Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Tasma

{{Infobox medical intervention|name=Tasma|image=Glasses black.jpg|caption=Tasma modéren|field=[[Oftalmologi]], [[Optométri]]|alt=|pronounce=|synonyms=Kacamata, Kacapanon|ICD10=|ICD9=|ICD9unlinked=|MeshID=|LOINC=|other_codes=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicine=}}
:
'''Tasma''', ([[Tatakrama basa Sunda|basa hormat]]: '''Kacasoca''') ogé disebut '''kacamata''' atawa '''kacapanon''' nyaéta rarangka nu nyekelan [[lénsa]] nu dipakéna di hareupeun salah sahiji atawa dua [[panon]] pikeun menerkeun [[tetempoan]] atawa protéksi tina [[cahya]] nu ngabahayakeun panon (conto: cahya [[ultrabungur]]. Kiwari tasma ilahar mibanda ogé hiji jambatan antara lénsa kénca jeung katuhu, sapasang kuda-kudana nu némpél kana [[irung]], sarta kakait kana dua [[ceuli]]. Salian ti éta, kiwari loba tasma geus jadi alat pikeun ngagaya jeung alat bantu lamun keur lalajo pilem 3 diménsi. 

== Sajarah ==

=== Mimitian ===
Sajarah tasma dimimitian ti Nero, saurang kaisar [[Roma]], anu ngawasa ti taun 54 nepi ka 68 [[Maséhi]]. Nero mindeng maké batu permata cekung pikeun maca jeung lalajo ''pertunjukan'', sanajan kitu, euweuh nu apal yén manéhna boga masalah dina panempoannana atawa henteu.<ref name="Sejarah Kacamata">Wulffson, Don M.H: " Kisah-Kisah Menarik Di Balik Penemuan Benda-Benda Biasa Dalam Kehidupan Sehari-Hari", halaman 100. Penerbit Arena, 2000. [[Istimewa:Sumber buku/9796695135|ISBN 979-6695-13-5]]</ref>

=== Kapanggihna Tasma ===
Bangsa Cina sigana anu pangkahijina maké tasma siga tasma anu loba dipaké di jaman kiwari. Ilaharna tasmana téh dijieunna tina lénsa anu bentukna oval nu badag pisan jeung kajieun tina kristal batu jeung bingkaina tina batok kuya. Sangkan kacana bisa kacekel, bangsa Cina maké dua [[kawat]] nu dibéré beungbeurat sarta dikaitkeun kana ceuli maranéhna atawa lénsana dikaitkeun kana [[dudukuy]] atawa maké kait anu dicantolkeun kana pelipis maranéhna. Pikeun bangsa Cina, tasma ngan saukur dipaké salaku jimat kabogauntungan atawa alat pikeun maranéhna katempo leuwih hadé jeung miboga wibawa nu matak kadang maranéhna ngan maké bingkai tasmana hungkul henteu jeung lénsana.<ref name="Sejarah Kacamata" />

=== Pamekaran ===
[[File:Wartburg-16century.glasses.JPG|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Wartburg-16century.glasses.JPG|ka|jmpl|263x263px|Tasma Abad 16 di Jerman]]
Tasma geus mulai dipikawanoh di Éropa nalika abad ka-13. Namung, ari bangsa Éropa mah maké tasma téh émang pikeun nyékasan panempoan maranéhna. Tasma anu diparaké ku maranéhna masih kénéh sarua siga tasmana bangsa Cina anu dijieunna tina batu kristal atawa batu transaparan. 

Tasma anu pangmimitina dipaké ku urang Éropa ngan saukur kaca panggedé anu dicekelan maké hiji leungeun. Tuluy saenggeus éta karék wé muncul lénsa kaca ganda anu dibéré gagang sangkan bisa dikaitkeun kana ceuli. Tuluy gagangna dileungitkeun jeung digantikeun maké pita atawa tambang sangkan bisa dikaitkeun kana sirah. Pikeun sababaraha lila, jelema maké tasma pér, nyaéta tasma anu dijepit maké alat siga paniti ka luhur irung. Ahirna beuki lila, muncul idé pikeun maké kawat béngkok nu diheuraskeun sangkan bisa jadi gagang dina ceuli.

Lénsa anu dipaké pikeun nyékasan panempoan cenah mah dipaké ku [[Abbas Ibn Firnas]] <ref name="Penemuan Lensa">Ajram, Dr. Kasem: "Miracle of Islamic Science", Appendix B. Knowledge House Publisher, 1992.[[Istimewa:Sumber buku/0911119434|ISBN 0-911119-43-4]]</ref> nalika abad ka-9. [[Abbas Ibn Firnas]] manggih cara pikeun ngaproduksi lénsa anu hérang pisan. Lénsa ieu dibentuk jeung diasah jadi batu buleud anu bisa dipaké pikeun maca nepi ka dipikawanoh salaku "batu maca".

Nalika tungtung abad ka-13, ahirna kakara kapanggih yén kaca salaku lénsa leuwih alus tibatan maké batu transparan. Hal ieu numutkeun kana panalungtikanna [[Sir Joseph Needham]], salah saurang panalungtik ti [[Inggris]]. Panalungtikanna nunjukkeun yén tasma dipanggih 1000 taun ka tukang di Cina nu ahirna sumebar ka saniskara dunya nalika jaman datangna [[Marco Polo]] taun 1270. Hal ieu ogé disebutkeun ku [[Marco Polo]] na sorangan dina buku éta. Sanajan can tangtu bener, loba jelema nu percaya yén tukang kaca anu jadi inisiator hal ieu.<ref name="Sejarah Kacamata" />

=== Panyampurnaan Tasma ===
Nalika taun 1784, [[:id:Benjamin_Franklin|Benjamin Franklin]], saurang élmuwan Amérika, nyiptakeun Tasma [[:id:Bifokal|bifokal]] nyaéta tasma anu kanyat dipaké pikeun nempo jarak deukeut jeung jarak jauh.<ref name="penyempurnaan">{{cite web|url=http://www.antiquespectacles.com/timeline/timeline.htm|title=Perkembangan Kacamata|accessdate=2011-03-13}}</ref><!-- Historical types include the [[pince-nez]], [[monocle]], and [[lorgnette]].

Eyeglass frames are commonly made from metal, [[horn-rimmed glasses|horn]] or plastic. Lenses were originally made from [[glass]], but many are now made from various types of [[plastic]], including [[CR-39]] or [[polycarbonate]]. These materials reduce the danger of breakage and weigh less than glass lenses. Some plastics also have more advantageous optical properties than glass, such as better transmission of [[visible light]] and greater absorption of [[ultraviolet light]].<ref name="polycarb">{{cite web |last=DeFranco |first=Liz |work=All About Vision |url=http://www.allaboutvision.com/lenses/polycarb.htm |title=Polycarbonate Lenses: Tough as Nails |date=April 2007 |accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref> Some plastics have a greater [[index of refraction]] than most types of glass; this is useful in the making of corrective lenses shaped to correct various [[List of eye diseases and disorders|vision abnormalities]] such as [[myopia]], allowing thinner lenses for a given [[Eyeglass prescription|prescription]].

[[Image:Scissors_glasses.jpg|thumb|right|200px|French Empire gilt [[Scissors-glasses|scissors_glasses]] c.1805]]

Scratch-resistant coatings can be applied to most plastic lenses giving them similar scratch resistance to glass. [[Hydrophobic]] coatings designed to ease cleaning are also available, as are [[anti-reflective coating]]s intended to improve night vision and make the wearer's eyes more visible.<ref name="Coatings">{{cite web |last=DeFranco |first=Liz |work=All About Vision |url=http://www.allaboutvision.com/lenses/coatings.htm |title=    
Do You Need Lens Coatings? |date=May 2006 |accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref>

Polycarbonate lenses are the lightest and most shatter-resistant, making them the best for impact protection,<ref name="polycarb" /> yet offer poor optics due to high dispersion, and having a low [[Abbe number]] of 31. CR-39 lenses are the most common plastic lenses due to their low weight, high scratch resistance, and low transparency for ultra violet and infrared radiation.

Not all glasses are designed solely for vision correction, but rather for protection, viewing visual information (such as [[stereoscopy]]) or simply just for aesthetic or fashion values. Safety glasses are a kind of [[eye protection]] against flying debris or against visible and near visible [[light]] or [[radiation]]. [[Sunglasses]] allow better vision in bright daylight, and may protect against damage from high levels of [[ultraviolet light]]. 
== History ==
=== Precursors ===
[[Image:Hugh specs.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Detail of a portrait of Hugh de Provence, painted by Tomaso da Modena in 1352]]
The first suspected recorded use of a corrective lens may have been by the emperor [[Nero]] in the 1st century, who was known to watch the [[gladiator|gladiatorial games]] using an [[emerald]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nero's Character |work=bible-history.com |url=http://www.bible-history.com/nero/NERONeros_Character.htm |accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref>

Corrective lenses were said to be used by [[Abbas Ibn Firnas]] in the 9th century.<ref>Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992). ''Miracle of Islamic Science'', Appendix B. Knowledge House Publishers. [[Special:Booksources/0911119434|ISBN 0-911119-43-4]].</ref> He had devised a way to finish sand into glass; which until this time, was secret to the [[Egyptians]].  These glasses could be shaped and polished into round rocks used for viewing - known as [[reading stone]]s.

[[Sunglasses]], in the form of flat panes of [[smoky quartz]], protected the eyes from glare and were used in [[China]] in the [[12th century]] or possibly earlier. However, they did not offer any corrective powers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/sunglasses.htm |title=Sunglasses History - The Invention of Sunglasses |accessdate=2007-06-28 |last=Ament |first=Phil |date=2006-12-04 |work=The Great Idea Finder |publisher=Vaunt Design Group }}</ref>

=== Invention of eyeglasses ===

[[Image:Conrad von Soest, 'Brillenapostel' (1403).jpg|thumb|right|The 'Glasses Apostle' by Conrad von Soest (1403)]]

Around 1284 in Italy, [[Salvino D'Armate]] is credited with inventing the first wearable eye glasses.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bellis |first=Mary |title=The History of Eye Glasses or Spectacles |work=About.com:Inventors |url=http://inventors.about.com/od/gstartinventions/a/glass_3.htm |accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref> The earliest pictorial evidence for the use of eyeglasses, however, is Tomaso da Modena's 1352 portrait of the cardinal Hugh de Provence reading in a [[scriptorium]]. Another early example would be a depiction of eyeglasses found north of the Alpes in an altarpiece of the church of [[Bad Wildungen]], [[Germany]], in 1403.

Many theories abound for to whom the credit for the invention of traditional eyeglasses belong. In 1676, [[Francesco Redi]], a professor of medicine at the [[University of Pisa]], wrote that he possessed a 1289 manuscript whose author complains that he would be unable to read or write were it not for the recent invention of glasses. He also produced a record of a [[sermon]] given in 1305, in which the speaker, a [[Dominican]] monk named Fra Giordano da Rivalto, remarked that glasses had been invented less than twenty years previously, and that he had met the inventor. Based on this evidence, Redi credited another Dominican monk, [[Fra Alessandro da Spina]] of Pisa, with the re-invention of glasses after their original inventor kept them a secret, a claim contained in da Spina's obituary record.<ref>{{cite web |title= Famous Historical Statements up to 1600 |work=Antique Spectacles |url=http://www.antiquespectacles.com/statements/1600.htm |accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref>

Other stories, possibly legendary, credit [[Roger Bacon]] with the invention. Bacon is known to have made the first recorded reference to the magnifying properties of lenses in 1262.<ref>{{cite web |title=....Optics Highlights: II. Spectacles |work=University of Maryland, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering |url=http://www.ece.umd.edu/~taylor/optics2.htm |accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref> His treatise ''De iride'' ("On the Rainbow"), which was written while he was a student of [[Robert Grosseteste]], no later than 1235, mentions using optics to "read the smallest letters at incredible distances". While the exact date and inventor may be forever disputed, it is almost certainly clear that spectacles were invented between 1280 and 1300 in Italy.[http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.germes-online.com/direct/dbimage/50292137/Cocoa_Butter.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.germes-online.com/catalog/48/55/193/124363/sell_corn_oil.html&h=360&w=360&sz=15&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=rIbodLFSvqBIAM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbutter%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DKUS_enUS238US238%26sa%3DN]

These early spectacles had [[Lens (optics)#Types of lenses|convex lenses]] that could correct the [[presbyopia]] (farsightedness) that commonly develops as a symptom of [[aging]]. [[Nicholas of Cusa]] is believed to have discovered the benefits of [[Lens (optics)#Types of lenses|concave lens]] in the treatment of [[myopia]] (nearsightedness). However, it was not until 1604 that [[Johannes Kepler]] published in his treatise on [[optics]] and [[astronomy]], the first correct explanation as to why convex and concave lenses could correct presbyopia and myopia.

=== Later developments ===

[[Image:Don francisco de quevedo-villegas.jpg|thumb|right|A portrait of [[Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas]], 1580–1645]]

The [[United States|American]] scientist [[Benjamin Franklin]], who suffered from both myopia and presbyopia, invented [[bifocals]] in 1784 to avoid having to regularly switch between two pairs of glasses.<ref name="Franklin" /> The first lenses for correcting [[Astigmatism (eye)|astigmatism]] were constructed by the [[United Kingdom|British]] astronomer [[George Airy]] in [[1825]].<ref name="Franklin">{{cite web |last=Bellis |first=Mary |title=The Inventions and Scientific Achievements of Benjamin Franklin|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/fstartinventors/ss/Franklin_invent_4.htm|accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref>

Over time, the construction of spectacle frames also evolved. Early eyepieces were designed to be either held in place by hand or by exerting pressure on the nose ([[pince-nez]]). [[Girolamo Savonarola]] suggested that eyepieces could be held in place by a ribbon passed over the wearer's head, this in turn secured by the weight of a [[hat]]. The modern style of glasses, held by temples passing over the ears, was developed in 1727 by the British optician [[Edward Scarlett]]. These designs were not immediately successful, however, and various styles with attached handles such as "[[scissors-glasses]]" and lorgnettes remained fashionable throughout the 18th and into the early 19th century.

In the early 20th century, [[Moritz von Rohr]] at [[Zeiss]] (with the assistance of H. Boegehold and A. Sonnefeld<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeiss.com/C12567A100537AB9/Contents-Frame/6B49EEA709EAE719C1256919003DAE2B |title=Eyeglass Lenses and Visual Aids from Industrial Production |publisher= Zeiss.com|accessdate=2007-09-02}}</ref>), developed the Zeiss Punktal spherical point-focus lenses that dominated the eyeglass lens field for many years.

Despite the increasing popularity of [[contact lenses]] and [[laser]] [[Refractive surgery|corrective eye surgery]], glasses remain very common and their technology has not stood still. For instance, it is now possible to purchase frames made of special [[memory metal]] alloys that return to their correct shape after being bent. Other frames have spring-loaded hinges. Either of these designs offers dramatically better ability to withstand the stresses of daily wear and the occasional accident. Modern frames are also often made from strong, light-weight materials such as [[titanium]] alloys, which were not available in earlier times.

On [[May 1]] [[1992]] the United States Federal Trade Commission declared (section 456.2) that optometrists be required to provide the patient with a complete prescription immediately following an eye exam, effectively giving the patient the choice of where to purchase their glasses.<ref>{{cite web |title=§ 456.2 Separation of examination and dispensing  |work=Federal Trade Commission  |url=http://ftc.gov/bcp/rulemaking/rvalue/16cfr460.pdf  |pages=453  |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref> The result was greater competition between the glasses manufacturers and thus lower prices for consumers. This trend has been accelerated by the proliferation of Internet technology, giving consumers the chance to bypass traditional distribution channels and buy glasses directly from the manufacturers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Darlin |first=Damon |title=Do-It-Yourself Eyeglass Shopping on the Internet |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 5, 2007 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/05/technology/05money.html?ex=1336017600&en=6b0426fd624adc46&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref>

==Types==
===Corrective===
[[Image:Refraction through glasses 090306.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Seattle]] [[skyline]] as seen through a corrective lens, showing the effect of [[refraction]].]]
{{main|Corrective lens|Refraction error}}

Corrective lenses modify the focal length of the eye to alleviate the effects of [[myopia|nearsightedness (myopia)]], [[hyperopia|farsightedness (hyperopia)]] or [[Astigmatism (eye)|astigmatism]]. As people age, the eye's [[lens (anatomy)|crystalline lens]] loses elasticity, resulting in [[presbyopia]], which limits their ability to [[accommodation (eye)|change focus]].

The power of a lens is generally measured in [[diopter]]s. Over-the-counter reading glasses are typically rated at +1.00 to +4.00 diopters. Glasses correcting for myopia will have negative diopter strengths. Lenses made to conform to the prescription of an [[ophthalmologist]] or [[optometrist]] are called [[eyeglass prescription|prescription lenses]] and are used to make prescription glasses.

===Safety===
{{main|Eye protection}}
Safety glasses are usually made with shatter-resistant plastic lenses to protect the eye from flying debris. Although safety lenses may be constructed from a variety of materials of various impact resistance, certain standards suggest that they maintain a minimum 1&nbsp;millimeter thickness at the thinnest point, regardless of material. Safety glasses can vary in the level of protection they provide. For example, those used in medicine may be expected to protect against blood splatter while safety glasses in a factory might have stronger lenses and a stronger frame with additional shields at the temples. The lenses of safety glasses can also be shaped for correction.

[[Image:SafetyGlassesShield.jpg|thumb|right|Safety glasses with side shields]]

The American National Standards Institute has established standard [http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ANSI+Z87%2E1%2D2003 ANSI Z87.1] for safety glasses in the United States, and similar standards have been established elsewhere.

Some safety glasses are designed to fit over corrective glasses or sunglasses. They may provide less eye protection than [[goggles]] or other forms of eye protection, but their light weight increases the likelihood that they will actually be used. Recent safety glasses have tended to be given a more stylish design, in order to encourage their use. The pictured ''wraparound safety glasses'' are evidence of this style change with the close fitting nature of the wraparound dispensing with the need for side shields. Corrective glasses with plastic lenses can be used in the place of safety glasses in many environments; this is one advantage that they have over [[contact lens]]es.

There are also safety glasses for [[welding]], which are styled like wraparound sunglasses, but with much darker lenses, for use in welding where a full sized welding helmet is inconvenient or uncomfortable. These are often called "flash goggles", because they provide protection from welding flash.

Nylon frames are usually used for protection eyewear for sports because of their lightweight and flexible properties.  They are able to bend slightly and return to their original shape instead of breaking when pressure is applied to them.  Nylon frames can become very brittle with age and they can be difficult to adjust.

===Sunglasses===
[[Image:scratch resistant glasses-NASA-RayBan.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Scratch-resistant sunglasses made using a [[NASA]] developed coating]]
{{main|Sunglasses}}

Sunglasses may be made with either prescription or non-prescription lenses that are darkened to provide protection against bright [[visible light|visible]] and possibly [[ultraviolet]] light.

Glasses with [[photosensitive]] lenses, called [[photochromic lens]]es, become darker in the presence of UV light. Unfortunately, many car windshields block the passage of UV light, making photochromic lenses less effective whilst driving on bright days. Still, they offer the convenience of not having to carry both clear glasses and sunglasses to those who frequently go indoors and outdoors during the course of a day.

Light [[polarization]] is an added feature that can be applied to sunglass lenses. Polarization filters remove horizontal rays of light, which can cause glare. Popular among fishermen and hunters, polarized sunglasses allow wearers to see into water when normally glare or reflected light would be seen. Polarized sunglasses may present some difficulties for pilots since reflections from water and other structures often used to gauge altitude may be removed, or instrument readings on liquid crystal displays may be blocked.

Yellow lenses are commonly used by golfers and shooters for their contrast enhancement and depth perception properties. Brown lenses are also common among golfers, but cause color distortion. Blue, purple, and green lenses offer no real benefits to vision enhancement and are mainly cosmetic. Some sunglasses with interchangeable lenses have optional clear lenses to protect the eyes during low light or night time activities and a colored lens with UV protection for times where sun protection is needed.  Debate exists as to whether "blue blocking" or amber tinted lenses have a protective effect.

Sunglasses are often worn just for aesthetic purposes, or simply to hide the eyes. Examples of sunglasses that were popular for these reasons include teashades and [[mirrorshades]].

===Special===
[[Image:Lunettes natation.jpg|thumbnail|150Px|right|Swimming goggles.]]
The [[stereogram|illusion of three dimensions]] on a two dimensional surface can be created by providing each eye with different visual information.
Classic 3D glasses create the illusion of three dimensions when viewing specially prepared images. The classic 3D glasses have one red lens and one blue lens. 3D glasses made of cardboard and plastic are distributed at [[3-D film|3D movies]].
Another kind of 3D glasses uses polarized filters, with one lens polarized vertically and the other horizontally, with the two images required for stereo vision polarized the same way.  The polarized 3D specs allow for color 3D, while the red-blue lenses produce a dull black-and-white picture with red and blue fringes.

One kind of electronic 3D spectacles uses electronic [[Shutter (photography)|shutter]]s, while [[virtual reality]] glasses and helmets have separate video screens for each eye.

==Variations==
Glasses can be very simple, such as magnifying lenses which are used to treat mild [[hyperopia]] and [[presbyopia]] can be bought off the shelf, normally referred to as reading glasses. Most glasses are made to a particular prescription, based on degree of myopia or hyperopia combined with [[astigmatism]]. Lenses can be ground to specific prescriptions, but in some cases standard off-the-shelf prescriptions suffice, but require custom fitting to particular frames.

As people age, their ability to focus is lessened and many decide to use multiple-focus lenses, [[bifocal]] or even [[trifocal]] to cover all the situations in which they use their sight. Traditional multifocal lenses have two or three distinct viewing areas, each requiring a conscious effort of refocusing. Some modern multifocal lenses, such as [[Progressive lenses]] (known as "no-line bifocals"), give a smooth transition between these different focal points and is unnoticeable by most wearers, while others have lenses specifically intended for use with computer monitors at a fixed distance. People may have several pairs of glasses, one for each task or distance, with specific glasses for reading, computer use, television watching, and writing.

===Rimless===
Three-piece rimless and semi-rimless glasses are common variations that differ from regular glasses in that their frames do not completely encircle the lenses. Three-piece rimless glasses have no frame around the lenses, and the bridge and temples are mounted directly onto the lenses. Semi-rimless (or half-rimless) glasses have a frame that only partially encircles the lenses (commonly the top portion), which are held in place most often by high strength nylon wire.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.visioncareproducts.com/CE-old/frames_newest.html
|title=The Newest Technologies in Rimless Eyewear
|last=O’Keefe 
|first=Jackie
|publisher=''Vision Care Product News''
|date=July/August 2003
|accessdate=2006-01-09
}}</ref>
A rare and currently non commercial variation are rimless and frameless glasses attached to a [[Bridge piercing|piercing]] at the bridge of a wearers nose.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.piercedglasses.com/mark2.html
|title=Pierced Glasses
|accessdate=2007-08-07
}}</ref> Such glasses have the visual look of the [[pince-nez]].

===Glazing===
Spectacle lenses are edged into the frame's rim using glazing machines operated by ophthalmic technicians. The edging process begins with a trace being taken of the frame's eye shape. In earlier days the trace was replicated onto a plastic pattern called a Former. Nowadays the process is patternless and the shape is sent to the edger electronically.

The lens, in the form of a round uncut, is positioned in the correct manner to match the prescription and a block is stuck to the lens and that block fits into a chuck in the edging machine. A diamond coated wheel spins as the edger replicates the frame's eye-shape to the uncut lens. A 'v' bevel is applied to allow the edge of the lens to fit into the frame rim.

==Fashion==
[[Image:BarryGoldwater.jpg|thumb|United States senator [[Barry Goldwater]] in [[Horn-rimmed glasses]].]]

Glasses can be a major part of personal expression, from the extravagance of [[Elton John]] and [[Dame Edna Everage]], from [[Groucho Marx]] to [[Buddy Holly]].

For some celebrities, glasses form part of their identity. American Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] continued to wear lensless horn-rimmed spectacles after being fitted with contact lenses because he was not recognizable without his trademark glasses. British soap star [[Anne Kirkbride]] had the same problem: her character on ''[[Coronation Street]]'', [[Deirdre Barlow]], became so well-known for her big frames that she was expected to wear them at social gatherings and in international tours, even though Kirkbride has always worn contact lenses. [[Drew Carey]] continued to wear glasses for the same reason after getting corrective [[LASIK|laser eye surgery]]. [[United Kingdom|British]] comedic actor [[Eric Sykes]], who became profoundly [[deaf]] as an adult, wears glasses that contain no lenses; they are actually a bone-conducting [[hearing aid]]. [[Masaharu Morimoto]] wears glasses to separate his professional persona as a [[chef]] from his stage persona as [[Iron Chef]] [[Japan]]ese. [[John Lennon]] wore his round-lens 'Windsor' spectacles from some of his time with the [[Beatles]] to his murder in 1980. Rock band [[Weezer]] are known for some of the members wearing thick-rimmed glasses.

[[Image:Maleglasses.jpg|left|thumb|Glasses can be used jokingly as a [[stereotype]] for [[intelligence]].]]

In [[popular culture]], glasses were all the disguise [[Superman]] and [[Wonder Woman]] needed to hide in plain view as [[alter ego]]s [[Clark Kent]] and [[Diana Prince]], respectively. 
An example of [[halo effect]] is seen in the [[stereotype]] that those who wear glasses are intelligent or, especially in [[teen]] culture, even [[geek]]s and [[nerd]]s. Some people who find that wearing glasses may look nerdy turn to contact lenses instead, especially under [[peer pressure]]. Others turn to [[laser eye surgery]], as do some would-be [[pilot]]s.

Another unpopular aspect of glasses is their inconvenience. Even through the creation of light frames, such as those made of [[titanium]], very flexible frames, and new lens materials and [[optical coating]]s, glasses can still cause problems during rigorous sports. The lenses can become greasy or trap vapour when eating hot food, swimming, walking in rain or rapid temperature changes (such as walking into a warm building from cold temperatures outside), reducing visibility significantly. Scraping, fracturing, or breakage of the lenses require time-consuming and costly professional repair, though modern plastic lenses are almost indestructible and very scratch-resistant.

[[Apple, Inc.]] co-founder [[Stephen Wozniak]] had a pair of eyeglasses made with lenses in the shape of the well-known Apple [[logo]].
The lenses were made from a block of [[acrylic glass|acrylic]], laminated from layers in the usual rainbow colors, and machined into the appropriate outline, with a custom-made frame in the same shape. They were made by a Silicon Valley optician.

==Other names==
{{Refimprovesect|date=September 2007}}
* '''''Pair of glasses''''' (or just '''''glasses''''') is commonly used in Britain and in North America. Compare with other meanings of the word ''[[glass]]''.
* '''''Spectacles''''' (or '''''specs''''') is sometimes used in Britain and occasionally in the U.S., in addition to use by professional opticians. Also in frequent use is the shortened form, ''specs''.
* '''''Eye glasses''''' or '''''eyeglasses''''' is a word used in [[North American English]]. In contrast, ''[[glass eye]]'' refers to a cosmetic [[prosthetic]] artificial eye that replaces a missing eye.
* '''''Frames''''' is sometimes used to refer to framed eyepieces, although it is not common.
* '''''Lenses''''' is also sometimes used to refer to framed eyepieces, although it is not common.
* '''''Cheaters''''' is used in the [[Hipster (1940s subculture)|hipster]] [[argot]]. Eyeglasses were a common part of the hipster [[persona]], for example [[Dizzy Gillespie]].
* '''''Bioptikon''''' is used as a singular term for a pair of glasses, as in "the boy put on his bioptikon".
-->

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Eye examination]]
* [[Eyeglass prescription]]
* [[Corrective lens]]
* [[Geek chic]]
* [[History of optics]]
* [[Meganekko]]
* [[X-ray vision]]
* [[Stereoscopy]]

== Rujukan ==
<references/>

== Tumbu luar ==
{{wikiquote|Tasma}}
{{commons|Glasses}}
{{wiktionarypar|tasma}}
* [http://www.antiquespectacles.com/ Antique Spectacles], extensive history and pictures of spectacles.
* [http://www.college-optometrists.org/index.aspx/pcms/site.college.What_We_Do.museyeum.online_exhibitions.spectacles.spectacles_home/ British Optical Association Museum], Spectacles Gallery

[[Kategori:Lénsa koréktif]]
[[Kategori:Mata]]
[[Kategori:Nu dipaké dina mata]]
[[Kategori:Oftalmologi]]
[[Kategori:Optika]]
[[Kategori:Optométri]]
[[Kategori:Tetempoan]]