Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Pompeii

{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox World  Heritage Site
| Name        = Wewengkon Arkéologis Pompeii, [[Herculaneum]], jeung [[Torre Annunziata]]
| infoboxwidth= 250px
| Image       = [[Gambar:PompeiiStreet.jpg|230px|Jalan sepi di Pompeii]]
| State_Party = [[Itali]]
| Type        = Budaya
| Criteria    = iii, iv, v
| ID          = 829
| Region      = [[Daptar Loka Warisan Dunya di Éropa|Éropa&nbsp;jeung&nbsp;Amérika&nbsp;Kalér]]
| Coordinates = {{coord|40.751|N|14.487|E|display=inline}}
| Year        = 1997
| Session     = ka-21
}}
'''Pompeii''' mangrupa ruruntuk kota [[Kakaisaran Romawi|Romawi]] deukeut [[Naples]] di wewengkon [[Campania]], [[Itali]]. Kota ieu ancur nalika [[gunung bitu|bituna]] [[gunung Vesuvius]] taun [[79]]. Bituna gunung ieu ngubur kota ieu sajero sababaraha méter antukna leungit tapakna salila 1600 taun. Ruruntuk kota ieu teu kahaja kagali deui, nepi ka kiwari jadi modél kota jaman Romawi nu kacida lengkepna. Ku kituna, ruruntuk kota ieu téh jadi pangirutan wisata Itali sarta jadi [[Loka Warisan Dunya]] [[UNESCO]].

== Lokasi ==
Pompeii perenahna aya dina koordinat {{coor dms|40|45|00|N|14|29|10|E|type:city(30000)_region:IT}}, tenggaraeun Naples, deukeut kota suburban modéren [[Pompei]]. Kota ieu aya dina gawir nu kabentuk ku aliran lahar ka kaléreun sungut [[Walungan Sarno]] (dina jaman kuna mah katelahna téh Sarnus). Kiwari, Pompeii téh perenahna nyisi, padahal dina mangsana mah leuwih deukeut ka basisir.

Dina [[abad ka-1]], Pompeii téh mangrupa salah sahiji kota nu aya di sabudeureun gunung Vesuvius. Pangeusina makmur walatra tina hasil tatanén, ku sabab taneuhna subur. Kota sabudeureunana, dina kajadian bituna gunung Vesuvius taun 79 téh, misalna [[Herculaneum]], ogé ngilu ancur.

== Sajarah ==
Kota ieu diadegkeun kira [[abad ka-6 SM]] ku [[Osci]] atawa Oscans, hiji jalma ti [[Itali]] tengah. Nu balayar ti [[Yunani]] jeung [[Punisia]] sok nyimpang ka dieu. Nalika [[kabudayaan Etruscan|bangsa Etruscan]] ngancam rék nyerang, Pompeii ngabalad jeung Yunani, antukna ngawasa Teluk [[Naples]]. Dina [[abad ka-5 SM]], bangsa [[Samnite]] nalukkeun kota ieu (sarta sakabéh kota-kota [[Campania]]), lajeng pangawasa anyar ngaropéa [[arsitéktur]] sarta ngalegaan kotana.
[[Gambar:Map of Pompeii in Roman Campania.png|250px|right|thumb|Pompeii jeung Campania Romawi]]
Nalika Campania merangan Roma, Pompeii ngilu mantuan, tapi taun [[89 SM]] justru diperuhkeun ku [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]]. Najan perjurit [[Liga Sosial]] nu dipingpin ku [[Lucius Cluentius]] ngilu mantuan ngalawan Roma, dina taun [[80 SM]] Pompeii dipaksa nyerah sanggeus [[Nola]] taluk. Kota ieu lajeng jadi koloni Romawi maké ngaran ''Colonia Cornelia [[Venus (mitologi)|Veneria]] Pompeianorum''. Kota ieu jadi jalur niaga penting nu datang ti sagara sarta kudu dikirim ka Roma atawa [[Itali Kidul]].

Taun [[62]], aya [[lini]] nu lumayan ngaruksak Pompeii jeung sababaraha kota Campania. Antara taun 62 jeung bituna taun 79, kota ieu téh diwangun deui, malah leuwih loba sarta ditambahan ku rupa-rupa ornamén/hiasan seni.

== Dikubur Vesuvius ==

Pangeusi Pompeii, geus sababaraha taun ngarasakeun [[lini]] di kotana, tapi [[5 Pébruari]] [[62]][http://www.iath.virginia.edu/struct/pompeii/patterns/sec-02.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005065858/http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/struct/pompeii/patterns/sec-02.html |date=2011-10-05 }} mah linina téh kawilang tarik, antukna ngaruksak basisir jeung kota Pompeii. Balukar tina ieu lini téh can kabéh kaoméan nalika gunungna bitu [http://www.archaeology.co.uk/cwa/issues/cwa4/pompeii/eruption.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121050750/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/ |date=2012-01-21 }}. Tapi, sigana mah si lini téh sipatna téktonik, lain alatan gerakan [[magma]] dina beuteung Vesuvius [https://web.archive.org/web/20060220085016/http://benfieldhrc.com/VolcAlert/Website/Root/Publications/DeNatale_etal_VesuviusSeismicity.pdf].

Sanggeus taun 62, lini nu leuwih leutik lumangsung deui taun [[64]]; kacatet dina ku Suetonius dina biografina [[Nero]][http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html#20], dina ''De Vita Caesarum'', jeung ku [[Tacitus]] dina Pustaka XV ''Annals (Tacitus)|Annales''[http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/tacitus/TacitusAnnals15.html] ku sabab lumangsung nalika Nero keur di Naples munggaran midang di [[téater]] publik. Suetonius nyatet yén lini téh teu dianggap ku kaisarna, sarta terus tembang nepi ka anggeusna, sedengkeun Tacitus nyatetkeun yén téaterna runtuh nalika keur évakuasi.

[[Pangarang]] ''[[Pliny the Younger]]'' nyebutkeun yén lini téh "teu dianggap salaku hiji totondén, sabab geus teu anéh di Campania mah" ("''were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania''"). 
[[Gambar:Vesuvius 79 AD eruption-la.svg|300px|left|thumb|'''Pompeii''' jeung kota lianna keuna ku bituna [[Gunung Vesuvius]]. Awan hideung nunjukkeun distribusi lebu. Gurat basisir kiwari katingali ogé dina gambar ieu.]]
Awal agustus 79, cinyusu jeung sumur-sumur ngadadak galaring [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/europe/pompeii.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213104501/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/europe/pompeii.html |date=2010-02-13 }}. Lini leutik mimiti karasa [[20 Agustus]] 79 [http://www.archaeology.co.uk/cwa/issues/cwa4/pompeii/eruption.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121050750/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/ |date=2012-01-21 }}, sarta beuki mindeng dina opat poé salajengna. Totondén kitu téh teu dianggap, nepi ka pasosoré [[24 Agustus]], gunungna mimiti bitu, nepi ka ngubur Pompeii jeung pilemburan lianna. Poé éta téh, kabeneran, dina budaya Romawi mah mangrupa poé [[Vulcanalia]], péstipal déwa seuneu.

Aya saksi mata anu salamet tina kajadian ieu, sakumaha kacatet dina ''[[Pliny the Younger]]'' dina rupa dua surat [http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/pompeii.htm] ka ahli sajarah [[Gaius Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]]. Ti imah emangna di [[Misenum]], kira 35&nbsp;km ti Vesuvius, Pliny nempo bituna Vesuvius: méga hideung kaluar tina sungut gunung, nu beuki lila beuki turun nutupan sakabéh wewengkon di sabudeureunana.

"Méga" dina ''Pliny the Younger'' téh taya lian ti nu ayeuna disebut [[aliran piroklastik]], nyaéta méga/awan gas superpanas, lebu, jeung batu nu muncrat tina gunung api. Pliny nyebutkeun yén pas bitu téh karasa aya lini leutik sababaraha kali nu dituturkeun ku lini badag. Manéhna ogé nyebutkeun yén wewengkon basisir, nyusul lini anu badag, katarajang [[sunami]].

== Tilem salila 16 abad ==
[[Gambar:Pompeii-couple.jpg|thumb|Sapasang sastrawan: lapisan lilin dina tablét kai nu bisa dilééhkeun sarta dipaké deui.]]
Dua kota nu kakubur keusik gunung téh lila-lila kapopohokeun. Herculaneum kapanggih taun [[1738]], sedengkeun Pompeii [[1748]]. Sabenerna mah éta dua kota téh geus kagali taun [[1599]], ku arsiték nu ngaranna Fontana, nalika keur ngagali saluran anyar pikeun walungan Sarno, tapi ari bener-bener digalina (pikeun ngabongkar éta ruruntuk kota) mah kakara leuwih ti 150 taun ti harita. Raja [[Charles III ti Spanyol|Charles VII ti Dua Sisilia]] ngarojong pisan kana ieu tarékah, malah nalika anjeunna geus jadi raja [[Spanyol]]. Ékskavasi taun [[1860]] dipingpin ku Giuseppe Fiorelli. Anjeunna pisan nu boga ide pikeun nyuntikkeun [[plaster]] kana lolongkrang nu ditinggalkeun ku awak nu alancur, antukna bisa némbongkeun kaayaan para korban Vesuvius sagemblengna.

Aya nu nyebutkeun (tanpa bukti) yén Fontana (nu munggaran manggihan ruruntuk kota téa) téh manggihan sababaraha [[frésko]] érotik/jorang titinggal Pompeii. Ngan, ku sabab harita mah karya sarupa kitu téh dipahing pisan, anjeunna lajeng ngubur deui éta titinggal [[arkéologi]]s. Kamungkinan ieu bukti dina laporan nu ngagarali salajengna, nu nyebutkeun yén situs éta téh geus aya nu kungsi ngadatangan, sarta geus dikubur deui.

Rohangan sawala, balong, paimahan, sarta sababaraha [[vila]] nu kagali horéng loba nu kawilang weuteuh kénéh. Di deukeut Pompeii kapanggih aya hiji hotél nu legana 1.000 méter persegi; ayeuna katelah "Grand Hotel Murecine".

Pompeii téh mangrupa hiji-hijina kota kuna nu struktur topografis sagemblengna weuteuh, tanpa modifikasi atawa tambahan. wangunan-wangunana teu sumebar dina 'tata kota' sakumaha nu sok katempo di kota-kota Romawi, sabab kaayaan taneuhna nu teu rata, tapi jalanna lalempeng, luyu jeung tradisi Romawi; dibalay ku batu poligonal nu diaping ku toko-toko jeung paimahan di sisina.

== Karuksakan alatan lini, longsor, jeung gunung bitu ==
[[Gambar:PompeiiStreet.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Jalan nu sepi di Pompeii]]
Salah sahiji nu keur ditalungtik kiwari téh ngeunaan struktur wangunan nu keur dijieun dina mangsa gunung bitu (ruksak alatan lini taun 62). Sababaraha lukisan heubeul nu ruksak sigana geus diganti ku nu anyar. Pangna nepi ka sapuluh taun lilana téh, sigana mah, ku sabab sapanjang sapuluh taun éta mah kota Pompeii téh terus-terusan digedér ku lini (vulkanik), nu ditungtungan ku bituna gunung Vesuvius.

Dina mangsa munggaran digali, lapisan lebu gunung téh tétéla loba ngubur manusa. ku sabab lapisanana téh kawilang teuas, Giuseppe Fiorelli boga akal ngeusian lolongkrang urut manusa téh ku plaster, antukna hasilna mangrupa dedegan manusa pangeusi Pompeii nu teu bisa ngejat tina hujan lebu (tingal [http://www.marketplace.it/pompeiruins/orto.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611125919/http://www.marketplace.it/pompeiruins/orto.htm |date=2010-06-11 }}, [http://www.marketplace.it/pompeiruins/orto2.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611134623/http://www.marketplace.it/pompeiruins/orto2.htm |date=2010-06-11 }}, [http://www.marketplace.it/pompeiruins/orto3.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610150349/http://www.marketplace.it/pompeiruins/orto3.htm |date=2010-06-10 }}). Dina sababaraha hasil mah katémbong pisan kaayaan soak nu karandapan ku éta korban.
[[Gambar:Pompeii Garden of the Fugitives 02.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Korban gunung bitu]]

Para ahli [[géologi]] ngagunakeunkarakteristik magnétik batu, talawéngkar, jeung pasésaan nu aya di Pompeii pikeun ngaduga-duga suhu aliran piroklastik nu ngubur ieu kota. Hasilna nunjukkeun yén awan lebu téh suhuna nepi ka 850&nbsp;°C nalika kaluar tina sungut Vesuvius. Pas nepi ka kota mah suhuna turun nepi ka kurang ti 350&nbsp;°C, antara 240 jeung 340&nbsp;°C (Cioni ''et al.'', 2004).
<!--
==Unique snapshot==
[[Image:Pompeii-woman.jpg|thumb|right|Pompeii's well-preserved frescoes offer an unparalleled insight into the culture of an ancient city.]]

Nonetheless, the town offers a snapshot of Roman life in the [[1st century]]. This moment in time shows that Pompeii was a lively place before the eruption, and evidence abounds of literally the smallest details of everyday life. For example, on the floor of one of the houses (Sirico's), a famous inscription ''Salve, lucru'' (Welcome, money), perhaps humorously intended, shows us a trading company owned by two partners, Sirico and Nummianus (but this could be a nickname, since ''nummus'' means coin, money). In other houses, details abound concerning professions and categories, such as for the "laundry" workers (''Fullones''). Wine jars have been found bearing what is apparently the world's earliest known marketing pun, ''Vesuvinum''. [[Graffiti]] carved on the walls shows us real street [[Latin]].

[[Image:Pompeiiamphitheatre.jpg|left|thumb|Teatro Grande with a large audience capacity, next to Teatro Piccolo]]

At the time of the eruption, the town could have had some 20,000 inhabitants, and was located in an area in which Romans had their vacation villas. Many services were found: the ''Macellum'' (great food market), the ''Pistrinum'' (mill), the ''Thermopolium'' (sort of bar that served cold and hot beverages), the ''cauporioe'' (small restaurants), and an amphitheater.

In 2002 another important discovery at the mouth of Sarno river revealed that the port also was populated and that people lived in [[palafitte]]s, within a system of channels that suggested a likeness to [[Venice]] to some scientists. These studies are just beginning to produce results.
-->

== Baca ogé ==
* [[Gunung Vesuvius]]

== Rujukan ==
* ''[[:en:Pompeii|Pompeii]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (17 Maret 2006).
* sénatore, M.R., J.-D. Stanley, and T.S. Pescatore. 2004. Avalanche-associated mass flows damaged Pompeii several times before the Vesuvius catastrophic eruption in the 79 C.E. ''Geological Society of America meeting.'' Nov. 7-10. Denver. [http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_77814.htm Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303201802/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_77814.htm |date=2012-03-03 }}.
* Maiuri, Amedéo, ''Pompeii'', pp, 78-85, in Scientific American, ''Special Issue: Ancient Cities'', c. 1994.
* {{cite journal
 | author=Cioni, R.; Gurioli, L.; Lanza, R.; Zanella, E.
 | title=Temperatures of the A.D. 79 pyroclastic density current deposits (Vesuvius, Italy)
 | journal=Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth
 | volume=109
 | issue=
 | year=2004
 | url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2004/2002JB002251.shtml
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215061438/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2004/2002JB002251.shtml |date=2006-02-15 }}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{commons|Pompeii}}
* [http://www2.pompeiisites.org/ Pompeii official web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705124518/http://www2.pompeiisites.org/ |date=2008-07-05 }}
* [http://www.auav46.dsl.pipex.com/p99.htm Herculaneum/Pompeii/Stabiae Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826180352/http://www.auav46.dsl.pipex.com/p99.htm |date=2005-08-26 }}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3954659.stm Digitizing Pompeii]
* [http://www.italianvisits.com/campania/pompeii/ ItalianVisits.com]
* [http://www.pompeiithemusical.com Pompeii: The Musical]
* [http://www.iath.virginia.edu/struct/pompeii/patterns/ Patterns of reconstruction at Pompeii]{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.archaeology.co.uk/cwa/issues/cwa4/pompeii/eruption.htm Current Archaeology article, Visting Pompeii] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121050750/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/ |date=2012-01-21 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060220085016/http://benfieldhrc.com/VolcAlert/Website/Root/Publications/DeNatale_etal_VesuviusSeismicity.pdf Three decades of Seismic Activity at Mt. Vesuvius 1972-2000]
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html#20 Biography of Nero, by Suetonius]
* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/tacitus/TacitusAnnals15.html The Annals by Publius Cornelius Tacitus]
* [http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/pompeii.htm Translation of Pliny's letters to Tacitus]
* [http://volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu/pliny.htm Another translation, and comments on Pliny the Elder's death, at UCSB's The Volcano Information Center website]
* [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/europe/pompeii.html Pompeii at University of Minnesota's Emuseum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213104501/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/europe/pompeii.html |date=2010-02-13 }}

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