Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Tangkal

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[[Gambar:Raunkiaer.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Tangkal [[oak]] di [[Denmark]]]]
'''Tangkal''' atawa '''Ki''' nyaéta méh sakabéh nu jaradi dina taneuh, iwal ti bangsa supa, jukut jeung sakur nu jadina ngarambat dina taneuh. 
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==Klasifikasi==
Trees occur in many diverse [[order (biology)|orders]] and [[family (biology)|families]] of plants, and thus show a wide variety of growth form, leaf types and shapes, bark, reproductive organs, etc. The earliest trees were [[tree fern]]s and [[horsetail]]s, which grew in vast forests in the [[Carboniferous]] Period; tree ferns still survive, but the only surviving horsetails are not of tree form. Later, in the [[Triassic]] Period, [[Pinophyta|conifers]], [[ginkgo]]s, [[cycad]]s and other [[gymnosperm]]s appeared, and subsequently [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Cretaceous]] Period. Most species of trees today are [[flowering plant]]s and conifers. The list below gives some examples of well known trees and how they are typically classified.

==Morphology==
[[Image:Tree in Chile.jpg|thumb|A (type?) tree in the slopes of the [[Andes]], in [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], [[Chile]]]]

The component parts of a tree are the [[root]]s, [[trunk (botany)|trunk]](s), [[branch]]es, [[twig]]s and [[leaf|leaves]]. Tree stems consist mainly of support and transport tissues ([[xylem]] and [[phloem]]). [[Wood]] consists of ''xylem'' cells, and [[bark]] is primarily made of ''phloem''.
 
Trees may be broadly grouped into ''exogenous'' and ''endogenous'' trees according to the way in which their stem diameter grows. Exogenous trees, which comprise the great majority of modern trees (all [[conifer]]s, and all [[dicotyledon|broadleaf]] trees), grow by the addition of new wood outwards, immediately under the bark. Endogenous trees, mainly in the [[monocotyledon]]s (e.g. [[palm tree|palms]]), grow by addition of new material inwards.

As an exogenous tree grows, it creates [[growth ring]]s. In temperate climates, these are commonly visible due to changes in the rate of growth with the temperature variation over the year. These can be counted to determine the age of the tree, and used to date cores or even wood taken from trees in the past; this is known as the science of [[dendrochronology]]. In tropical climates with near-constant climate, growth is continuous and does not form distinct rings, so age determination is impossible. Age determination is also impossible in endogenous trees.

The roots of a tree are generally embedded in earth, providing anchorage for the above-ground biomass and absorbing [[water]] and [[nutrients]] from the [[soil]]. Above ground, the trunk gives height to the leaf-bearing branches, aiding in competition with other plant species for [[sunlight]]. In many trees the arrangement of the branches optimizes exposure of the leaves to sunlight.

Not all trees have all the plant organs mentioned above. For examples: most palm trees are not branched, the [[Saguaro|saguaro cactus]] of North America has no functional leaves, [[tree fern]]s do not have bark, etc. Based on their rough shape and size, all of these are nonetheless generally regarded as trees. Indeed, sometimes size is the most important consideration. A plant form that is similar to a tree, but generally having smaller, multiple trunks and/or branches that arise near the ground, is called a [[shrub]]. However, no sharp differentiation between shrubs and trees is possible. Given their small size, [[bonsai]] plants would not technically be 'trees', but one should not confuse reference to the form of a species with the size or shape of individual specimens. A spruce seedling does not fit the definition of a tree, but all spruces are trees. [[Bamboo]]s by contrast, ''do'' show most of the characteristics of trees, yet are perhaps strangely rarely called trees.

A small group of trees growing together is called a [[grove (nature)|grove]] or copse, and a landscape covered by a large area of trees is called a [[forest]]. Several [[biotope]]s are defined largely by the trees that inhabit them, for example, [[rainforest]] and [[taiga]]; see [[ecozone]]s. Large, but scattered trees with grassland (usually grazed or burned over periodically) in between is called [[savanna]].

==Major tree genera==
=== [[Flowering plant]]s (Magnoliophyta) ===
====[[Dicotyledon]]s (Magnoliopsida; broadleaf or hardwood trees)====
* [[Anacardiaceae]] ([[Cashew]] family)
** [[Cashew]], ''Anacardium occidentale''
** [[Mango]], ''Mangifera indica''
** [[Pistachio]], ''Pistacia vera''
** [[Toxicodendron|Lacquer tree]], ''Toxicodendron verniciflua''
* [[Aquifoliaceae]] ([[Holly]] family)
**[[Holly]], ''Ilex'' species
* [[Araliaceae]] ([[Hedera|Ivy]] family)
** [[Kalopanax]], ''Kalopanax pictus''
[[image:birchandmaple.jpg|thumb|[[Birch]] tree (foreground) and [[maple]] tree (background) in fall]]
* [[Betulaceae]] ([[Birch]] family)
** [[Alder]], ''Alnus'' species
** [[Birch]], ''Betula'' species
* [[Cactaceae]] ([[Cactus]] family)
** [[Saguaro]], ''Carnegiea gigantea''
* [[Cornaceae]] ([[Dogwood]] family)
** [[Dogwood]], ''Cornus'' species
* [[Corylaceae]] ([[Hazel]] family)
** [[Hornbeam]], ''Carpinus'' species
** [[Hazel]], ''Corylus'' species
* [[Dipterocarpaceae]] family
** [[Garjan]] ''Dipterocarpus'' species
** [[Sal]] ''Shorea'' species 
* [[Ericaceae]] ([[Heath]] family)
** [[Arbutus]], ''Arbutus'' species
* [[Fabaceae]] ([[Pea]] family)
** [[Honey locust]], ''Gleditsia triacanthos''
** [[Black locust]], ''Robinia pseudoacacia''
** [[Laburnum]], ''Laburnum'' species
** [[Caesalpinia echinata|Pau Brasil]], Brazilwood, ''Caesalpinia echinata''
* [[Fagaceae]] ([[Beech]] family )
** [[Chestnut]], ''Castanea'' species
** [[Beech]], ''Fagus'' species
** [[Southern beech]], ''Nothofagus'' species
** [[Tanoak]], ''Lithocarpus densiflorus''
** [[Oak]], ''Quercus'' species
* [[Fouquieriaceae]] ([[Boojum tree|Boojum]] family)
** [[Boojum tree|Boojum]], ''Fouquieria columnaris''
* [[Hamamelidaceae]] ([[Witch-hazel]] family)
** [[Sweetgum]], ''Liquidambar'' species
** [[Persian ironwood]], ''Parrotia persica''
* [[Juglandaceae]] ([[Walnut]] family)
** [[Walnut]], ''Juglans'' species
** [[Hickory]], ''Carya'' species
* [[Lauraceae]] ([[Bay laurel|Laurel]] family)
** [[Cinnamon]] ''Cinnamomum zeylanicum''
** [[Bay laurel]] ''Laurus nobilis''
** [[Avocado]] ''Persea americana''
* [[Lecythidaceae]] ([[Lecythidaceae|Paradise nut]] family)
** [[Brazil Nut]] ''Bertholletia excelsa''
* [[Lythraceae]] [[Loosestrife]] family
** [[Crape-myrtle]] ''Lagerstroemia'' species
* [[Magnoliaceae]] ([[Magnolia]] family)
** [[Liriodendron|Tulip tree]], ''Liriodendron'' species
** [[Magnolia]], ''Magnolia'' species
* [[Malvaceae]] ([[Mallow]] family; including [[Tilia|Tiliaceae]] and [[Bombacaceae]]) [[Image:Baobab.jpg|right|thumb|Baobab tree in South-Africa]]
** [[Baobab]], ''Adansonia'' species
** [[Silk-cotton tree]], ''Bombax'' species
** [[Kapok]], ''Ceiba pentandra''
** [[Durian]], ''Durio zibethinus''
** [[Balsa]], ''Ochroma lagopus''
** [[Tilia|Linden]] (Basswood, Lime), ''Tilia'' species
* [[Meliaceae]] ([[Mahogany]] family)
** [[Neem]], ''Azadirachta indica''
** [[Bead tree]], ''Melia azedarach''
** [[Mahogany]], ''Swietenia mahagoni''
* [[Moraceae]] ([[Mulberry]] family)
** [[Fig]], ''Ficus'' species
** [[Mulberry]], ''Morus'' species
* [[Myristicaceae]] ([[Nutmeg]] family)
** [[Nutmeg]], ''Mysristica fragrans''
* [[Myrtaceae]] ([[Myrtle]] family)
** [[Eucalyptus]], ''Eucalyptus'' species
** [[Myrtle]], ''Myrtus'' species
** [[Guava]], ''Psidium guajava''[[Image:Davidia1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Nyssaceae]]: ''a [[Dove tree]] in flower'']]
* [[Nyssaceae]] ([[Tupelo]] family; sometimes included in [[Cornaceae]])
** [[Nyssa|Tupelo]], ''Nyssa'' species
** [[Dove tree]], ''Davidia involucrata''
* [[Oleaceae]] ([[Olive]] family)
** [[Olive]], ''Olea europaea''
** [[Ash tree|Ash]], ''Fraxinus'' species
* [[Platanaceae]] ([[Platanus|Plane]] family)
** [[Platanus|Plane]], ''Platanus'' species
* [[Rhizophoraceae]] ([[Mangrove]] family)
** Red Mangrove, ''Rhizophora mangle''
* [[Rosaceae]] ([[Rose]] family)
** [[Rowan]], ''Sorbus'' species
** [[Hawthorn]], ''Crataegus'' species
** [[Pear]], ''Pyrus'' species
** [[Apple]], ''Malus'' species
** [[Almond]], ''Prunus dulcis''
** [[Peach]], ''Prunus persica''
** [[Plum]], ''Prunus domestica''
** [[Cherry]], ''Prunus'' species
* [[Rubiaceae]] ([[Bedstraw]] family)
** [[Coffee]], ''Coffea arabica''
* [[Rutaceae]] ([[Rue]] family)
** [[Citrus]], ''Citrus'' species
** [[Cork-tree]], ''Phellodendron'' species
** [[Tetradium|Euodia]], ''Tetradium'' species
* [[Salicaceae]] ([[Willow]] family)
** [[Aspen]], ''Populus'' species
** [[Poplar]], ''Populus'' species
** [[Willow]], ''Salix'' species
[[image:yellowmaple.jpg|thumb|Yellow [[maple]] in fall]]
* [[Sapindaceae]] (including [[Aceraceae]], [[Aesculus|Hippocastanaceae]]) ([[Soapberry]] family)
** [[Maple]], ''Acer'' species
** [[Aesculus|Buckeye, Horse-chestnut]], ''Aesculus'' species
** [[Mexican Buckeye]], ''Ungnadia speciosa''
** [[Lychee]], ''Litchi sinensis''
** [[Golden rain tree]], ''Koelreuteria paniculata''
* [[Sapotaceae]] family
** [[Tambalacoque]], or ''dodo tree'', ''Sideroxylon grandiflorum'', previously ''Calvaria major''
* [[Simaroubaceae]] family
** [[Ailanthus|Tree of heaven]], ''Ailanthus'' species
* [[Sterculiaceae]] family
** [[Cacao]] ([[cocoa]]), ''Theobroma cacao''
* [[Ulmaceae]] ([[Elm]] family)
** [[Hackberry]], ''Celtis'' species
** [[Elm]], ''Ulmus'' species
* [[Verbenaceae]] family
** [[Teak]], ''Tectona'' species

====[[Monocotyledon]]s (Liliopsida)====
* [[Agavaceae]] ([[Agave]] family)
** [[Cabbage tree]], ''Cordyline australis''
** [[Dragon tree]], ''Dracaena draco''
** [[Joshua tree]], ''[[Yucca]] brevifolia''
* [[Arecaceae]] (Palmae) ([[Arecaceae|Palm]] family)
** [[Areca]] Nut, ''Areca catechu''
** [[Coconut]] ''Cocos nucifera''
** [[Date (fruit)|Date]] Palm, ''Phoenix dactylifera''
** [[Chusan Palm]], ''Trachycarpus fortunei''
* [[Poaceae]] ([[grass]] family)
** [[Bamboo]]s Poaceae subfamily Bambusoideae
* Note that [[Banana]] 'trees' are not actually trees, as they are not woody nor perennial.

=== [[Pinophyta|Conifer]]s (Pinophyta; softwood trees)===
[[Image:coastredwood.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The [[conifer]]ous [[Coast Redwood]], the tallest tree species on earth]]
* [[Araucariaceae]] ([[Araucaria]] family)
** [[Araucaria]], ''Araucaria'' species
** [[Kauri]], ''Agathis'' species
* [[Cupressaceae]] ([[Cypress]] family)
** [[Cupressus|Cypress]], ''Cupressus'' species
** [[Chamaecyparis|Cypress]], ''Chamaecyparis'' species
** [[Juniper]], ''Juniperus'' species
** [[Alerce]] or Patagonian cypress, ''Fitzroya cupressoides''
** [[Sugi]], ''Cryptomeria japonica''
** [[Coast Redwood]], ''Sequoia sempervirens''
** [[Giant Sequoia]], ''Sequoiadendron giganteum''
** [[Dawn Redwood]], ''Metasequoia glyptostroboides''
** [[Taxodium|Bald Cypress]], ''Taxodium distichum''
* [[Pinaceae]] ([[Pine]] family)
** [[Pinus classification|White pine]], ''Pinus'' species
** [[Pinus classification|Pinyon pine]], ''Pinus'' species
** [[Pine]], ''Pinus'' species
** [[Spruce]], ''Picea'' species
** [[Larch]], ''Larix'' species
** [[Douglas-fir]], ''Pseudotsuga'' species
** [[Fir]], ''Abies'' species
** [[Cedar]], ''Cedrus'' species
* [[Podocarpaceae]] ([[Yellowwood]] family)
** African Yellowwood, ''Afrocarpus falcatus''
** [[Totara]], ''Podocarpus totara''
* [[Taxaceae]] ([[Yew]] family)
** [[Yew]], ''Taxus'' species

=== [[Ginkgo]]s (Ginkgophyta)===
* [[Ginkgo|Ginkgoaceae]] ([[Ginkgo]] family)
** [[Ginkgo]], ''Ginkgo biloba''

=== [[Cycad]]s (Cycadophyta)===
* [[Cycadaceae]] family
** Ngathu [[cycad]], ''Cycas angulata''
* [[Zamiaceae]] family
** Wunu [[cycad]], ''Lepidozamia hopei''

=== [[Fern]]s (Pterophyta)===
* [[Cyatheaceae]] and [[Dicksoniaceae]] families
** [[Tree fern]]s, ''Cyathea'', ''Alsophila'', ''Dicksonia'' (not a monophyletic group)

== Life stages ==
The life cycles of trees, especially conifers, are divided into the following stages in [[forestry]] for survey and documentation purposes:
# [[Seed]]
# Seedling: the above ground part of the embryo that sprout from the seed
# Sapling: After the seedling reaches 1m tall, and until it reaches 7cm in stem diameter
# Pole: young trees from 7-30cm diameter
# Mature tree: over 30cm diameter, reproductive years begin
# Old tree: dominate old growth forest; height growth slows greatly, with majority of productivity in seed production
# Overmature: dieback and decay become common
# Snag: standing dead wood
# Log/debris: fallen dead wood

Tree diameters are measured at height of between 1.3-1.5m above the highest point on the ground at its base. The 7cm diameter definition is economically based, from the smallest saleable stem size (for paper production, etc), and the 30cm diameter is the smallest base diameter for sawlogs. Each stage may be uniquely perceptive to different pathogens and suitable for especially adapted arboreal animals.
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{{commons|Trees}}

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