Sanyawa kalifornium

Sababaraha sanyawa kalifornium parantos dilakukeun sareng ditaliti.^[1] Hiji-hijina ion kalifornium anu stabil dina leyuran cai nyaéta kation kalifornium(III).^[2] Dua kaayaan oksidasi séjénna nyaéta IV (agén pangoksidasi kuat) jeung II (agén réduksi kuat).^[3] Unsur ieu ngabentuk klorida larut cai, nitrat, perklorat, jeung sulfat sarta endapan jadi fluorida, oksalat atawa hidroksida.^[4] Upami masalah kasadiaan unsur tiasa diatasi, maka CfBr₂ sareng CfI₂ sigana bakal stabil.^[5]

Kaayaan oksidasi +3 diwakilan ku kalifornium(III) oksida (konéng-héjo, Cf₂O₃), kalifornium(III) fluorida (héjo caang, CfF₃) jeung kalifornium(III) iodida (lemon konéng, CfI₃).^[3] Kaayaan oksidasi +3 séjén kaasup sulfida jeung metalosin.^[6] Kalifornium(IV) oksida (coklat hideung, CfO₂), kalifornium(IV) fluorida (héjo, CfF₄) ngagambarkeun kaayaan oksidasi IV. Kaayaan II diwakilan ku kalifornium(II) bromida (konéng, CfBr₂) jeung kalifornium(II) iodida (violet poék, CfI₂).^[3]

Sanyawa

Kalifornium(IV) oksida (CfO₂) nyaéta padet hideung-coklat nu mibanda struktur kristal kubik jeung parameter kisi, jarak antara sél unit dina kristal, tina 531,0 ± 0,2 pm.^[7] Kristal kalifornium(III) oksida biasana mibanda simétri kubik anu puseur awak. Aranjeunna ngarobah kana bentuk monoclinic nalika dipanaskeun dugi ka 1400 °C sareng ngalembereh dina 1750 °C.^[7]

Kalifornium(III) klorida (CfCl₃) nyaéta sanyawa héjo zamrud jeung struktur héksagonal nu bisa dijieun ku ngaréaksikeun Cf₂O₃ jeung asam hidroklorat dina 500 °C.^[8] CfCl₃ lajeng dipaké salaku feeder stock pikeun ngabentuk triiodide konéng-oranyeu CfI₃, nu salajengna bisa diréduksi jadi ungu lavender diiodida CfI₂.^[9]

Kalifornium(III) fluorida (CfF₃) nyaéta padet konéng-héjo kalayan simétri kristal anu laun-laun robah tina ortorombik jadi trigonal lamun dipanaskeun di luhur suhu kamar.^[10] Kalifornium(IV) fluorida (CfF₄) nyaéta padet héjo caang jeung struktur kristal monoklinik.^[11]

Kalifornium(II) iodida (CfI₂) nyaéta padet ungu jero kalayan struktur rhombohedral anu stabil dina suhu kamar sareng struktur héksagonal anu teu stabil. Kalifornium(III) iodida (CfI₃) nyaéta padet konéng-lemon nu mibanda struktur rhombohedral jeung sublim dina ~800 °C.^[12] Kalifornium(III) oksifluorida (CfOF) disiapkeun ku hidrolisis kalifornium (III) fluorida (CfF₃) dina suhu luhur.^[13] Kalifornium(III) oksiklorida (CfOCl) dijieun ku cara hidrolisis hidrat kalifornium(III) klorida dina suhu 280–320 °C.^[14] Pemanasan sulfat dina hawa kira-kira 1200 °C terus diréduksi ku hidrogén dina 500 °C ngahasilkeun sésquioksida (Cf₂O₃).^[8] Hidroksida Cf(OH)₃ jeung trifluorida CfF₃ rada leyur.^[8]

Kalifornium(III) oksiklorida (CfOCl) nyaéta sanyawa kalifornium munggaran anu kapanggih.^[15]

Kalifornium(III) poliborat teu ilahar dina nu kalifornium ieu kovalén kabeungkeut borat.^[16]

Tris(siklopentadienil)kalifornium(III) (Cp₃Cf) nampilkeun dirina salaku kristal beureum ruby. Komplek siklopentadienil ieu disusun ku réaksi antara Cp₂Be jeung CfCl₃ dina skala mikrogram jeung dicirikeun ku kristalografi sinar-X.^[17] Kalifornium nyaéta unsur kadua pangbeuratna anu dipikawanoh sanyawa organologam. A metallocene kalifornium ngagulung ogé geus diisolasi jeung dicirikeun.^[18]

Tempo ogé

Rujukan

↑ Krebs, Robert (2006). The History and Use of our Earth’s Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 327–328. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2.
↑ CRC 2006, p. 4-8.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Jakubke 1994, p. 166.
↑ Seaborg 2004.
↑ Greenwood 1997, p. 1272.
↑ Cotton 1999, p. 1163.
↑ ^a ^b Baybarz, R. D.; Haire, R. G.; Fahey, J. A (1972). "On the Californium Oxide System". Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 34 (2): 557–565. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(72)80435-4.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Cunningham 1968, p. 105.
↑ Cotton, Simon (2006). Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-470-01006-8.
↑ Stevenson, J. N.; Peterson, J. R. (1973). "The Trigonal and Orthorhombic Crystal Structures of CfF₃ and their Temperature Relationship". Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 35 (10): 3481–3486. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(73)80356-2.
↑ Chang, C-T. P.; Haire, R. G.; Nave, S. E. (1990). "Magnetic Susceptibility of Californium Fluorides". Physical Review B 41 (13): 9045–9048. Bibcode 1990PhRvB..41.9045C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.41.9045. PMID 9993248. https://zenodo.org/record/1233719.
↑ Macintyre, J. E.; Daniel, F. M.; Stirling, V. M. (1992). Dictionary of inorganic compounds. London: Chapman and Hall, CRC Press. p. 2826. ISBN 978-0-412-30120-9.
↑ Peterson, J. R.; Burns, John H. (1968). "Preparation and Crystal Structure of Californium Oxyfluoride, CfOF". Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 30 (11): 2955–2958. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(68)80155-1.
↑ Copeland, J. C.; Cunningham, B. B. (1969). "Crystallography of the Compounds of Californium. II. Crystal Structure and Lattice Parameters of Californium Oxychloride and Californium Sesquioxide". Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 31 (3): 733–740. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(69)80020-5. https://escholarship.org/content/qt4gw1g9cb/qt4gw1g9cb.pdf?t=p0uwbs.
↑ Seaborg, Glenn T. (1963). Man-Made Transuranium Elements. Prentice-Hall.
↑ "Unusual structure, bonding, and properties may provide a new possibility for a californium borate". 1 June 2015. Diakses tanggal 29 July 2015.
↑ Laubereau, Peter G.; Burns, John H. (1970). "Microchemical preparation of tricyclopentadienyl compounds of berkelium, californium, and some lanthanide elements". Inorganic Chemistry 9 (5): 1091–1095. doi:10.1021/ic50087a018.
↑ Goodwin, Conrad A. P.; Su, Jing; Stevens, Lauren M.; White, Frankie D.; Anderson, Nickolas H.; Auxier, John D.; Albrecht-Schönzart, Thomas E.; Batista, Enrique R. et al. (18 November 2021). "Isolation and characterization of a californium metallocene". Nature 599 (7885): 421–424. Bibcode 2021Natur.599..421G. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04027-8. PMID 34789902. https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/211664193/goodwin2021Nature_CfCp2_draft.pdf.

Bibliografi

Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.). New York City: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-19957-5.
CRC contributors (2006). David R. Lide, ed. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.
Cunningham, B. B. (1968). "Californium". Di Clifford A. Hampel. The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York City: Reinhold Book Corporation. LCCN 68-29938.
Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, ed. (1994). Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry. trans. Rev. Eagleson, Mary. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-011451-8.
Seaborg, Glenn T. (2004). "Californium". Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry. Ed. Geller, Elizabeth. New York City: McGraw-Hill.

[”Krebs2006”-1] Krebs, Robert (2006). The History and Use of our Earth’s Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 327–328. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2.

[FOOTNOTECRC20064-8-2] CRC 2006, p. 4-8.

[FOOTNOTEJakubke1994166-3] Jakubke 1994, p. 166.

[FOOTNOTESeaborg2004-4] Seaborg 2004.

[FOOTNOTEGreenwood19971272-5] Greenwood 1997, p. 1272.

[FOOTNOTECotton19991163-6] Cotton 1999, p. 1163.

[”CF_OX”-7] Baybarz, R. D.; Haire, R. G.; Fahey, J. A (1972). "On the Californium Oxide System". Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 34 (2): 557–565. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(72)80435-4.

[FOOTNOTECunningham1968105-8] Cunningham 1968, p. 105.

[9] Cotton, Simon (2006). Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-470-01006-8.

[10] Stevenson, J. N.; Peterson, J. R. (1973). "The Trigonal and Orthorhombic Crystal Structures of CfF₃ and their Temperature Relationship". Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 35 (10): 3481–3486. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(73)80356-2.

[11] Chang, C-T. P.; Haire, R. G.; Nave, S. E. (1990). "Magnetic Susceptibility of Californium Fluorides". Physical Review B 41 (13): 9045–9048. Bibcode 1990PhRvB..41.9045C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.41.9045. PMID 9993248. https://zenodo.org/record/1233719.

[dictoc-12] Macintyre, J. E.; Daniel, F. M.; Stirling, V. M. (1992). Dictionary of inorganic compounds. London: Chapman and Hall, CRC Press. p. 2826. ISBN 978-0-412-30120-9.

[13] Peterson, J. R.; Burns, John H. (1968). "Preparation and Crystal Structure of Californium Oxyfluoride, CfOF". Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 30 (11): 2955–2958. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(68)80155-1.

[”CF_OX_CL_1969”-14] Copeland, J. C.; Cunningham, B. B. (1969). "Crystallography of the Compounds of Californium. II. Crystal Structure and Lattice Parameters of Californium Oxychloride and Californium Sesquioxide". Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 31 (3): 733–740. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(69)80020-5. https://escholarship.org/content/qt4gw1g9cb/qt4gw1g9cb.pdf?t=p0uwbs.

[15] Seaborg, Glenn T. (1963). Man-Made Transuranium Elements. Prentice-Hall.

[doe-16] "Unusual structure, bonding, and properties may provide a new possibility for a californium borate". 1 June 2015. Diakses tanggal 29 July 2015.

[17] Laubereau, Peter G.; Burns, John H. (1970). "Microchemical preparation of tricyclopentadienyl compounds of berkelium, californium, and some lanthanide elements". Inorganic Chemistry 9 (5): 1091–1095. doi:10.1021/ic50087a018.

[18] Goodwin, Conrad A. P.; Su, Jing; Stevens, Lauren M.; White, Frankie D.; Anderson, Nickolas H.; Auxier, John D.; Albrecht-Schönzart, Thomas E.; Batista, Enrique R. et al. (18 November 2021). "Isolation and characterization of a californium metallocene". Nature 599 (7885): 421–424. Bibcode 2021Natur.599..421G. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04027-8. PMID 34789902. https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/211664193/goodwin2021Nature_CfCp2_draft.pdf.

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