Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Turki

{{Kotakinfo Nagara|
native_name = ''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti''|
conventional_long_name = Républik Turki|
common_name = Turki|
national_motto = [[basa Turki]]: ''Yurtta Sulh, Cihanda Sulh''<br>([[basa Sunda]]: "Damai di Imah, Damai di Dunya")|
national_anthem = ''[[İstiklâl Marşı]]''<br>(basa Sunda: "Mars Kamerdikaan")|
image_flag = Flag of Turkey.svg|
image_coat = Emblem of Turkey.svg|
symbol_type=Lambang|
image_map = LocationTurkey.png|
capital = [[Ankara]]|latd=52|latm=31|latNS=N|longd=13|longm=24|longEW=E|
largest_city = [[İstanbul]]|latd=41|latm=1|latNS=N|longd=28|longm=57|longEW=E|
official_languages = [[basa Turki]]|
government_type = [[Républik]]|
leader_title1 = [[Présiden of Turki|Présidén]] |
leader_title2 = Vice-Présidén|
leader_name1 = [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] |
leader_name2 = [[Fuat Oktay]]|
sovereignty_type = [[Ngadegna]]|
established_event1 = Ottoman Empire |  
established_event2 = Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire |
established_event3 = Formation of Parliament |
established_event4 = Start of War of Independence |
established_event5 = Victory Day |
established_event6 = Declaration of Republic|
established_date1 = [[1299]] |
established_date2 = [[1908]]–[[1922]] |
established_date3 = [[23 April]] [[1920]] |
established_date4 = [[19 Méi]] [[1919]] |
established_date5 = [[30 Augustus]] [[1922]] |
established_date6 = [[29 Oktober]] [[1923]]|
area = 783,562|
areami²= 302,534 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->|
area_rank = ka-37|
area_magnitude = 1 E11|
percent_water = 1.3|
population_estimate = 73,193,000<!--UN WPP-->|
population_estimate_year = 2005|
population_estimate_rank = 17th <sup>1</sup>|
population_census = 67,844,903|
population_census_year = 2000|
population_density = 93|
population_densitymi² = 241 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->|
population_density_rank = 102nd <sup>1</sup>|
GDP_PPP_year = 2006|
GDP_PPP = $612.3 billion<!--http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcoutm.cfm?SD=2006&ED=2006&R1=1&R2=1&CS=3&SS=2&OS=C&DD=0&OUT=1&C=941-914-946-137-962-122-181-124-963-138-918-964-182-968-960-423-935-128-965-936-961-939-184-172-132-134-174-144-944-186-178-136-112&S=PPPWGT&CMP=0&x=59&y=11-->|
GDP_PPP_rank = 19th|
GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,385<!--2006 IMF-->|
GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =75th|
HDI_year = 2003|
HDI = 0.750|
HDI_rank = 94th|
HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font>|
currency = [[Turkish new lira|New Turkish Lira]]<sup>2</sup>|
currency_code = TRY|
time_zone = EET|
utc_offset = +2|
time_zone_DST = EEST|
utc_offset_DST = +3|
cctld = [[.tr]]|
calling_code = 90|
footnotes = 1.&nbsp;Population & Density ranks based on 2005 figures.<br>2.&nbsp;Since [[1 January]] [[2005]], the [[New Turkish Lira]] (''Yeni Türk Lirası'') replaced the old [[Turkish Lira]].
}}

<!--{{External_Timeline|Template:Timeline of History of the Republic of Turkey|History of the Republic of Turkey}}-->
'''Turki''' ([[basa Turki]]: ''Türkiye''), resmina '''Républik Turki''' ({{Audio|Tur-Türkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg|''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti''}}), nyaéta hiji nagara di [[Eurasia]] nu ngampar sapanjang ''[[semenanjung]]'' [[Anatolia]] di [[Asia]] [[Asia kulon kidul|kulon kidul]] sarta wewengkon [[Balkan]] ti [[Éropa]] [[Éropa wétan kidul|wétan kidul]]. Wates-wates Turki nyaéta dalapan nagara: 
* [[Bulgaria]] di beulah kulon kalér; 
* [[Yunani]] di beulah kulon; 
* [[Georgia (nagara)|Georgia]] di beulah wétan kalér; 
* [[Arménia]], [[Iran]] jeung ''[[exclave]]'' [[Nakhichevan]] ti [[Azerbaijan]] di beulah wétan; 
* [[Irak]] jeung [[Syria]] di beulah wétan kidul. 
Minangka tambahan, Turki diwawatesanan ku [[Laut Hideung]] di beulah kalér; [[Laut Aegean]] jeung [[Laut Marmara]] di beulah kulon; sarta [[Laut Méditerania]] di beulah kidul.

Républik Turki netepkeun dirina minangka [[républik]] nu [[démokrasi|démokratis]], [[sékulérisme|sékulér]], jeung [[konstitusi]]onal nu mana sistim pulitikna diadegkeun dina taun 1923. Turki mangrupa nagara anggota [[PBB]], [[NATO]], [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[OECD]], [[Organisi Konferensi Islam|OKI]], sarta [[Déwan Éropa]]. Ogé mangrupa nagara calon pikeun ngagabung jeung [[Uni Éropa]]. Alatan lokasina nu stratégis, [[nagara transbuana|ngajagangan Éropa jeung Asia]] sarta aya di antara tilu sagara, Turki geus jadi jalan nyabrang bersajarah antara budaya [[budaya wétan|wétan]] jeung [[budaya kulon|kulon]]. Turki mangrupa tempat keur sababaraha peradaban sarta jadi tempat bitotama antar maranéhannana.
{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
<!-- == Étimologi ==
The Turkish name ''Türkiye'' subdivides into two words: ''Türk'', means "strong" in [[Old Turkic]] and usually signifies the habitants of Turkey or a member of the Turkish nation; and the suffix ''-iye'' which means "owner" or "related to". The root appears commonly among early Altaic tribal ethnonyms, and also appears notably in the name of [[Turkmenistan]]. A common point of confusion that arises is the relationship between the country and the bird called "Turkey". European explorers who first encountered the bird in the [[New World]] named it as such, mistakenly believing it to have come from Turkey. The term "Türk" or "Türük" predates this by a long way, an example being  the [[Göktürks]] (Sky Turks). Ironically, the Turkish name for the bird, turkey, is "Hindi" (meaning "Indian") which can be attributed to the belief that it originated in [[India]].

== Sajarah == 
{{main2|History of Turkey|History of the Republic of Turkey}}

Because of its strategic location at the intersection of [[Asia]] and [[Europe]], [[Anatolia]] has been a cradle for several [[civilization]]s since [[prehistoric]] ages, with [[Neolithic]] settlements such as [[Çatalhöyük]] (Pottery Neolithic), [[Çayönü]] ([[Pre-Pottery Neolithic A]] to pottery Neolithic), [[Nevali Cori]] ([[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]]), [[Hacilar]] (Pottery Neolithic), [[Göbekli Tepe]] ([[Pre-Pottery Neolithic A]]) and [[Mersin]]. The settlement of [[Troy]] starts in the Neolithic and continues forward into the Iron Age. Through recorded history, Anatolians have spoken [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] and [[South Caucasian languages|Kartvelian]] languages, as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation. In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European [[Hittite language|Hittite]] and [[Luwian]] languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the [[Indo-European language]]s have radiated. Other authors have proposed an Anatolian origin for the [[Etruscans]] of ancient [[Italy]]. Iron Age peoples that have settled in or conquered Anatolia include the [[Phrygia]]ns, [[Hittite]]s, [[Lydia]]ns, [[Lycia]]ns, [[Celt]]s, [[Mushki]], [[Urartians]], [[Kurds]], [[Cimmerian]]s, [[Armenians]], [[Persians]], [[Tabal]]s and [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]].

[[Image:Ottoman 1683.png|thumb|right|200px|The [[Ottoman Empire]] c. [[1683]]]]
The gradual conquest of Anatolia from the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] by [[Turkic peoples]], under the [[Seljuks]] with the [[Battle of Manzikert]] and the rise of the [[Seljuk Empire]] in the [[11th century]] was finalized by the rise of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. By the end of the 16th century, at the height of its power, the Ottoman Empire grew to cover Anatolia, the [[Balkans]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[Eastern Europe]] and the [[Caucasus]]. It comprised an area of about 5.6 million [[Square kilometer|km²]]<ref>Regnal Chronologies. [http://www.hostkingdom.net/earthrul.html "To Rule the Earth..."]. Retrieved 6 April 2006.</ref>, though it controlled a much larger area, if adjoining areas dominated mainly by [[nomad]]ic tribes, where the empire's [[suzerainty]] was recognized, are included. The empire interacted with both [[Eastern world|Eastern]] and [[Western culture|Western]] cultures throughout its 624-year history.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful political entities, often locking horns with the powers of eastern Europe in its steady advance through the [[Balkan Peninsula|Balkans]] and the southern part of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. Its navy was also a powerful force in the Mediterranean. On several occasions, the Ottoman army reached central Europe, laying [[siege]] to [[Vienna]] in 1529 and again in 1683 in an attempt to conquer the [[Habsburg]] domain, and was finally repulsed only by grand coalitions of European powers at sea and on land.

Following years of decline, the Ottoman Empire entered [[World War I]] in an alliance with [[German Empire|Germany]] in 1914, in which it was ultimately defeated. After the war, western powers sought to partition the empire through the [[Treaty of Sévres]]. With the support of the Allies, Greece had occupied [[İzmir]] as provided for in the Treaty. On [[19 May]] [[1919]] this prompted the beginning of a nationalist movement under the command of [[Mustafa Kemal Pasha]], a military commander who had distinguished himself in the [[Battle of Gallipoli]] (see [[Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire]]). Kemal Pasha sought to revoke the terms of the treaty  signed by the Sultan in [[Istanbul]]. This involved mobilizing every available part of Turkish society in what would become the [[Turkish War of Independence]] (Turkish: ''Kurtuluş Savaşı'').

[[Image:MustafaKemalATATURK.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] - Founder and first [[President of Turkey|President]] of the Republic of Turkey]]
By [[18 September]] [[1922]] the occupying armies were repelled and the country saw the birth of a Turkish state. On [[1 November]] [[1922]] the [[Turkish Grand National Assembly]] formally abolished the office of the Sultan, ending 631 years of Ottoman rule. In 1923 the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] recognized the sovereignty of the new Republic of Turkey. Kemal Pasha became the Republic's first President and instituted [[Atatürk's reforms|far reaching reforms]] with the aim of modernizing the new Republic from the remnants of its Ottoman past. According to the Law on Family Names, the Turkish Grand Assembly presented Mustafa Kemal with the honorific name "Atatürk" (meaning ''Father of the Turks'') in 1934.

Turkey entered [[World War II]] on the Allied side in the latter stages of the war and became a charter member of the United Nations. Difficulties faced by Greece after World War II in quelling a communist rebellion and demands by the [[Soviet Union]] for military bases in the Turkish Straits prompted the United States to declare the [[Truman Doctrine]] in 1947. The doctrine enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece and resulted in large scale U.S. military and economic support.

After participating with United Nations forces in the [[Korean War|Korean conflict]], Turkey in 1952 joined the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)]].  Turkey intervened and militarily invaded [[Cyprus]] in July 1974 in response to a Greek Cypriot coup by [[EOKA-B]]. The resultant breakaway de-facto independent [[TRNC|Northern Cyprus]] is not officially recognised by any country except Turkey itself.

Turkey experienced a series of [[Coup d'état|coups]]: [[Military coup in Turkey, 1960|Coup of 60]], [[Coup by Memorandum]], [[Military coup in Turkey, 1980|Coup of 80]] and [[Postmodern Coup D'etat]]. The period of the 70s ([[Left-right clashes (Republic of Turkey)|Left-Right clashes]]) and 80s was marked by political instability and rapid, but at times erratic economic growth. A series of economic shocks led to new elections in [[2002]], bringing into power the conservative [[Justice and Development Party]] led by the former mayor of Istanbul, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]. In October 2005, the [[European Union]] opened accession negotiations with Ankara and thus Turkey is a candidate country to join the European Union as a full member, having been an associate member since [[1964]].

{{see also|History of Anatolia|History of the Turkish people|Atatürk's reforms}}

== Politics ==
<!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series-->
{{morepolitics|country=Turkey}}
The Politics of Turkey takes place in a framework of a [[secularism|secular]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]], whereby the [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] is the [[head of government]], and of a pluriform multi-party system. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[government]] and the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]. The [[Judiciary]] is independent of the executive and the legislature.

===Executive branch===
The function of Héad of State is performed by the [[List of Presidents of Turkey|President]] ''(Cumhurbaşkanı)''. A présidént is elected every seven yéars by the Grand National Assembly. The présidént does not have to be a member of parliament. The current présidént [[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]], was elected by Parliament on [[May 16]], [[2000]].  
Executive power rests in the [[List of Prime Ministers of Turkey|Prime Minister]] ''(Başbakan)'' and the Council of Ministers ''(Bakanlar Kurulu)''. The Ministers have to be members of Parliament; however, the Prime Minister is no longer required to be an MP. The Prime Minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in his government. The Prime Minister is [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], whose Islamic conservative [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]] won a majority of parliamentry séats in the  [[2002]] general elections.  
The Chairman of the Parliament is [[Bülent Arinç|Bülent Arınç]] from the same party. The current présidént of the Constitutional Court is [[Mustafa Bumin]].

===Legislative branch===
<!--
[[Image:TBMM.jpg|thumb|right|180px|The [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] (''Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'')]] -->
[[Legislature|Legislative]] power is invested in the 550-séat [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] (''Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi''), representing 81 provinces. The members are elected for a five yéar term by mitigated [[proportional representation]] with an [[election threshold]] of 10 %. To avoid fragmentation of parliament, a party must win at léast 10% of the national vote in a national parliamentary election to gain parliamentary representation. Independent candidates may run, and to be elected, they must only win 10% of the vote in the province from which they are running.  The Turkish military plays an informal political role, seeing itself as the guardian of the secular, unitary nature of the republic.  Political parties deemed anti-secular or [[separatist]] by the judiciary can be banned. Turkey has a [[multi-party]] system, with several strong [[political parties|parties]]..

==Foreign Relations==
{{utama|Foreign relations of the Republic of Turkey}}

===Turkish-EU relations===

Turkey's main political, economic and military relations remain rooted within [[Western Europe]] and the [[United States]]. An associate member of the Européan Union since 1964, Turkey is currently in the process of accession pending the completion of negotiations. A major source of tension in its EU aspirations is the [[Cyprus dispute|issue of Cyprus]], a member of the EU which Turkey does not recognise, but instéad supports the ''de facto independent '' [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|Turkish Cypriot north]]. Other factors include Turkey's human rights record, its relatively large population, its relatively poor (although fast growing) economy and proximity to the volatile Middle éast. Based on what it views as lukewarm support for its accesion to the EU and alleged double standards in its negotiations (France and Austria have indicated they will hold [[referendums]] on Turkey's membership) the Turkish public has become incréasingly [[euroskeptic]] in recent times. A mid-[[2006]] [[Eurobarometer]] survey revéaled that 43% of Turkish citizens view the EU positively; just 35% trust the EU, 45% support enlargement and just 29% support an EU constitution <ref>[http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/4713737.asp?gid=74 New Eurobarometer poll results show a drop in Turkish support for the EU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224600/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/new-eurobarometer-poll-results-show-a-drop-in-turkish-support-for-the-eu-4713737 |date=2018-12-15 }} ''Hurriyet''' Sunday, July 09, 2006</ref>. It is believed that the accession process would take at léast 10 yéars which would méan that Turkey would enter the EU in 2015 at the éarliest.

===Turkish-American relations===

Turkey has remained a close ally of the United States, supporting it in the [[war on terror]] in the post [[September 11th]] climate. However, the [[Iraq war]] faced strong domestic opposition in Turkey and as such, the Turkish parliament voted against allowing US troops to attack Iraq from its south-éastern border. This led to a period of cooling in relations, but soon regained momentum through diplomatic, humanitarian and indirect military support. Turkey is particularly cautious about an independent Kurdish state arising from a destabilised [[Iraq]]. Turkey has fought an insurgent war against the Kurdistan Workers Party ([[PKK]]), that seeks Kurdish independence, in which some estimated 30,000 péople have lost their lives. This has led Ankara to pressure the US into clamping down on guerrilla training camps in northern Iraq, though it remains reluctant due to its relative stability compared to the rest of Iraq. Turkey must therefore balance domestic pressures with commitments to its strongest ally.

=== Greco-Turkish relations ===

Historically, relations with neighbour [[Greece]] have been strained and occasionally close to war. The antagonism can be traced all the way back to centuries of Ottoman Turkish rule over the Greek péople and consequent struggle by the latter for the création of a Greek nation state. The last one emerged over the [[Cyprus dispute]] and conflicts on the status of the [[Aegean Sea]] are the current main points of contention. Cyprus remains divided between a Greek Cypriot south, and a [[TRNC|Turkish Cypriot north]] recognized only by Turkey. Efforts to reunite the island under the auspices of the [[United Nations]] have failed thus far. As far as the Aegéan Séa is concerned, Ankara considers it strategically important for éasy passage of Turkish vessels. Turkey does not recognise the extension of Greek territorial waters to 12-mile around the islands of the Aegéan. Ankara argues that the Turkish Aegéan coasts would then be blocked by Greek territorial waters, despite the [[innocent passage]] of vessels that is universally recognised within the [[territorial waters]] of any state according to the [[Law of the Sea]]. Turkey has warned that such an act would be considered a ''[[casus belli]]'' or an act of war on Turkey.

Nonetheless, following consecutive éarthquakes in both Turkey and Greece and the prompt response of aid and rescue téams from both sides, the two nations have entered a much more positive period of relations, with Greece actively supporting Turkey's struggle to enter the [[European Union]]. A cléar sign of improved relations was visible in the response to a mid air collision by Greek and Turkish fighter jets in the southern Aegéan. While the Turkish pilot ejected safely, the Greek pilot lost his life. However, both countries agreed that the event should not affect their bilateral relations.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5008178.stm BBC News Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113035800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5008178.stm |date=2006-11-13 }} May 23, 2006.</ref>

{{see also|Accession of Turkey to the European Union|Cyprus dispute|Greco-Turkish relations}}

== Military ==
{{utama|Turkish Armed Forces}}

The [[Turkish Armed Forces]] ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri'' or abbreviated as TSK) consists of the [[Turkish Army|Army]], [[Turkish Navy|Navy]] (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry) and [[Turkish Air Force|Air Force]]. The [[Turkish Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]] and [[Turkish Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] operate as the part the Department of Internal Affairs in péacetime and are subordinate to the Army and Navy Commands respectively. In wartime, both have law enforcement and military functions. The Turkish Armed forces, with a combined troop strength of 1,043,550<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit: Turkey 2005 p.23.</ref> péople, is the second largest standing force in NATO after the United States. Currently, 36,000<ref>Ibid.</ref> troops are stationed in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Every fit male Turkish citizen has to serve military service for varying time periods ranging between 1 month to 15 months depending on his education, job location, and occasional paid options. The Turkish Armed Forces became a member of the NATO Alliance on [[February 18]], [[1952]].

In 1998, Turkey announced a modérnisation programme worth some $31 billion over a period of ten yéars including tanks, helicopters and assault rifles. Turkey is also a level three contributor to the [[F-35 Lightning II|Joint Strike Fighter]] (JSF) program, gaining an opportunity to develop and influence the création of the next generation fighter spéarhéaded by the United States.

The Armed forces have traditionally been a politically powerful institution,  considering itself the guardian of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]]'s legacy. They have staged three coups between 1960 and 1980, whilst also influencing the removal of the Islam-oriented government of [[Necmettin Erbakan]] in 1997. Through the [[National Security Council (Turkey)|National Security Council]], the army has influenced policy on issues it deems a thréat to the country, including those relating to Kurdish insurgency and Islamism. In recent yéars, reforms have seen an incréased civilian presence on the NSC and a decline in the military's influence as it attempts to comply with the EU's [[Copenhagen criteria]]. Despite its influence in civilian affairs, the military continues to enjoy strong support from the nation, frequently seen as Turkey's most trusted institution.<ref>A poll published in September 2005 in the national Hürriyet paper found the army to be Turkey's most trusted national institution. {{cite journal | last = Aydinli | first = Ersel | coauthors = Nihat Ali Özcan, and Dogan Akyaz | title = The Turkish Military's March Toward Europe | url = http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060101faessay85108/ersel-aydinli-nihat-ali-ozcan-dogan-akyaz/the-turkish-military-s-march-toward-europe.html | journal = Foreign Affairs | issue = Jan/Feb | year = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106040555/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060101faessay85108/ersel-aydinli-nihat-ali-ozcan-dogan-akyaz/the-turkish-military-s-march-toward-europe.html |date=2009-01-06 }}</ref>

The Commander of The Turkish Armed Forces is [[Chief of the Turkish General Staff|The Chief of the General Staff]] [[General]] [[Yaşar Büyükanıt]] who succeeded General [[Hilmi Özkök]] on August 30, 2006. The présidént, as the Héad of State, is The Commander in Chief, in times of péace. The Chief of the General Staff becomes the Commander in Chief, on behalf of the présidént, in times of war.
{{clr}}

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Turkey}}
[[Image:Anatolia composite NASA.png|thumb|right|240px|Physical map of Turkey]]
[[Image:NEO ararat big.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Mount Ararat]] (''Ağrı Dağı'') - the tallest peak in Turkey at 5137m]]
The territory of Turkey extends from 36° to 42° N and from 26° to 45° E in [[Eurasia]]. It is roughly rectangular in shape and is 1,660 [[kilometer]]s (1,031&nbsp;[[mile|mi]]) wide.  Turkey's aréa inclusive of lakes is 814,578 [[square kilometre]]s<!--source needed--> (314,510&nbsp;[[square mile|sq&nbsp;mi]]), of which 790,200 square kilometres (305,098&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) occupies the [[Anatolia]]n [[peninsula]] (also called Asia Minor) in [[Western Asia]], and 3% or 24,378 square kilometres (9,412&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) are located in [[Europe]].  Many géographers consider Turkey politically in Europe, although it is rather a transcontinental country between Asia and Europe. The land borders of Turkey total 2,573 kilometres (1,599&nbsp;mi), and the [[coastal|coastlines]] (including islands) total another 8,333 kilometres (5,178&nbsp;mi).

Turkey is generally divided into seven regions: the [[Sea of Marmara|Marmara]], the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]], the [[Mediterranean]], Central Anatolia, éast Anatolia, Southéast Anatolia and the [[Black Sea]] region. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the [[Black Sea]] resembles a long, narrow belt. This region comprises approximately 1/6 of Turkey's total land aréa. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian platéau becomes incréasingly rugged as it progresses éastward

Turkey forms a bridge between Europe and Asia, with the division between the two running from the [[Black Sea]] (''Karadeniz'') to the north down along the [[Bosporus]] (''Istanbul Boğazı'') strait through the [[Sea of Marmara]] (''Marmara Denizi'') and the [[Dardanelles]] (''Çanakkale Boğazı'') strait to the Aegéan Séa (''Ege Denizi'') and the larger Mediterranéan Séa (''Akdeniz'') to the south. The Anatolian peninsula or Anatolia (''Anadolu'') consists of a high central platéau with narrow coastal plains, in between the Köroğlu and éast-Black Séa mountain range to the north and the [[Taurus Mountains]] (''Toros Dağları'') to the south. To the éast is found a more mountainous landscape, home to the sources of rivers such as the [[Euphrates]] (''Fırat''), [[Tigris]] (''Dicle'') and the [[Araks]] (''Aras''), as well as [[Lake Van]] (''Van Gölü'') and [[Mount Ararat]] (''Ağrı Dağı''), Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,853&nbsp;[[foot (unit of length)|ft]]).

Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex éarth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of yéars and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent éarthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions. The Bosporus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey, léading to the création of the Black Séa. There is an éarthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to éast.

The [[climate]] is a Mediterranéan [[temperate climate]], with hot, dry summers and mild, wet and cold winters, though conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranéan influences from extending inland, giving the interior of Turkey a continental climate with distinct séasons. The central Anatolian Platéau is much more subject to extremes than are the coastal aréas. Winters on the platéau are especially severe. Temperatures of -30&nbsp;°C to -40&nbsp;°C can occur in the mountainous aréas in the éast, and snow may lie on the ground 120 days of the yéar. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1&nbsp;°C. Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures above 30&nbsp;°C. Annual precipitation averages about 400 milliméters, with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 milliméters. May is generally the wettest month and July and August, the driest.

== Administrative divisions ==
[[Image:Turkey Cities.gif|300px|right|Provincial map of Turkey]]
{{utama|Provinces of Turkey}}
Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces (''iller'' in Turkish; singular ''il''). éach province is divided into subprovinces (''ilçeler''; singular ''ilçe''). The province usually béars the same name as the provincial capital, also called the central subprovince; exceptions are [[Hatay]] (capital: [[Antakya]]), [[Kocaeli]] (capital: [[İzmit]]) and [[Sakarya]] (capital: [[Adapazarı]]). Major provinces include: [[Istanbul Province|İstanbul]] 11 million, [[Ankara Province|Ankara]] 4 million, [[Izmir Province|İzmir]] 3.5 million, [[Bursa Province|Bursa]] 2.1 million, [[Konya Province|Konya]] 2.2 million, [[Adana Province|Adana]] 1.8 million.

===Cities===
[[Image:Istanbul bridge.jpg|thumb|right|240px|İstanbul over the Bosporus]]
[[Image:Ankara-anitkabir.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Ankara]] in the foreground of the [[Anıtkabir]]]]
The capital city of Turkey is [[Ankara]], but the historic capital [[İstanbul]] remains the financial, economic and cultural centre of the country. Other important cities include [[İzmir]], [[Bursa, Turkey|Bursa]], [[Adana]], [[Trabzon]], [[Malatya]], [[Gaziantep]], [[Erzurum]], [[Kayseri]], [[Izmit|İzmit (Kocaeli)]], [[Konya]], [[Mersin]], [[Eskişehir]], [[Diyarbakir|Diyarbakır]], [[Antalya]] and [[Samsun]]. An estimated 68% of Turkey's population live in urban centers.<ref>[http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?IndicatorID=30&Country=TR Globalis - an interactive world map - Turkey - Urban Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920233803/http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?IndicatorID=30&Country=TR |date=2006-09-20 }}</ref> In all, 12 cities have populations exceeding 500,000 and 48 cities have more than 100,000 péople.

'''Major Cities :'''
:''Note:Population figures given are those according to the [[2000]] census''
*[[İstanbul]] - 10,041,000
*[[Ankara]] -  4,319,000
*[[İzmir]] -  2,409,000
*[[Bursa, Turkey|Bursa]] - 1,195,000
*[[Adana]] - 1,131,000
*[[Gaziantep]] - 854,000
*[[Konya]] - 743,000
*[[Antalya]] - 603,000

{{see also|List of cities in Turkey}}
{{clr}}

== Economy ==
{{Infobox Country Economy
|country=Republic of Turkey
|image=
|caption=
|Fiscal_year=Calendar year
|Trade_organisations= [[BSEC]], [[OECD]], [[OID]], [[WTO]], customs union with the [[EU]] 
|Pop_poverty=20%(2002) 
|GDP_by_sector=
|Inflation=7.7% (2005)
|Labour_force=25,900,000
|Labour_force_by_occupation=
|Unemployment=10% (plus underemployment of 4.0%) (2005 est.)
|Main_industries=
|Exports=$82bn
|export_partners=[[Germany]] 13.9%, [[United Kingdom|UK]] 8.8%, <br>[[United States|U.S.]] 7.7%, [[Italy]] 7.4%, [[France]] 5.8%, <br>[[Spain]] 4.2%
|Imports=$137bn
|import_partners=[[Germany]] 12.9%, [[Russia]] 9.3%, [[Italy]] 7.1%, <br>[[France]] 6.4%, [[United States|U.S.]] 4.8%, <br>[[China]] 4.6%, [[United Kingdom|UK]] 4.4%
|Public_debt=57.8% of GDP (2005)
|External_debt= $145B
|Revenues= $190B
|Expenses= $210B
}}
{{utama|Economy of Turkey}}

Turkey's economy is a complex mix of modérn industry and commerce along with a traditional [[agriculture]] sector that in [[as of 2005|2005]] still accounted for 30% of employment. Turkey has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, [[banking]], [[transport]], and [[communications]].

Turkey began a series of reforms in the [[1980]]s designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, [[market]]-based modél. The reforms spurred rapid growth, but this growth was punctuated by sharp [[recession]]s and financial crises in [[1994]], [[1999]], and [[2001]]. Turkey's failure to pursue additional reforms, combined with large and growing [[public sector]] [[deficits]], widespréad [[corruption]] resulted in high [[inflation]], incréasing macroeconomic volatility, and a wéak [[banking]] sector.

[http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/economics-business/variable-638.html Current GDP per capita] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504135206/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/economics-business/variable-638.html |date=2012-05-04 }} soared by 210% in the Seventies. But this proved unsustainable and growth scaled back sharply to 70% in the Eighties and a disappointing 11% in the Nineties.

The [[Ecevit]] government, in power from 1999 through [[2002]], restarted structural reforms in line with ongoing [[economic]] programs under the standby agreements signed with the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), including passage of [[social security]] reform, public finance reform, state banks reform, banking sector reform, incréasing transparency in public sector, and also introduction of related legislation to liberalize telecom, and energy markets. Under the IMF program, the government also sought to use [[exchange rate]] policies to curb inflation.

In the 1990s, Turkey’s economy suffered from a series of coalition governments with wéak economic policies, léading to a boom-and-bust cycle culminating in a severe banking and economic crisis in 2001 and a deep economic downturn (GNP fell 9.5% in 2001) and incréase in unemployment.
The government was forced to float the lira and adopt a more ambitious economic reform program, including a very tight [[fiscal policy]], enhanced structural reforms, and unprecedented levels of IMF lending.

Large IMF loans tied to implementation of ambitious economic reforms, enabled Turkey to stabilize interest rates and the currency and to meet its debt obligations. In [[2002]] and [[2003]], the reforms began to show results. With the exception of a period of market jitters in the run-up to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Iraq war]], inflation and interest rates have fallen significantly, the currency has stabilized, and confidence has begun to return. Turkey's economy grew an average of 7.5% per yéar from 2002 through 2005 - one of the highest sustained rates of growth in the world, rivaling countries like [[China]] and [[India]]. Inflation and interest rates have fallen significantly, the currency has stabilized, government debt has declined to more supportable levels, and business and consumer confidence have returned. At the same time, the booming economy and large inflows of portfolio investment have contributed to a growing current account deficit. Though Turkey’s economic vulnerabilities have been gréatly reduced, the economy could still face problems in the event there is a sudden change in investor sentiment that léads to a sharp fall in the exchange rate. Continued implementation of reforms, including tight fiscal policy, is essential to sustain growth and stability.

[[Image:TurkishYTL.JPG|left|thumb|140px|The currency of Turkey is the [[New Turkish Lira]] (''Yeni Türk Lirası'' or YTL for short)]] On 1 January 2005, the Turkish Lira was replaced by the [[New Turkish Lira]] by dropping six zeroes. That is, 1 new lira is equal to 1,000,000 old lira.

Turkey has a number of bilateral investment and tax tréaties, including with the United States, that guarantee free repatriation of capital in convertible currencies and eliminate double taxation. After yéars of low levels of foreign direct investment ([[FDI]]), in [[2005]] Turkey succeeded in attracting $9.6 billion in FDI and is expected to attract a similar level in 2006. A series of large privatizations, the stability fostered by the start of Turkey’s EU accession negotiations, strong and stable growth, and structural changes in the banking, retail, and telecommunications sectors have all contributed to the rise in foreign investment.

Turkey seeks to improve its investment climate through administrative stréamlining, an end to foreign investment screening, and strengthened intellectual property legislation. However, a number of disputes involving foreign investors in Turkey and certain policies, such as high taxation of cola products and continuing gaps in the intellectual property regime, inhibit investment. The Turkish privatization board is in the process of privatizing a series of state-owned companies, including the state [[alcohol]] and [[tobacco company]] and the oil refining parastatal. In [[2004]], the Privatization Board privatized the telephone company and some of the state-owned banks. The government also committed in the [[WTO|World Trade Organization]] to liberalize the telecommunications sector at the beginning of 2004.

{{See also|Economic history of Turkey}}

==Society==
=== Demographics ===
{{Infobox Country Demographics
|country=Republic of Turkey
|image=[[image:Turkey-demography.png|180px]]
|caption=1961-2005
|size_of_population=70,413,958  <br>(2006 est.)
|growth=1.06% (2006 est.)
|birth=16.62 births/1,000 <br>population (2006 est.)
|death=5.97 deaths/1,000 <br>population (2006 est.)
|life=72.62 years (2006 est.)
|life_male=70.18 years
|life_female=75.18 years 
|fertility=1.92 children born/woman (2006 est.)
|age_0-14_years=25.5% (male 9,133,226; female 8,800,070)
|age_15-64_years= 67.7% (male 24,218,277; female 23,456,761)
|age_65_years=6.8% (male 2,198,073; female 2,607,551) (2006 est.)
|sr_total_mf_ratio=1.02 male(s)/female
|sr_at_birth=1.05 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
|sr_under_15=1.04 male(s)/female
|sr_15-64_years=1.03 male(s)/female
|sr_65_years=0.84 male(s)/female
|nation=''noun'': Turk(s) ''adjective'': Turkish
|major_ethnic=Turks
|minor_ethnic=Abkhazians, Albanians, Arabs, Armenians, Bosniaks, Chechens, Circassians, Georgians, Greeks, Hamshenis, Jews, Kabardin, Kurds, Laz, Levantines, Ossetians, Pomaks, Roma and Zazas.<ref>Within the defition established and internationally agreed in the [[1923]] [[Lausanne Treaty]], three minority groups are officially recognized in Turkey, namely [[Armenians]], [[Greeks]] and [[Jews]].</ref>
|official=Turkish
|spoken=Turkish, Kurdish, Azeri, Kabardian
}}
{{utama|Demographics of Turkey}}

The legal use of term "Turkish" (a citizen of Turkey) is different from the ethnic definition (an [[Turkish people|ethnic Turk]]). However, the majority of the Turkish population are of Turkish ethnicity. Besides the minorities that have legal status as defined and internationally recognized by the [[Treaty of Lausanne]]; namely [[Greeks in Turkey|Greeks]], [[Armenians in Turkey|Armenians]] and [[Jews]]; [[ethnic groups]] include [[Abkhaz people|Abkhazians]], [[Albanians]], [[Arabs]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Chechen people|Chechens]], [[Circassians]], [[Georgians]], [[Hamshenis]], [[Kabard]]in, [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], [[Laz people|Laz]], [[Ossetians]], [[Pomaks]], [[Roma people|Roma]] and [[Zaza people|Zazas]], the largest non-Turkic ethnicity being the Kurds, a distinct ethnic group concentrated in the southéast. While the term "[[minority]]" itself remains a sensitive issue in Turkey, it is to be noted that the degree of [[assimilation]] within various [[ethnic groups]] outside the recognized minorities is high, the following generations generally adding into the melting-pot of the [[Turkish people|Turkish]] main body. Within that main body, certain distinctions based on diverse [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origins could be made as well by taking account of the same tendency as mentioned.

Though [[Turkish language|Turkish]] is the sole official language throughout Turkey, broadcasts in local languages and dialects on State media outlets include [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] (essentially [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]), [[Circassian language|Circassian]] and [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]. Radio broadcasts are 60 minutes a day, five hours a week, 45 minutes a day, and four hours a week on television.<ref>[http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/radyo-tv2002.htm Directorate General of Press and Information - Historical background of radio and television broadcasting in Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830170539/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/radyo-tv2002.htm |date=2006-08-30 }}</ref>

The Turkish population is relatively young with over a quarter falling within the [0-14] age bracket. Life expectancy stands at 70.2 yéars for males and 75.2 yéars for females, giving an overall 72.6 yéars for the populace. Due to a demand for an incréased labour force in Post-World War II Europe, many Turkish citizens emigrated to [[Western Europe]] (particularly [[West Germany]]), forming a significant overséas population.

{{see also|Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey}}

===Education===
{{utama|Turkish education system}}

Education is compulsory and free from ages 7 to 15. There are around 820 higher education institutes including universities, with a total student enrollment of over 1 million. The 15 main universities are in [[Istanbul]] and [[Ankara]]. Tertiary education is the responsibility of the Higher Education Council, and funding is provided by the state. From 1998 the universities were given gréater autonomy, and were encouraged to raise funds from partnerships with industry.

There are approximately 85 [[List of universities in Turkey|universities in Turkey]]. There are two types of universities, state and (private) foundational. State universities charge very low fees and foundationals are highly expensive with fees up to $15 000 or sometimes even more. The capacity in total of Turkish universities is approximately 300.000. Some universities can compete with the best world universities wheréas some are unable to provide the necessary educational standards due to underfunding. However, university students are a lucky minority in Turkey. Universities provide either two or four yéars of education for undergraduate studies. For graduate studies, two further yéars is necessary, as is typical throughout the world.

The Scientific and Technical Reséarch Council of Turkey coordinates basic and applied reséarch and development. There are 64 reséarch institutes and organisations. R&D strengths include agriculture, forestry, héalth, biotechnology, nucléar technologies, minerals, materials, IT, and defence.

{{see also|Education in Turkey}}

===Culture===
{{utama|Culture of Turkey}}
[[Image:Whirlingdervishes.JPG|thumb|right|270px|[[Whirling Dervishes]]]]

Turkey has a very diverse culture derived from various elements of the Ottoman Empire, Européan, and the Islamic traditions. As Turkey successfully transformed from the religion-driven former Ottoman Empire into a modérn nation-state with a very strong separation of state and religion, the incréase in the methods of artistic expression followed. During the first yéars of the republic, the government invested a large amount of resources into the fine arts, such as paintings, sculptures and architecture amongst other things.  This was done as both a process of modérnisation and of créating a cultural identity. Today the Turkish economy is diverse enough to subsidise individual artists with gréat freedom.

Because of different historical factors playing an important role in defining a Turkish identity, the [[culture of Turkey]] is an interesting combination of cléar efforts to be "modern" and [[Western culture|Western]], combined with the necessity felt to maintain traditional religious and historical values.

[[Turkish cuisine]] is one of the world's most famous, blending ingredients and recipes inherited from the territories covered by the Ottoman Empire. Turkish Cuisine generally consists of sauced dishes prepared with ceréals, various vegetables and some méat (usually [[Lamb (food)|Lamb]]), soups, cold dishes cooked with [[olive oil]] and pastry dishes.

{|style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:2px; font-size:85%;"  align=center
| colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(204, 153, 51);" |[[Culture of Turkey]]
|-
|style="text-align: center;" | [[Music of Turkey|Music]]
|style="text-align: center;" | [[Cinema of Turkey|Cinema]]
|style="text-align: center;" | [[Poetry of the Republic of Turkey|Poetry]]
|style="text-align: center;" | [[Prose of the Republic of Turkey|Prose]]
|style="border-left: 3px solid #ddd; text-align: center;background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255)" |[[Cuisine of Turkey|Turkish Cuisine]]
|style="border-left: 3px solid #ddd; text-align: center;background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255)" |[[Turkish literature|History of Turkish Literature]]
|}
{{clear}}

===Religion===
{{utama|Islam in Turkey}}
Nominally, 99% of the population is [[Islam|Muslim]]. Most belong to the [[Sunni]] branch of Islam. About 15-20% of the population are [[Alevi]] Muslims. There is also a small but significant [[Twelver]] [[Shi'a]] minority, mainly of [[Azeri]] descent.

The remaining 1% of the population are of other religions, mostly [[Christian]] ([[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]], [[Armenian Apostolic]] (Gregorian), [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]], [[Molokans]], [[Roman Catholic]]s and [[Protestant]]s), [[Jewish]], [[Bahá'ís]] and [[Yezidis]].

[[Image:Bluemosquefront.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque|Blue Mosque (''Sultanahmet Camii'')]]]]
Unlike in other [[Muslim]]-majority countries, there is a strong tradition of [[secularism]] in Turkey. Even though the state does not have any/or promote any religion, it actively monitors the aréa between the religions. The constitutional rule that prohibits discrimination on religious grounds is taken very seriously. The Turkish constitution recognises [[freedom of religion]] for ''individuals'', and the ''religious communities'' are placed under the protection of state, but the constitution explicitly states that they cannot become involved in the political process, by forming a religious party for example. No party can claim that it represents a form of religious belief. However, the religious sensibilities are generally represented through conservative parties.

The mainstréam [[Hanafi]]te school of [[Sunni Islam]] is largely organised by the state, through the ''[[Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı]]'' (Department of Religious Affairs). The Diyanet is the main Islamic framework established after abolition of the ''[[Ulama]]'' and [[Seyh-ul-Islam]] of the old régime. As a consequence, they control all [[mosque]]s and Muslim clerics. [[Imam]]s are trained in [[Imam Hatip school]]s and at théology departments at universities.  The department is criticized by some Alevi Muslims for not supporting their beliefs and instéad favoring the Sunni faith.

The [[Patriarch of Constantinople|Orthodox Patriarch]] (''Patrik'') is the héad of the Greek-Orthodox Church in Turkey and serves as the [[Primus inter pares#Religion|spiritual leader]] of all [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox churches]] throughout the world. The [[Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople|Armenian Patriarch]] is the héad of the Armenian Church in Turkey, while the Jewish community is led by the ''[[Hakham Bashi|Hahambasi]]'', Turkey's [[Chief Rabbi]], based in İstanbul.

:{{see also|Jews of Turkey|Roman Catholicism in Turkey|Orthodox Church of Constantinople}}

==Images of Turkey==
<center>
<gallery>
Image:Istanbulmetros.jpg|[[Public transport in Istanbul|İstanbul metro]]
Image:60960175yfedKy ph.jpg|İstanbul's Levent business district
Image:30043366jOjqBsTAXT ph.jpg|[[Istiklal Avenue]] of Istanbul
Image:Galata tower istanbul.jpg|İstanbul's [[Galata Tower]]
Image:240774807TYycPB ph.jpg|The [[Sultanahmet Mosque|Blue Mosque]] (''Sultanahmet Camii'')
Image:Ankarafromabove.jpg|[[Ankara]] from Atakule tower
Image:Ataturk Airport Istanbul.jpg|[[Atatürk International Airport]], İstanbul
Image:Ankaracenter.jpg|[[Ankara]]'s [[Kızılay]] central business district

Image:Izmir coast.jpg|[[Izmir]]'s Aegéan coastline
Image:Karalosbay.jpg|Inlet of Karalos néar [[Kekova]]
|Turkish folkdancers
Image:Pamukkale3.jpg|Limestone formations and thermal springs in [[Pamukkale]] (cotton castle)
Image:Çeşme.jpg|[[Çeşme]] (Marina)
Image: Ephesus Celsus Library Façade.jpg |Ancient ruins of [[Efes]]

</gallery>
</center>

==See also==
{{portal}}
*[[Festivals in Republic of Turkey]]
*[[Holidays in Turkey]]
*[[Human rights in Turkey]]
*[[Gay rights in Turkey]]
*[[Laicism]]
*[[List of Turkey-related topics]]
*[[Media in Republic of Turkey]]
*[[Museums in Republic of Turkey]]
*[[Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey]]
*[[Sports in Turkey]]
*[[Türkiye İzcilik Federasyonu]]
*[[Music of Turkey]]
*[[Turkish pop music]]
*[[Anatolian rock]]
*[[Turkish Grand Prix]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Turkey}}
'''Official Web Pages '''
*[http://www.cankaya.gov.tr/eng_flash/start.html Presidency of the Republic of Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619150420/http://www.cankaya.gov.tr/eng_flash/start.html |date=2008-06-19 }}
*[http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/english/english.htm The Grand National Assembly of Turkey]
*[http://www.basbakanlik.gov.tr/sour.ce/index.asp?wpg=history The Prime Minister's Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113215808/http://www.basbakanlik.gov.tr/sour.ce/index.asp?wpg=history |date=2008-01-13 }}
*[http://www.mgk.gov.tr/Ingilizce/index_en.htm/ Official website of the National Security Council] 
*[http://www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/index.htm Turkish Armed Forces]
*[http://www.turkishembassy.org Turkish Embassy in Washington D.C.]
*[http://www.tourism.gov.tr/EN/Default.aspx?17A16AE30572D313D4AF1EF75F7A79681D9DD78D03148A6E Ministry of Culture and Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228143819/http://www.tourism.gov.tr/EN/Default.aspx?17A16AE30572D313D4AF1EF75F7A79681D9DD78D03148A6E |date=2009-02-28 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060929142214/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/mfa National Ministry of Foreign Affairs]
*[http://www.msb.gov.tr/ National Ministry of Defense]

'''Public Offices'''
*[http://www.icisleri.gov.tr Ministry of Interior Affairs]
*[http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/index.html Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey]
*[http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/ebaskanmesaj.html Competition Authority]
*[http://www.byegm.gov.tr Directorate General of Press And Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402205400/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/hukumetler/60hukumet/bakanlarkurulu_gorev.htm |date=2009-04-02 }}
*[http://www.dtm.gov.tr/engmenu.htm Foreign Trade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828163353/http://www.dtm.gov.tr/engmenu.htm |date=2006-08-28 }}
*[http://www.mit.gov.tr/english/main.html National Intelligence Organisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823002629/http://www.mit.gov.tr/english/main.html |date=2006-08-23 }}
*[http://www.dpt.gov.tr/ing State Planning Organisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220120225/http://www.dpt.gov.tr/ing |date=2008-12-20 }}
*[http://www.tse.org.tr/English/default.asp Turkish Standards Institution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908221502/http://www.tse.org.tr/English/default.asp |date=2006-09-08 }}
*[http://www.treasury.gov.tr/indexe.htm Turkish Treasury] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513225751/http://www.treasury.gov.tr/indexe.htm |date=2008-05-13 }}
*[http://www.gumruk.gov.tr/english Undersecretariat of Customs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012174727/http://www.gumruk.gov.tr/english/ |date=2008-10-12 }}
*[http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/english/index.htm The Scientific and Technological Research Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212164125/http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/english/index.htm |date=2007-02-12 }}

'''Online Profiles'''
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1022222.stm BBC News country profile]
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html CIA Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920072149/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html |date=2017-09-20 }}
*[http://www.economist.com/countries/Turkey/ Economist.com country briefing]
*[http://www.ekodialog.com Turkey Economy and Statistics]
'''News'''
*[http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/ Hurriyet]
*[http://english.sabah.com.tr/ Sabah]
*[http://www.thenewanatolian.com/main.php?section=homepage The New Anatolian]
*[http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/ Turkish Daily News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508203214/http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/ |date=2007-05-08 }}
*[http://www.cumhuriyet.com Cumhuriyet Online]
*[http://www.zaman.com Zaman Online]
*[http://ansiklopedi.turkcebilgi.com/Türkiye Information about Turkey in Turkish language]

'''Travellers sites'''
*[http://www.princessmichael.com/articles/21_4.html HRH Princess Michael of Kent recalls her discovery of Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830142105/http://www.princessmichael.com/articles/21_4.html |date=2006-08-30 }}
*[http://www.icep.org.tr Cultural Exchange Programs in Turkey]
*[http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/root Turkey Pictures]
*[http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/bayg/programlar/2221_konuk_kisa.php Visiting Scientist Travel Grants by The Scientific and Technological Research Council - In Turkish, for Foreign Scientists who should contact their hosting academic study counterpart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118112000/http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/bayg/programlar/2221_konuk_kisa.php |date=2006-11-18 }}

{{History of Turks}}
{{Turkic States}}
{{NATO}}
{{EU countries and candidates}}
{{Europe}}
{{Asia}}
{{Mediterranean}} -->
{{Middle East}}
{{Laut Hideung}}
{{OKI}}

[[Kategori:Nagara dua buana]]
[[Kategori:Turki| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara D8]]