Grup Polygnotos anu ngagambarkeun anjeunna dina hydria beureum ieu..]]

Dina jaman baheula, Puisi Sapfo kalintang dipiyungyun, katut sababaraha sumber kuna nyebutna salaku "Muse kasepuluh".{{sfn|Hallett|1979|p=447}} Puisi paling awal anu masih kénéh aya dina wangun epigram abad ketiga SM ku [[Dioscorides (penyair)|Dioscorides]],<ref>AP 7.407 = T 58</ref>{{sfn|Gosetti-Murrayjohn|2006|pp=28–29}} Puisi disimpan dina "Antologi Yunani" ku Antipater ti Sidon<ref>AP 7.14 = T 27</ref>{{sfn|Gosetti-Murrayjohn|2006|p=33}} sarta dikaitkeun jeung  Plato<ref>AP 9.506 = T 60</ref>{{sfn|Gosetti-Murrayjohn|2006|p=32}} dina téma anu sami. Anjeunna sakapeung sok disebut salaku "The Poetess", kawas Homer "The Poet".{{sfn|Parker|1993|p=312}} Sarjana - Sarjana ti Alexandria kaasup kana lirik pupuh salapan panyajak.{{sfn|Parker|1993|p=340}} Dumasar  [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]], the Athenian lawmaker and poet [[Solon]] dipenta diajarkeun lagu ku Sapfo "nepi ka kuring bisa diaja".<ref>Aelian, quoted by Stobaeus, ''Anthology'' 3.29.58 = T 10</ref> Carita ieu meureun apokrif/rusiah, utamana sabab Ammianus Marcellinus ngabejaan carita sarupa ngeunaan Socrates jeung lagu [[Stesischorus]], tapi nembongkeun kumaha puisi Sapfo dianggap kacida luhurna di dunya kuPuisina.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2009|p=221}}

Sapfo ogé mangaruhan pujangga kuna lianna. dina basa Yunani, the Hellenistic pujangga [[Nossis]] dijelaskeun ku Marilyn B. Skinner salaku sok niron karya Sapfo, kitu deui Kathryn Gutzwiller mibanda pamadegan yén Nossis sacara éksplisit nempatkeun dirina salaku wawaris tina kalungguhan Sapfo salaku pujangga awéwé.{{sfn|Gosetti-Murrayjohn|2006|pp=27–28}} Di luar puisi, Plato mengutip Sapfo dina bukuna ''[[Phaedrus (dialogue)|Phaedrus]]'', ogé [[Socrates]]' pidato kedua ngeunaan cinta dina hiji dialog anu kawasna kamandang deskripsi Sapfo ngeunaan épék fisik kahayang jero fragmen 31.{{sfn|duBois|1995|pp=85–6}} Dina abad kahiji SM, [[Catullus]] ngadegkeun téma sareng méter puisi Sapfo salaku bagian tina literatur Latin, nganut ''stanza Sapphic'', dipercaya ku jaman baheula geus jadi pamanggih ku Sapfo,{{sfn|Schlesier|2015}} méré ngaran kakasihna dina puisina "[[Lesbia]]" dina rujukan pikeun Sappho,{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=72}} jeung nyaluyukeun ogé narjamahkeun fragmen ka-31 Sapfo dina [[Catullus 51|sajak 51]].{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=108}}{{sfn|Most|1995|p=30}}

Pujangga kuno lainna nulis ngeunaan kahirupan Sapfo. Manéhna téh mibanda karakter anu populer di [[Komedi Yunani kuno|''ancient Athenian comedy'']]/Komedi Yunani kuno ,{{sfn|Most|1995|p=17}} ogé sahenteuna aya genep komedi anu misah ogé disebut mikawanoh "Sapfo" .{{sfn|Parker|1993|pp=309–310|loc=n. 2}}{{efn|Parker lists plays by [[Ameipsias]], [[Amphis]], [[Antiphanes (comic poet)|Antiphanes]], [[Diphilos]], [[Ephippus of Athens|Ephippus]], jeung [[Timocles]], sapanjang dengan dua drama disebut ''Phaon'', opat disebut ''Leucadia'', hiji ''Leukadios'', jeung hiji ''Antilais'' sakabéh nu meureun geus ngeunaan Sappho.}} Komedi kuna pangheubeulna dipikawanoh nyandak Sapfo salaku subjék utamana nyaéta awal kalima atawa ahir abad kaopat SM ''Sappho'' ku [[Ameipsias]], sanaos teu aya anu dipikanyaho salian ti namina.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2008|loc=ch. 1}} Salaku komedi ieu salamet ngan dina fragmen, teu yakin kana kumaha maranéhna bakal ngajelaskeun Sapfo, tapi anjeunna dipikaresep dicirikeun salaku awéwé promiscuous. Dina kaulinan Diphilos, anjeunna kekasih para pujangga [[Anacreon]] sareng [[Hipponax]].{{sfn|Kivilo|2010|p=190}} Sapfo ogé janten subjek paling dipikaresep dina seni visual.  Anjeunna mangrupikeun pujangga anu paling sering digambarkeun dina vas gambar beureum Loteng abad kagenep sareng kalima. lukisan{{sfn|Schlesier|2015}} &ndash; meskipun tidak seperti penyair laki-laki seperti Anacreon dan Alcaeus, dalam empat vas yang bertahan di mana dia diidentifikasi oleh sebuah prasasti dia tidak pernah ditampilkan bernyanyi.{{sfn|Snyder|1997|p=114}} Anjeunna ogé dipidangkeun dina koin ti Mytilene sareng Lesbos ti mimiti dugi ka abad katilu Masehi, sarta dilaporkeun digambarkeun dina wujud patung ku [[Silanion]] di Syracuse, arca di Pergamon jeung Konstantinopel, sarta lukisan ku seniman Hellenistic Leon.{{sfn|Richter|1965|p=70}}

Ti abad kaopat SM, karya kuno menggambarkan Sapfo salaku pahlawan awéwé anu tragis, disorong pijeun nelasan maneh alatan cintana anu ambon sorangan ka Phaon.{{sfn|Hallett|1979|p=448}} Hiji panggalan drama ku Menander nyebutkeun cenah Sapfo luncat tina gawir  di Leucas alatan cinta.{{sfn|Hallett|1979|p=448|loc=n. 3}} Ovid's "Heroides" 15 ditulis salaku surat ti Sapfo ka Phaon, sarta nalija munggaran kapanggih dina abad ke-15 dianggap salaku tarjemahan tina surat asli Sapfo.{{sfn|Most|1995|p=19}} Bunuh diri Sapfo ogé digambarkeun dina seni klasik, umpamana dina basilika SM abad kahiji di deukeut Roma [[Porta Maggiore]].{{sfn|Hallett|1979|p=448|loc=n. 3}}

Sedengkeun puisi Sapfo dipigandrum di dunya kuna, karakterna henteu salawasna dianggap kalawan hadé. Dina jaman Romawi, kritikus boga anggapan ieu kacida nafsu jeung meureun  homoseksual.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=73}} [[Horace]] nyebutna  ''"mascula Sappho"'' dina  "Epistles", nu engkéna dikoméntaran ku [[Pomponius Porphyrion|Porphyrio]] tayalian  "sabab anjeunna kawentar ku  puisina, di mana lalaki lewih mindeng onjoy, atawa kumargi anjeunna difitnah janten [[Tribadism|tribad]]".{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|pp=72–3}} Nepi ka abad katilu Masehi, bédana antara reputasi sastra Sapfo salaku saurang  penyair jeung reputasi moralna salaku saurang awéwé jadi kacida signifikan matakna anggapan yén  sebenarna aya dua Sapfo mimiti mekar..{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|pp=73–4}} Dina "Historical Miscellanies" na, Aelian nyerat yén aya "Sappho anu sanés, pelacur, sanés pujangga.".<ref>Aelian, ''Historical Miscellanies'' 12.19 = T 4</ref>

===Panarimaan Modern===
[[File:SapphoWoodcut.jpg|thumb|left|Dina période abad pertengahan, Sappho ngagaduhan reputasi salaku awéwé berpendidikan sareng pujangga anu berbakat.  Dina potongan kayu ieu, ngagambarkeun [[incunable]] awal Boccaccio''De mulieribus claris'', anjeunna digambarkeun dikurilingan ku buku sareng alat musik.]]
Menjelang periode abad pertengahan, Karya Sappho laleungit, sok sanajan  kitu  masih dicutat di panulis satuluyna.  Karyana jadi lebih gampil diaksés dina abad ka genep belas ngaliwatan édisi citak ti para panulis anu nyutatna.  Dina taun 1508 [[Aldus Manutius]] nyitak edisie [[Dionysius ti Halicarnassus]], anu eusina Sapfo 1, "Ode to Aphrodite", jeung édisi citak munggaran ti Longinus '''On the Sublime'', kumplit jeung cutatanna ngeunaan Sapfo 31, mucunghul taun 1554. Dina tahun 1566,' 'pencetak' ' Prancis Robert Estienne édisi diterbitkeun puisi lirik Yunani anu eusina aya kana 40 fragmén anu pakait sareng Sapfo.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=84}}

Pada tahun 1652, tarjamahan basa Inggris kahiji ti hiji puisi karya Sapfo diterbitkeun, dina tarjamah [[John Hall (penyair)|John Hall]] ngeunaan ''On the Sublime''.  Dina taun 1681 [[Anne Le Fèvre]] Sapfo édisi Prancis ngajadikeun karyana leuwih lega  dipikawanoh.{{sfn|Wilson|2012|p=501}} Édisi [[Theodor Bergk]] taun 1854 janten édisi standar Sapfo dina satengah abad kadua abad ka-19;{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=229}} dina bagian mimiti ka-20, panemuan papirus sajak anyar karya Sapfoo nyababkeun édisi sareng tarjamahan ku [[Edwin Marion Cox]] sareng [[John Maxwell Edmonds]], sareng puncakna dina publikasi tina 1955 ti [[Edgar Lobel]] jeung [[Denys Page]]'s ''Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta''.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=337}}

Kawas baheula, kritikus modern geus condong nganggap puisi Sappho "luar biasa".{{sfn|Hallett|1979|p=449}} Dina awal abad ka-9, Sappho disebut salaku pujangga awéwé berbakat,{{sfn|Schlesier|2015}} sarta dina karya-karya kawas [[Boccaccio]]'s ''[[De Claris Mulieribus]]'' ogé [[Christine de Pisan]]'s ''[[Book of the City of Ladies]]'' manéhna meunangkeun reputasi salaku awéwé didikan.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|pp=82–3}} Malah sanggeus karya Sapfo leungit, bait Sapphic terus dipaké dina lirik puisi abad pertengahan.{{sfn|Schlesier|2015}} sarta kalawan pamanggihna karyana dina Renaissance, anjeunna mimiti beuki mangaruhan  loba sajak Eropa. Dina abad ka-16, anggota [[La Pléiade]], lingkungan  pujangga Prancis, dipangaruhan ku éta pikeun ékspérimén kalawan bait Sapphic sarta nulis sajak cinta dina sora jalma awéwé munggaran.{{sfn|Schlesier|2015}}  Komposer modern jeung modern mimiti ogé geus diideuan ku Sappho;  komposisi kasohor dumasar kana kahirupan atawa karyana kaasup opera kayaning ''Sapfo'' (1794) ku [[Jean-Paul-Égide Martini]], ''[[Sapho (Massenet)|Sappho]]'' (1897) ku  [[Jules Massenet]], ''Sappho'' (1963) ku [[Peggy Glanville-Hicks]];  potongan perkusi ''[[Psappha (Xenakis)|Psappha]]'' (1975) jeung karya orkestra ''[[Aïs (Xenakis)|Aïs]]'' (1980) ku [[Iannis Xenakis]];  jeung komposisi ''Charaxos, Eos and Tithonos'' (2014) ku [[Theodore Antoniou]].{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|2019|loc=§ "Early Modern and Modern Reception"}}

Ti [[Era Romantis]], karya Sappho - hususna "Ode to Aphrodite" - parantos janten pangaruh konci tina konsépsi ngeunaan naon anu kedah janten lirik puisi.{{sfn|Kurke|2007|pp=165–166}} Panyajak anu boga pangaruh sapertos [[Alfred Lord Tennyson]] dina abad ka-19, sareng [[A.  E. Housman]] dina ka dua puluh, geus dipangaruhan ku puisi na.  Puisi dumasar Tennyson kalebet "Eleanore" sareng "Fatima" dina sempalan Sapfo 31,{{sfn|Peterson|1994|p=123}} sedengkeun tilu karya Housman téh adaptasi tina [[Puisi tengah malam]], nu geus lila dianggap ku  Sapfo najan ngeunaan pangarangna ayeuna aya bantahan.{{sfn|Sanford|1942|pp=223–4}} Dina awal abad ka-20, [[Imagists]] – hususna [[Ezra Pound]], [[H.  D.]], dan [[Richard Aldington]] – kapangaruhan ku fragmen Sapfo;  sajumlah puisi Pound dina koléksi awalna Lustra mangrupa adaptasi tina puisi Sapphic, sedangkeun puisi H.D.  nyuhunkeun tulisan Sapfo.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|pp=310–312}}

[[File:Cropped image of Sappho from Raphael's Parnassus.jpg|thumb|right|Sapfo leuwih jéntré ku [[Raphael]]'s ''[[The Parnassus|Parnassus]]'' (1510–11), dipintonkeun bareng jeung pujangga séjénna. Dina leungeun kéncana, manéhna nyepeng gulungan anu didinya ngaranna ditulis.{{sfn|Johannides|1983|page=20}}]]

Teu lila sanggeus kapanggih deui puisi-puisina Sapfo, seksualitasna sakali deui janten fokus perhatian kritis. Dina awal abad tujuh belas, [[John Donne]] nulis "Sapho to Philaenis", mulang ka pamanggih Sappho salaku anu mikaresep ka awewe kalawan  hiperseksual.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|pp=85–6}} Perdebatan modérn ngeunaan seksualitas Sapfo dimimitian dina abad ka-19, Welcker dina 1816, kalayan nyebarkeun hiji artikel ngabéla Sapfo tina tuduhan prostitusi sareng lesbianisme, nyatakeun yén anjeunna suci.{{sfn|Schlesier|2015}} – posisi nu engkéna bakal dicokot ku Wilamowitz dina ahir abad ka-19 jeung [[Henry Thornton Wharton]] dina awal abad ka-20..{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=295}} Dina abad ka-19 Sapfo dipilih ku [[Decadent Movement]] salaku "putri de Sade" lesbian, ku [[Charles Baudelaire]] di Perancis sareng engké [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]] di Inggris..{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|pp=231–2}} Dina ahir abad ka-19, panulis lesbian sapertos [[Michael Field (pangarang)|Michael Field]]{{efn|Michael Field was the shared pseudonym of the poets and lovers Katherine Bradley and Edith Cooper.}} jeung [[Amy Levy]] janten museurkeun Sapfo pikeun seksualitas dirina,{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=261}} dan pada pergantian abad ke-20 dia adalah semacam "santo pelindung lesbian".{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=294}}

Ti mimiti abad ka-19, pujangga awéwé kawas [[Felicia Hemans]] (''The Last Song of Sappho'') katut [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] (''Sketch the First. Sappho'', ogé dijero  ''Ideal Likenesses'') nyandak Sapfo salaku salah sahiji karuhun maranéhanana.  Sapfo ogé mimiti dianggap salaku panutan pikeun kampanye hak-hak awéwé, dimimitian ku karyana kawas [[Caroline Norton]]'s "Gambar Sapfo''.{{sfn|Schlesier|2015}} Engké dina abad éta, manéhna bakal jadi modél pikeun nu disebut [[Awéwé Anyar]] - awéwé mandiri jeung berpendidikan anu mikahayang otonomi sosial jeung seksual. –{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|pp=258–9}} sareng dina 1960s, féminis Sapfo  éta – bareng jeung hypersexual, mindeng tapi teu éksklusif lesbian Safo – salah sahiji dua persepsi budaya pangpentingna Sapfo.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=359}} 

Kapanggihna sajak anyar nu dijieun ku Sapfo di 2004 jeung 2014 ngagumbirakeun  duanana ilmiah jeung perhatian média.{{sfn|Mendelsohn|2015}} Pangumuman tina Tithonus sajak éta subyek internasional sinyalna warta, sarta digambarkeun ku Marilyn Skinner salaku "the ''[[wikt:trouvaille|trouvaille]]'' of a lifetime".{{sfn|Skinner|2011}}{{sfn|Payne|2014}}

==Tempo ogé==
* [[Ancient Greek literature]]
* [[Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 7]] – papyrus preserving Sappho fr. 5
* [[Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1231]] – papyrus preserving Sappho fr. 15–30
* [[List of poets portraying sexual relations between women|Lesbian poetry]]

==Catetan==
{{notelist}}

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Karya dicutat==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Anderson |first=Warren |others=Revised by [[Thomas J. Mathiesen]] |year=2001 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=Sappho |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24571 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000024571 |ref={{sfnRef|Anderson|Mathiesen|2001}} }} {{Grove Music subscription}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Barnstone|editor-first=Willis|editor-link = Willis Barnstone|title=The Complete Poems of Sappho|publisher= Shambhala Publications |year=2009|isbn= 9780834822009}}
* {{cite book |last=Battezzato |first=Luigi |editor1-last=Finglass |editor1-first=P. J. |editor2-last=Kelly |editor2-first=Adrian |year=2021 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Sappho |chapter=Sappho's Metres and Music |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-316-63877-4 |pages=121–134 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Bierl|first1=Anton|last2=Lardinois|first2=André|chapter=Introduction|title=The Newest Sappho: P. Sapph. Obbink and P. GC inv. 105, frs.1–4|editor1-last=Bierl|editor2-last=Lardinois|editor1-first=Anton|editor2-first=André|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|year=2016|isbn=978-90-04-31483-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Boehringer|first=Sandra|chapter=Female Homoeroticism|editor-last=Hubbard|editor-first=Thomas K.|title=A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|location=Chichester|year=2014}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bolling|first=George Melville|year=1961|title=Textual Notes on the Lesbian Poets|journal=The American Journal of Philology|volume=82|issue=2|pages=151–163|doi=10.2307/292403|jstor=292403}}
* {{cite book|last=Budelmann|first=Felix|title=Greek Lyric: A Selection|year=2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}}
* {{citation|title=The Lyric Age of Greece|last=Burn|first=A. R.|publisher=St Martin's Press|year=1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_8cAAAAYAAJ|location=New York City}}
<!--* {{cite book|last=Burnett|first=Anne Pippin|title=Three Archaic Poets: Archilochus, Alcaeus, Sappho|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1983}}-->
* {{cite book|first=D. A.|last=Campbell|title=Greek lyric poetry: a selection of early Greek lyric, elegiac and iambic poetry|year=1967}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Campbell|editor-first=D. A.|title=Greek Lyric 1: Sappho and Alcaeus (Loeb Classical Library No. 142)|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=1982|isbn=0-674-99157-5}} 
* {{cite journal|last=Clayman|first=Dee|title=The New Sappho in a Hellenistic Poetry Book|journal=Classics@|volume=4|year=2011|url=http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3408|access-date=2 July 2016|archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302210418/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3408|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302210418/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3408 |date=2 March 2019 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Dale|first=Alexander|title=Sapphica|journal=Harvard Studies of Classical Philology|volume=106|year=2011}}
* {{cite book|last=DeJean|first=Joan|year=1989|title=Fictions of Sappho: 1546–1937|url=https://archive.org/details/fictionsofsappho00deje|url-access=registration|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago}}
* {{cite book|last=de Kreij|first=Mark|chapter=Transmissions and Textual Variants: Divergent Fragments of Sappho's Songs Examined|title=Texts, Transmissions, Receptions: Modern Approaches to Narratives|year=2015|editor1-last=Lardinois|editor1-first=André|editor2-last=Levie|editor2-first=Sophie|editor3-last=Hoeken|editor3-first=Hans|editor4-last=Lüthy|editor4-first=Christoph|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|url=http://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=613359}}
* {{cite journal|last=Devereux|first=George|title=The Nature of Sappho's Seizure in Fr. 31 LP as Evidence of Her Inversion|journal=The Classical Quarterly|year=1970|volume=20|issue=1|pages=17–31|doi=10.1017/S0009838800044542|pmid=11620360|s2cid=3193720 }}
* {{cite book|last=duBois|first=Page|title=Sappho Is Burning|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=1995|isbn=0-226-16755-0}}
* {{cite book|last=duBois|first=Page|title=Sappho|year=2015|series=Understanding Classics|publisher=I. B. Tauris}}
* {{cite book|last=Ferrari|first=Franco|translator1-last=Acosta-Hughes|translator1-first=Benjamin|translator2-last=Prauscello|translator2-first=Lucia|title=Sappho's Gift: The Poet and Her Community|year=2010|publisher=Michigan Classical Press|location=Ann Arbor|url=https://www.academia.edu/7893820}}
* {{cite book|last=Finglass|first=P. J.|chapter=Sappho on the Papyri|title=The Cambridge Companion to Sappho|year=2021|editor1-last=Finglass|editor1-first=P. J.|editor2-last=Kelly|editor2-first=Adrian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1-316-63877-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Pamela |year=2002 |title=Sappho: Poems and Fragments |chapter=Introduction |publisher=[[Hackett Publishing Company]] |location=Indianapolis |isbn=978-0-87220-591-8 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=TbotK1c_H4UC}} }}
* {{cite journal|last=Gosetti-Murrayjohn|first=Angela|title=Sappho as the Tenth Muse in Hellenistic Epigram|journal=Arethusa|volume=39|issue=1|year=2006|pages=21–45|doi=10.1353/are.2006.0003|s2cid=161681219}}
* {{cite journal|last=Gubar|first=Susan|title=Sapphistries|journal=Signs|year=1984|volume=10|issue=1|pages=43–62|doi=10.1086/494113|s2cid=225088703}}
* {{cite book |last=Hagel |first=Stefan |year=2010 |title=Ancient Greek Music: A New Technical History |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-51764-5 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=WxHhdrPkPrUC}} }}
* {{cite journal|last=Hallett|first=Judith P.|title=Sappho and her Social Context: Sense and Sensuality|journal=Signs|year=1979|volume=4|issue=3|pages=447–464|doi=10.1086/493630|s2cid=143119907}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hallett|first=Judith P.|title=Beloved Cleïs|journal=Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica|volume=10|year=1982|pages=21–31|doi=10.2307/20538708|jstor=20538708}}
* {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=G. O.|title=Greek Lyric Poetry: A Commentary on Selected Larger Pieces|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-924017-5}}
* {{citation|last=Johannides|first=P.|title=The Drawings of Raphael: With a Complete Catalogue|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California|year=1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MsV1ZASkP0kC&q=Parnassus+Raphael+Vatican+Segnatura+Apollo&pg=PA19|isbn=0-520-05087-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Kivilo|first=Maarit|title=Early Greek Poets' Lives: The Shaping of the Tradition|year=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004193284|url=https://brill.com/view/title/18797?language=en}}
* {{cite book|last=Kivilo|first=Maarit|chapter=Sappho's Lives|title=The Cambridge Companion to Sappho|year=2021|editor1-last=Finglass|editor1-first=P. J.|editor2-last=Kelly|editor2-first=Adrian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1-316-63877-4}}
* {{cite journal|last=Klinck|first=Anne L.|author-link=Anne Klinck|title=Sleeping in the Bosom of a Tender Companion|journal=Journal of Homosexuality|year=2005|volume=49|issue=3–4|pages=193–208|doi=10.1300/j082v49n03_07|pmid=16338894|s2cid=35046856}}
* {{cite book|last=Kurke|first=Leslie V.|chapter=Archaic Greek Poetry|year=2007|title=The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece|editor-last=Shapiro|editor-first=H.A.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book|last=Kurke|first=Leslie V.|chapter=Sappho and Genre|title=The Cambridge Companion to Sappho|year=2021|editor1-last=Finglass|editor1-first=P. J.|editor2-last=Kelly|editor2-first=Adrian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1-316-63877-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Lardinois|first=André|chapter=Lesbian Sappho and Sappho of Lesbos|year=2014|orig-year=1989|editor-last=Bremmer|editor-first=Jan|title=From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality|publisher=Routledge|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Lardinois|first=André|chapter=Sappho's Personal Poetry|title=The Cambridge Companion to Sappho|year=2021|editor1-last=Finglass|editor1-first=P. J.|editor2-last=Kelly|editor2-first=Adrian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1-316-63877-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Lefkowitz|first=Mary R.|title=The Lives of the Greek Poets|year=2012|edition=2|publisher=Bloomsbury}}
* {{cite journal|last=Lidov|first=Joel|title=Sappho, Herodotus and the ''Hetaira''|journal=Classical Philology|year=2002|volume=97|issue=3|pages=203–237|doi=10.1086/449585|s2cid=161865691}}
* {{cite journal|last=Lidov|first=Joel|title=The Meter and Metrical Style of the New Poem|journal=Classics@|volume=4|year=2011|url=http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3406|access-date=2 July 2016|archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302210519/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3406|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302210519/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3406 |date=2 March 2019 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Richard P.|chapter=Sappho, Iambist: Abusing the Brother|title=The Newest Sappho: P. Sapph. Obbink and P. GC inv. 105, frs.1–4|editor1-last=Bierl|editor2-last=Lardinois|editor1-first=Anton|editor2-first=André|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|year=2016|isbn=978-90-04-31483-2}}
* {{citation|last=McClure|first=Laura K.|date=2002|title=Sexuality and Gender in the Classical World: Readings and Sources|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Blackwell Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W742ZLpdLBoC&q=Glyptothek+Sappho+and+Alcaeus&pg=PA38|isbn=0-631-22589-7}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Mendelsohn|first=Daniel|date=16 March 2015|title=Girl, Interrupted: Who Was Sappho?|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/03/16/girl-interrupted|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=17 June 2016}}
* {{cite journal|last=Most|first=Glenn W.|title=Reflecting Sappho|journal=Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies|volume=40|year=1995|pages=15–38|doi=10.1111/j.2041-5370.1995.tb00462.x}}
* {{cite journal|last=Obbink|first=Dirk|title=Sappho Fragments 58–59: Text, Apparatus Criticus, and Translation|journal=Classics@|volume=4|year=2011|url=http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3400|access-date=2 July 2016|archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302210448/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3400|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302210448/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3400 |date=2 March 2019 }}
* {{cite book|last=Obbink|first=Dirk|chapter=Ten Poems of Sappho: Provenance, Authority, and Text of the New Sappho Papyri|title=The Newest Sappho: P. Sapph. Obbink and P. GC inv. 105, frs.1–4|editor1-last=Bierl|editor2-last=Lardinois|editor1-first=Anton|editor2-first=André|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|year=2016|isbn=978-90-04-31483-2}}
* {{citation|last=Ohly|first=Dieter|year=2002|orig-year=1972|title=The Munich Glyptothek: Greek and Roman Sculpture: A Brief Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZsBeXP3LAEC&q=Glyptothek+Sappho+Silanion&pg=PA48|location=Munich|publisher=C. H. Beck|isbn=3-406-48355-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Page|first=D. L.|title=Sappho and Alcaeus|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1959}}
* {{cite journal|last=Parker|first=Holt|title=Sappho Schoolmistress|journal=Transactions of the American Philological Association|volume=123|year=1993}}
* {{cite news|last=Payne|first=Tom|title=A new Sappho poem is more exciting than a new David Bowie album|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/10607569/A-new-Sappho-poem-is-more-exciting-than-a-new-David-Bowie-album.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/10607569/A-new-Sappho-poem-is-more-exciting-than-a-new-David-Bowie-album.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Telegraph|date=30 January 2014|access-date=14 July 2016}}{{cbignore}}
* {{cite journal|last=Peterson|first=Linda H.|title=Sappho and the Making of Tennysonian Lyric|journal=ELH|year=1994|volume=61|issue=1|pages=121–137|doi=10.1353/elh.1994.0010|s2cid=162385092}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rayor|last2=Lardinois|first1=Diane|first2=André|title=Sappho: A New Translation of the Complete Works|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-107-02359-8}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Reynolds|editor-first=Margaret|year=2001|title=The Sappho Companion|publisher=Vintage|location=London|isbn=9780099738619}}
* {{cite book|title=The Portraits of the Greeks|last=Richter|first=Gisela M. A.|publisher=Phaidon Press|year=1965|volume=1|location=London|pages=172|isbn=978-0801416835}}
* {{cite journal|last=Sanford|first=Eva Matthews|author-link=Eva Matthews Sanford|journal=The Classical Journal|year=1942|volume=37|issue=4|title=Classical Poets in the Work of A. E. Housman}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Brill's New Pauly Supplements II – Volume 7: Figures of Antiquity and Their Reception in Art, Literature, and Music|year=2015|title=Sappho|last=Schlesier|first=Renate|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly-supplements-ii-7/sappho-SIM_004732?s.num=1|access-date=27 April 2017}}
* {{cite journal|last=Skinner|first=Marilyn B.|title=Introduction|journal=Classics@|volume=4|year=2011|url=http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3399|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=3 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303082601/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3399|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303082601/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3399 |date=3 March 2019 }}
* {{cite book|first=Jane McIntosh|last=Snyder|chapter=Sappho in Attic Vase Painting|title=Naked Truths: Women, Sexuality, and Gender in Classical Art and Archaeology|editor1-last=Koloski-Ostrow|editor1-first=Ann Olga|editor2-last=Lyons|editor2-first=Claire L.|editor3-last=Kampen|editor3-first=Natalie Boymel|year=1997 }}
* {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Rosalind|chapter=Sappho's Lesbos|title=The Cambridge Companion to Sappho|year=2021|editor1-last=Finglass|editor1-first=P. J.|editor2-last=Kelly|editor2-first=Adrian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1-316-63877-4}}
* {{cite book |last=West |first=Martin Litchfield |author-link=Martin Litchfield West |year=1992 |title=Ancient Greek Music |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-158685-9 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=So-Qpz6WDS4C}} }}
* {{cite journal|last=West|first=Martin. L.|title=The New Sappho|journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik|volume=151|year=2005}}
* {{citation|last=Williamson|first=Margaret|date=1995|title=Sappho's Immortal Daughters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnHreiBi6XoC&q=Sappho+Aeolic+dialect&pg=PA41|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0-674-78912-1}}
* {{cite book|first=Penelope|last=Wilson|chapter=Women Writers and the Classics|title=The Oxford History of Classical Reception in English Literature: Volume 3 (1660–1790)|editor1-first=David|editor1-last=Hopkins|editor2-first=Charles|editor2-last=Martindale|year=2012|isbn=9780199219810}}
* {{cite book|last=Winkler|first=John J.|title=The Constraints of Desire: The Anthropology of Sex and Gender in Ancient Greece|year=1990|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0415901235}}
* {{cite journal|last=Yatromanolakis|first=Dimitrios|year=1999|title=Alexandrian Sappho Revisited|journal=Harvard Studies in Classical Philology|volume=99|pages=179–195|doi=10.2307/311481|jstor=311481}}
* {{cite book|last=Yatromanolakis|first=Dimitrios|year=2008|title=Sappho in the Making: the Early Reception|url=https://chs.harvard.edu/book/yatromanolakis-dimitrios-sappho-in-the-making-the-early-reception/|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=9780674026865}}
* {{cite book|last=Yatromanolakis|first=Dimitrios|year=2009|chapter=Alcaeus and Sappho|title=The Cambridge Companion to Greek Lyric|editor-last=Budelmann|editor-first=Felix|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781139002479}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Yatromanolakis |first=Dimitrios |date=27 February 2019 |orig-date=10 May 2017 |encyclopedia=[[Oxford Bibliographies Online|Oxford Bibliographies]]: Classics |title=Sappho |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/OBO/9780195389661-0074 |isbn=978-0-19-538966-1 |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0074.xml |url-access=subscription }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal|last=Zellner|first=Harold|title=Sappho's Sparrows|journal=The Classical World|year=2008|volume=101|issue=4}}
{{refend}}

==Bacaeun salajengna==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book|last=Balmer|first=Josephine|year=2018|edition=2|title=Sappho: Poems and Fragments|publisher=Bloodaxe}}
* {{cite book|last=Boehringer|first=Sandra|year=2021|title=Female Homosexuality in Ancient Greece and Rome|publisher=Routledge|translator-last=Preger|translator-first=Anna|isbn=9780367744762}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Burris |last2=Fish |last3=Obbink |first1=Simon |first2=Jeffrey |first3=Dirk |title=New Fragments of Book 1 of Sappho |journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik |volume=189 |year=2014}}
* {{cite book |last=Carson |first=Anne |title=If Not, Winter: Fragments of Sappho |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |year=2002 |isbn=0-375-41067-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/ifnotwinterfragm00sapp }}
* {{cite book|last=Duban|first=Jeffrey M.|year=1983|title=Ancient and Modern Images of Sappho: Translations and Studies in Archaic Greek love Lyric|publisher=University Press of America}}
* {{cite book|last=Freeman|first=Philip|title=Searching for Sappho: The Lost Songs and World of the First Woman Poet|location=New York City|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2016|isbn=978-0393242232|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/searchingforsapp0000free}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Greene|editor-first=Ellen |url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3199n81q/ |title=Reading Sappho |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1996}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Lobel |editor-last2=Page |editor-first1=E. |editor-first2=D. L.| title=Poetarum Lesbiorum fragmenta |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |year=1955}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Neri|editor-first=Camillo|title=Saffo: Testimonianze e Frammenti|year=2021|publisher=de Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110735918 |isbn=9783110735918 |s2cid=239602934 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110735918/html|language=it}}
* {{cite journal |last=Obbink |first=Dirk |title=Two New Poems by Sappho |journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik |volume=189 |year=2014}}
* {{cite book|last=Powell|first=Jim|year=2019|title=The Poetry Of Sappho|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Snyder|first=Jane McIntosh|year=1997|title=Lesbian Desire in the Lyrics of Sappho|url=https://archive.org/details/lesbiandesireinl00snyd|url-access=registration|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231099943|ref=CITEREFSnyder1997b}}
* {{cite book|last=Voigt|first=Eva-Maria|title=Sappho et Alcaeus. Fragmenta |publisher=Polak & van Gennep |location=Amsterdam |year=1971}}
{{refend}}

==Tutumbu ka luar ==
{{sister project links|b=no|n=no|v=no|wikt=no|author=yes|commonscat=yes|d=Q17892}}
{{Library resources box |by=yes |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Sappho
  |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
* [http://digitalsappho.org/title-page/ The Digital Sappho]
* [http://www.aoidoi.org/poets/sappho/ Commentaries on Sappho's fragments], William Annis.
* [https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/sappho-sb/ Fragments of Sappho], translated by Gregory Nagy and Julia Dubnoff
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05pqsk4 Sappho], [[BBC Radio 4]], ''In Our Time''.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tbhbc Sappho], BBC Radio 4, ''Great Lives''.
* {{Gutenberg author|id=32618|name=Sappho}}
* {{Librivox author |id=3605}}
* [https://rhapsodoi.org/index-of-ancient-greek-recitations/ Ancient Greek literature recitations], hosted by the Society for the Oral Reading of Greek and Latin Literature. Including a recording of Sappho 1 by Stephen Daitz.

{{Sappho}}
{{Lyric poets}}
{{Ancient Greece topics}}
{{Authority control}}
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