Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Nikotin

{| id="bioChemInfoBox" class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} |Nikotin
|-
| [[Tata ngaran IUPAC|Ngaran kimia]]
| (''S'')-3-(1-Métil-2-piroli-<br />dinil)piridin
|- 
| [[Rumus kimia]]
| C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub>N<sub>2</sub>
|- 
| [[Massa molekul]]
| 162.23 g/mol
|- 
| [[Dénsitas]]
| 1.01 g/ml
|- 
| [[Titik lééh]]
| -79&nbsp;°C
|- 
| [[Titik golak]]
| 247&nbsp;°C (dékomposisi)
|- 
| [[Panas Otoignisi]]
| 240&nbsp;°C
|- 
| [[Flash Point]]
| 95&nbsp;°C 
|-
| [[Tekenan Uap]]
| 0.006 kPa at 25&nbsp;°C
|-
| [[Viskositas]]
| 2.7 mPa na 25&nbsp;°C <br />  1.6 mPa na 50&nbsp;°C
|-
| [[Tegangan Beungeut]]
| 37.5 dyne/cm na 25.5&nbsp;°C <br />  37.0 dyne/cm na 36.0&nbsp;°C
|-
| [[Nomer régister CAS|Nomer CAS]]
| 54-11-5
|-
| [[Simplified molecular input line entry specification|SMILES]]
| <small>[H][C@@]2(N(C)CCC2)c1cccnc1</small>
|- 
| colspan="2" align="center" | [[Gambar:Nicotine-2D-skeletal.png|160px|Struktur kimia nikotin]][[Gambar:Nicotine_3D_Model.png|160px|Modél 3D molekul nikotin]]
|-
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Iwal mun disebutkeun, datana dina<br /> [[kaayaan baku|kaayaan baku (25&nbsp;°C, 100 kPa)]]<br />[[:en:Wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infoboks bantahan jeung rujukan]]</small>
|-
|}

'''Nikotin''' mangrupa [[alkaloid]] nu aya dina famili tutuwuhan ''[[Solanaceae]]'', utamana [[bako]], tapi ogé aya dina [[tomat]], [[kentang]], jeung sababaraha tutuwuhan lianna. Alkaloid nikotin ogé dikandung dina [[daun]] tangkal [[koka]]. Kandungan nikotin dina daun bako téh antara 0,3 jeung 5% (beurat garing). Biosintésis nikotin lumangsung dina [[akar]], tapi ditumpuk (akumulasi) dina daunna.

Nikotin mangrupa zat anu nyababkeun kacanduan pikeun anu ngaroko.

== Kimia ==
Nikotin téh cairan [[higroskopik]] ngaminyak nu bisa leyur dina [[cai]] dina bentuk [[basa]]na. Salaku hiji [[basa nitrogén]], nikotin jeung [[asam]] ngabentuk garam nu ilaharna padet sarta bisa leyur dina cai. Nikotin bisa nyerep kana [[kulit]]. Sakumaha ditémbongkeun dina data fisik, nikotin [[basa bébas]] bakal kaduruk dina hawa handapeun titik golakna. ku sabab kitu, nikotin dina [[roko]] téh lolobana kaduruk saméméh kaseuseup, tapi masih aya kénéh anu bisa kaseuseup antukna bisa ngabalukarkeun kacanduan.

== Pangaruh nikotin kana aliran getih ==
Dina dosis anu saeutik, nikotin téh ngarangsang, ngaronjatkeun kagiatan, kawaspadaan, jeung ingetan. Nikotin ogé ngagancangkeun laju [[jantung]] jeung [[tekenan getih]] sarta ngurangan napsu dahar. Mun dosisna luhur, nikotin bisa ngabalukarkeun [[nausea|sarebel]] nepi ka [[utah]].

Nikotin sigana boga pangaruh stimulan jeung [[déprésan]], gumantung kana kaayaan pamaké jeung lingkungan. Hasil panalungtikan nunjukkeun yén mun dosisna saeutik, nikotin téh boga pangaruh stimulan, sedengkeun mun dosisna loba, pangaruhna jadi déprésan.

Mun ngarokona terus-terusan, nikotin téh ngabalukarkeun kacanduan. Laporan nu medal [[16 Méi]] [[1988]] ku ''[[United States Surgeon General]]'' [[C. Everett Koop]] nyebutkeun yén sipat [[kacanduan|nyandu]] nikotin téh sarua jeung [[héroin]] jeung [[kokain]]. Pikeun nu geus nyandu, mun leungiteun nikotin téh bisa ngabalukarkeun iritasi, nyeri sirah, gangguan kognitif, jeung gangguan saré. Gejala ieu muncak kira dina heuleut 48–72 [[jam]], tapi bakal leler sorangan mun geus dua-genep minggu.

== Farmakologi ==
''[[Farmakokinetika]]:'' barang asup ka jero awak, nikotin téh langsung nyebar ngaliwatan aliran [[getih]] sarta bisa nembus [[bénténg getih-uteuk]]. Rata-ratana mah, pikeun nepi ka [[uteuk]] téh ukur merlukeun waktu kira tujuh detik. Jumlah nikotin nu diseuseup bareng jeung haseup roko leuwih leutik batan kadar nikotin dina daun bako, sabab lolobana mah ancur alatan panas. Jumlah nikotin nu kaserep ku awak tina haseup roko gumantung kana rupa-rupa faktor, kayaning tipe bako, cara nyeuseup roko, jeung aya/henteuna saringan/filter. Pikeun bako nu digayem ([[nyeupah|ngalemar/nyeupah]]), jumlah nikotin anu diserep téh leuwih loba batan mun ngaroko.

''[[Farmakodinamika]]:'' nikotin ditampa ku [[reséptor asetilkolin nikotinat]]. Dina kadar anu saeutik, nikotin téh ngaronjatkeun aktivitas reséptor, antukna ningkatkeun aliran [[adrénalin]]. Sékrési adrénalin ngabalukarkeun naékna pacu [[jantung]], [[tekenan getih]], [[engapan]], sarta kadar [[glukosa]] dina getih. <!--[[Cotinine]] is a break-down product of nicotine which remains in the blood for up to 48 hours and can be used as an indicator of a person's exposure to smoke. In high doses, nicotine will cause a [[depolarizing block]] of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which is the reason for its [[Nicotine Poisoning|toxicity]] and its effectiveness as an [[insecticide]].

In addition, nicotine increases [[dopamine]] levels in the reward circuits of the [[brain]]. Studies have shown that smoking tobacco inhibits [[monoamine oxidase]] (MAO), an [[enzyme]] responsible for breaking down [[monoamine|monoaminergic neurotransmitters]] such as dopamine, in the brain. It is currently believed that nicotine by itself does not inhibit the production of [[monoamine oxidase]] (MAO), but that other ingredients in inhaled tobacco smoke are believed to be responsible for this activity. In this way, it generates feelings of pleasure. This reaction is similar to that caused by [[cocaine]] and [[heroin]] and is another reason people keep smoking: to sustain high dopamine levels.

==Toxicology==
The [[LD50|LD<sub>50</sub>]] of nicotine is 50&nbsp;mg/kg for [[rat]]s and 3&nbsp;mg/kg for [[mouse|mice]]. 40–60 mg can be a lethal dosage for adult human beings. This dose makes it an extremely deadly poison. It is more toxic than many other alkaloids such as [[cocaine]], which has a lethal dose of 1000mg.

The [[carcinogen]]ic properties of nicotine in standalone form, separate from tobacco smoke, have not been evaluated by the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]], and it has not been assigned to an official carcinogen group. The currently available literature indicates that nicotine, on its own, does not promote the development of [[cancer]] in healthy tissue and has no [[mutagen]]ic properties. Its [[Teratogenesis|teratogenic]] properties have not yet been adequately researched, and while the likelihood of birth defects caused by nicotine is believed to be very small or nonexistent, nicotine replacement product manufacturers recommend consultation with a physician before using a [[nicotine patch]] or [[nicotine gum]] while pregnant or nursing. However, nicotine and the increased acetylcholinic activity it causes have been shown to impede [[apoptosis]], which is one of the methods by which the body destroys unwanted cells ([[programmed cell death]]). Since apoptosis helps to remove mutated or damaged cells that may eventually become cancerous, the inhibitory actions of nicotine creates a more favourable environment for cancer to develop. Thus nicotine plays an indirect role in [[carcinogenesis]]. It is also important to note that its addictive properties are often the primary motivating factor for [[tobacco smoking]], contributing to the proliferation of cancer.

At least one study has concluded that exposure to nicotine alone, not simply as a component of cigarette smoke, could be responsible for some of the neuropathological changes observed in infants dying from [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS).<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15802186&dopt=Abstract Machaalani et al. (2005)] "Effects of postnatal nicotine exposure on apoptotic markers in the developing piglet brain"</ref>

It has been noted that the majority of people diagnosed with [[schizophrenia]] smoke tobacco. Estimates for the number of schizophrenics that smoke range from 75% to 90%. It was recently argued that the increased level of smoking in schizophrenia may be due to a desire to [[self-medication|self-medicate]] with nicotine. <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12084420  Schizophr. Res. 2002]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7864277 Am. J. Psychiatry 1995]</ref> More recent research has found the reverse, that it is a risk factor without long-term benefit, used only for its short term effects. <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15738502 Br. J. Psychiatry 2005] </ref>However, research on nicotine as administered through a patch or gum is ongoing.

== Therapeutic uses ==
The primary therapeutic use of nicotine is in treating nicotine dependence (smoking). Controlled levels of nicotine are given to a patient through gums, dermal patches, or nasal sprays in an effort to wean them off of their dependence.

Recent studies have indicated that nicotine can be used to help adults suffering from [[autosomal dominant]] [[frontal lobe epilepsy]].  The same areas that cause seizures in that form of [[epilepsy]] are also responsible for processing nicotine in the brain.

Some research has also shown that nicotine can lessen symptoms of mild to moderate [[ulcerative colitis]].

Nicotine and its metabolites are being researched for the treatment of a number of disorders, including [[ADHD]], [[Parkinson's Disease]] and [[Alzheimer's]] Disease.-->

== Sajarah jeung ngaran ==
Sebutan 'nikotin' asalna tina ngaran tangkal bako ''Nicotiana tabacum'', nu nyokot tina ngaran [[Jean Nicot]], duta Prancis nu ngirim bako ti [[Portugal]] ka [[Paris]] taun [[1550]] sarta ngawanohkeun mangpaat médisna. Nikotin munggaran diékstraksi tina bako taun [[1828]] ku kimiawan Jérman Posselt & Reimann. Rumus émpirikna dipedar ku Melsens taun [[1843]], sarta munggaran disintésis ku A. Pictet jeung Crepieux taun [[1893]].

== Baca ogé ==
* [[Ubar psikoaktif]]
* [[Kacanduan]]
* [[Karacunan nikotin]]

== Sumber rujukan ==
* ''[[:en:Nicotine|Nicotine]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (26 Juli 2006)

== Bacaan salajengna ==
* Artikel Guardian: [https://web.archive.org/web/20040803003802/http://www.guardian.co.uk/smoking/Story/0,2763,1263918,00.html "Nicotine could soon be rehabilitated as a treatment for schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, as well as hyperactivity disorders."]
* Terapi Nikotin pikeun ADNFLE: [http://www.cnsforum.com/commenteditem/3c5dccdc-27fb-4b80-9516-ab81e3e4ea6c/default.aspx "Nicotine as an antiepileptic agent in ADNFLE: An n-of-one study"]
* Minna, John D.: [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=151841 "Nicotine exposure and bronchial epithelial cell nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in the pathogenesis of lung cancer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430091338/http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=151841 |date=2006-04-30 }}
* [[James Fallon|Fallon, J.H.]], et al. (2005) Gender: A major determinant of brain response to nicotine. Int. J. Neuropharmacology. 8:1-10. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=282494] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604122426/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=282494 |date=2011-06-04 }}
* West, Kip A., et al.: [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=151834 "Rapid Akt activation by nicotine and a tobacco carcinogen modulates the phenotype of normal human airway epithelial cells"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130801115724/http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=151834 |date=2013-08-01 }}
* [http://www.nida.nih.gov/researchreports/nicotine/nicotine.html National Institute on Drug Abuse]
* Powledge TM (2004) Nicotine as therapy. PLoS Biol 2(11): e404.: [http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020404]

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{stimulan}}

{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Alkaloid]]
[[Kategori:Piridin]]
[[Kategori:Stimulan]]