Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Apganistan

{{Infobox Country
|native_name              = <big>جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان </big><br /><small>''Jamhūrī-ye Islāmī-ye Afġānistān''</small>
|conventional_long_name   = Républik Islam Apganistan
|common_name              = Apganistan
|image_flag               = Flag of Afghanistan.svg
|image_coat               =
|symbol_type              = Lambang
|image_map                = Afghanistan in its region.svg
|national_motto           = 
|national_anthem          = ''[[Lagu Kabangsaan Apganistan|Milli Surood<br />Surood-e Milli]]''
|official_languages       = [[Basa Pérsia|Pérsia]] ([[Dari (Basa Pérsia)|Dari]]), [[Basa Pastun|Pastun]], [[Basa Arab|Arab]]
|demonym                  = Apgan
|capital                  = [[Kabul]]
|latd=34 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=69 |longm=08 |longEW=E
|largest_city             = Ibu kota
|government_type          = [[Républik Islam]]
|leader_title1            = [[Présidén Apghanistan|Présidén]]
|leader_title2            = [[Wakil Présidén Apganistan|Wakil Présidén (kahiji)]]
|leader_name1             = [[Hamid Karzai]]
|leader_name2             = [[Mohammad Qasim Fahim]]
|leader_title3            = [[Wakil Presiden Apganistan|Wakil Présidén (kadua)]]
|leader_name3             = [[Karim Khalili]]
|area_rank                = ka-41
|area_magnitude           = 1_E11
|area                     = 647.500
|areami²                  = 251.772 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|percent_water            = 0
|population_estimate      = 31.889.923 
|population_estimate_year = 2007
|population_estimate_rank = ka-37
|population_census        = 13.051.358
|population_census_year   = 1979
|population_density       = 46
|population_densitymi²    = 119 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank  = ka-150
|GDP_PPP_year             = 2006
|GDP_PPP                  = $32,4 miliar
|GDP_PPP_rank             = ka-92
|GDP_PPP_per_capita       = $1.490
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  = ka-158
|HDI_year                 = 1993
|HDI                      = 0.229
|HDI_rank                 = teu karengking
|HDI_category             = <font color="gray">n/a</font>
|FSI                      = 102.3 {{increase}} 2.5
|FSI_year                 = 2007
|FSI_rank                 = ka-8
|FSI_category             = <font color="#FF0000">Peringetan</font> 
|sovereignty_type         = [[Pajangjian Rawalpindi|Merdika]]
|sovereignty_note         = ti [[Britania]]
|established_event1       = Déklarasi
|established_event2       = Diaku
|established_date1        = [[8 Agustus]], [[1919]]
|established_date2        = [[19 Agustus]], 1919
|currency                 = [[Afghani Apganistan|Afghani]]
|currency_code            = AFN
|country_code             = AFG
|time_zone                =
|utc_offset               = +4:30
|time_zone_DST            = 
|utc_offset_DST           = +4:30
|cctld                    = [[.af]]
|calling_code             = 93
|footnote1                = 
}}
'''Apganistan''', resmina '''[[Républik Islam]] Apganistan''' ([[Basa Pérsia]]: '''جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان''', [[Basa Pastun]]:''' د افغانستان اسلامى جمهوريت ''' ), nyaéta hiji nagara [[singkur]] nu aya di jajantungna [[Asia]]. Dicaturkeun kénéh ngeunaan perenahna Apganistan sacara géograpis, naha aya di [[Asia Tengah]]<ref>http://web.utah.edu/meca/2007Conf/2007%20MECA-%20Final%20Program.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720103531/http://web.utah.edu/meca/2007Conf/2007%20MECA-%20Final%20Program.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}</ref><ref>http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/reo/2006/eng/01/mreo0506.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226204353/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/reo/2006/eng/01/mreo0506.pdf |date=2008-02-26 }}</ref>, [[Wétan Tengah]]<ref>http://menic.utexas.edu/Countries_and_Regions/Afghanistan {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509155444/http://menic.utexas.edu/Countries_and_Regions/Afghanistan/ |date=2008-05-09 }} UT - MENIC</ref><ref>[http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country_afghanistan.html ''Afghanistan Profile''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312072701/http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country_afghanistan.html |date=2008-03-12 }}, National Geographic (dicutatd [[20 Januari]] [[2006]]).</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html#Geo ''Afghanistan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709035637/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html#Geo |date=2016-07-09 }}, CIA Factbook (dicutat [[20 Januari]] 2006).</ref><ref>[http://www.mideasti.org/countries/countries.php?name=afghanistan ''Afghanistan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928035455/http://www.mideasti.org/countries/countries.php?name=afghanistan |date=2007-09-28 }}, Middle East Institute (dicutat [[20 Januari]] 2006).</ref>, atawa [[Asia Kidul]]<ref name=Berkeley>[http://www.ias.berkeley.edu/southasia/aboutus.html Center for South Asia Studies: University of California, Berkeley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621132352/http://ias.berkeley.edu/southasia/aboutus.html |date=2008-06-21 }}</ref><ref name=Madison>[http://www.southasiaoutreach.wisc.edu/countries.htm Center for South Asia Outreach UW-Madison] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227072256/http://www.southasiaoutreach.wisc.edu/countries.htm |date=2010-02-27 }}</ref><ref name=UPenn>[http://www.southasia.upenn.edu/home/views/languages.html Department of South Asia Studies: University of Pennsylvania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304233956/http://www.southasia.upenn.edu/home/views/languages.html |date=2008-03-04 }}</ref><ref name=WorldBank>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,menuPK:158937~pagePK:158889~piPK:146815~theSitePK:223547,00.html South Asia: Data, Projects, and Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724140309/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,menuPK:158937%7EpagePK:158889%7EpiPK:146815%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html |date=2008-07-24 }}</ref><ref name="USGS">MAPS SHOWING GEOLOGY, OIL AND GAS FIELDS AND GEOLOGICAL PROVINCES OF SOUTH ASIA [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225134851/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |date=2013-12-25 }} Includes Afghanistan</ref><ref name="statedept">Afghanistan-Tajikistan Bridge Links Central, South Asia [http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2007&m=August&x=20070829160347saikceinawz0.2609064] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221010314/http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2007&m=August&x=20070829160347saikceinawz0.2609064 |date=2006-02-21 }} Refers to Afghanistan as South Asian and Tajikistan as Central Asian</ref><ref name="uw">University of Washington Jackson School of International Studies: The South Asia Center http://jsis.washington.edu/advise/catalog/soasia-b.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100846/http://jsis.washington.edu/advise/catalog/soasia-b.html |date=2015-04-02 }}</ref><ref name="syra">Syracruse University: The South Asia Center http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/programs/sac/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326065054/http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/programs/sac/ |date=2015-03-26 }}</ref>. Apganistan boga patula patali jeung nagara tatanggana sacara relijieus, kasukuan jeung basa, sarta géograpis. Diwatesan ku [[Pakistan]] di wétan jeung,<ref name="India">Catetan suku: The Government of India also considers Afghanistan to be a bordering country. This is because it considers the entire state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] to be a part of India including the portion bordering [[Afghanistan]]. A ceasefire sponsored by the [[United Nations]] in 1948 froze the positions of Indian and [[Pakistan]]i held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistani-administered territory.</ref> [[Iran]] di kulon, [[Turkménistan]], [[Uzbékistan]], jeung [[Tajikistan]] di kalér, sarta [[Républik Rahayat Cina|Cina]] jauh di wétan kaléreunnana. Ngaran Apganistan hartina "''Lemah [[Urang Pastun|Apgan]]''."

== Babagian administratif ==
{{utama|Propinsi di Apganistan|Distrik di Apganistan}}
Apganistan administratifna dibagi kana [[propinsi di Apganistan|34 propnsi]] (''[[wilayah|wilayats]]''), kalawan unggal propinsi miboga ibu kotana sorangan jeung hiji pamaréntahan kapropinsian. Propinsi-propinsina teras dibagi kana (total: kira-kira 398) [[distrik di Apganistan|distrik]].

[[Daptar gubernur propinsi di Apganistan ayeuna|Gubernur propinsi]] ditunjuk ku [[Présidén Apganistan]] sarta gubernur distrik dipilih ku gubernur propinsi. Gubernur propinsi nyaéta pawakilan pikeun pamaréntah puseur di Kabul sarta mibanda tanggung jawab kana sadaya perkawis pamaréntahan jeung kanegrian dina propinsi-propinsina. Aya ogé déwan propinsi nu dipilih langkung pamilu langsung pikeun jabatan 4 taun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iec.org.af/eng/content.php?id=5&cnid=24 |title=Explaining Elections, Independent Election Commission of Afghanistan |publisher=Iec.org.af |date=October 9, 2004 |accessdate=February 4, 2012 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827204439/http://www.iec.org.af/eng/content.php?id=5&cnid=24 |date=August 27, 2010 }}</ref> Kagunaan déwan propinsi nyaéta pikeun nyandak bagian dina rancangan pamekaran propinsi jeung ngring dina ngawasan jeung meunteunan lembaga kapropinsian lian.

Dumasar kana Pasal 140 konstitusi jeung dekrit présidén dina hukum pamilihan, [[walikota]] kedah dipilih ;angkung pamilu nu bébas jeung langsung pikeun jabatan 4 taun. Tapi, ku sabab masalah biaya, pamilu kota teu pernah dilaksanakeun, sarta walikota ditunjuk ku pamaréntah. Pikeun ibu kota nagara, Kabul, walikotana ditunjuk ku Présidén Apganistan.

Di handap nyaéta 34 [[propinsi di Apganistan]] dina susunan alfabétis sarta petana kalawan nomer di mana propinsi éta ayana.
[[Gambar:Afghanistan provinces numbered.png|center|350px|Apganistan dibagi kana [[propinsi di Apganistan|34 propinsi]] sarta unggal propinsi salajengna dibagi kana [[distrik di Apganistan|distrik-distrik]]]]
{{col|4}}
# [[Propinsi Badakhshan|Badakhshan]]
# [[Propinsi Badghis|Badghis]]
# [[Propinsi Baghlan|Baghlan]]
# [[Propinsi Balkh|Balkh]]
# [[Propinsi Bamyan|Bamyan]]
# [[Propinsi Daykundi|Daykundi]]
# [[Propinsi Farah|Farah]]
# [[Propinsi Faryab|Faryab]]
# [[Propinsi Ghazni|Ghazni]]
# [[Propinsi Ghor|Ghor]]
# [[Propinsi Helmand|Helmand]]
# [[Propinsi Herat|Herat]]
# [[Propinsi Jowzjan|Jowzjan]]
# [[Propinsi Kabul|Kabul]]
# [[Propinsi Kandahar|Kandahar]]
# [[Propinsi Kapisa|Kapisa]]
# [[Propinsi Khost|Khost]]
# [[Propinsi Konar|Konar]]
# [[Propinsi Kunduz|Kunduz]]
# [[Propinsi Laghman|Laghman]]
# [[Propinsi Logar|Logar]]
# [[Propinsi Nangarhar|Nangarhar]]
# [[Propinsi Nimruz|Nimruz]]
# [[Propinsi Nurestan|Nurestan]]
# [[Propinsi Oruzgan|Oruzgan]]
# [[Propinsi Paktia|Paktia]]
# [[Propinsi Paktika|Paktika]]
# [[Propinsi Panjshir|Panjshir]]
# [[Propinsi Parvan|Parvan]]
# [[Propinsi Samangan|Samangan]]
# [[Propinsi Sare Pol|Sare Pol]]
# [[Propinsi Takhar|Takhar]]
# [[Propinsi Vardak|Wardak]]
# [[Propinsi Zabol|Zabol]]
</div>

== Tempo ogé ==
<div style="font-size:95%;">
{{columns |gap=1em
|col1width=20em
|col1 =
* [[Perang di Apganistan (2001–kiwari)|Perang di Apganistan]]
* [[Daptar pamingpin Apganistan]]
* [[Tim Rékonstruksi Propinsi]]
* [[International Security Assistance Force]]
|col2width=18em
|col2 =
* [[Hak asasi manusa di Apganistan]]
* [[Periode saméméh Islam di Apganistan]]
* [[Islamic conquest of Afghanistan]]
* ''[[Afuganisu-tan]]''
* [[European influence in Afghanistan]]
* [[Foreign relations of Afghanistan]]
|col3width=21em
|col3 =
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]
* [[Help Afghan School Children Organization]]
* [[Afghan Scout Association]]
* [[Golden Needle Sewing School]]
* [[Afghanaid]]
}}

'''Perangko'''
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of Afghanistan]]
* [[List of birds on stamps of Afghanistan]]
* [[List of fish on stamps of Afghanistan]]
</div>

== Bibliograpi ==
<div class="references-small">
{{columns|width=50%
|col1=
* Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977). ''An Historical Guide to Afghanistan''.  2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Tourist Organization. 
* Fowler, Corinne. Chasing Tales: Travel writing, journalism and the history of British ideas about Afghanistan, 2007 (forthcoming), Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York.
* Ghobar, Mir Gholam Mohammad. Afghanistan in the Course of History, 1999, All Prints Inc. [http://www.cpol.net/history/]
* Griffiths, John C. 1981. ''Afghanistan: A History of Conflict''. André Deutsch, London. Updated edition, 2001. Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2002, ISBN 0-233-05053-1.
* Levi, Peter. 1972. ''The Light Garden of the Angel King: Journeys in Afghanistan''. Collins, 1972, ISBN 0-00-211042-3. Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1973, Indianapolis/New York, ISBN 0-672-51252-1.
* [[William Moorcroft (traveller)|Moorcroft, William]] and [[Trebeck, George]]. 1841. ''Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara... from 1819 to 1825'', Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971. Oxford University Press, 1979, ISBN 0-19-577199-0. 
|col2 =
* Rashid, Ahmed (2000) "Taliban - Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia", Yale University Press
* [[Olaf Caroe|Caroe, Olaf]]. 1958. ''The Pathans'' (on the ethnic origin of Afghans).
* Shahrani, M. Nazif. (1979) ''The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan: Adaptation to Closed Frontiers and War''. University of Washington Press. 1st paperback edition with new preface and epilogue (2002). ISBN 0-295-98262-4. 
* Toynbee, Arnold J. 1961. ''Between Oxus and Jumna''. Oxford University Press, London. ISBN B0006DBR44.
* Wood, John. 1872. ''A Journey to the Source of the River Oxus''. New Edition, edited by his son, with an essay on the "Geography of the Valley of the Oxus" by Henry Yule. John Murray, London. Gregg Division McGraw-Hill, 1971, ISBN 0-576-03322-7.
* Heathcote, T.A. The Afghan Wars 1839–1999, 1980,2003, Spellmount Staplehurst.
* Rall, Ted. 2002. "To Afghanistan and Back: A Graphic Travelogue" New York: NBM Publishing.
* Vogelsang, Willem. 2002. ''The Afghans''. Blackwell Publishers. Oxford. ISBN 0631198415.
}}
</div>

== Rujukan jeung catetan suku ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Afghanistan}}
{{sisterlinks|Afghanistan}}
<div style="font-size:95%;">

'''Loka pamaréntah resmi'''
* [http://www.af/ Official website of Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621015944/http://president.gov.af/ |date=2010-06-21 }}
* [http://www.president.gov.af/ Official website of the President of Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621015944/http://www.president.gov.af/ |date=2010-06-21 }}
* [http://www.loc.gov/law/guide/afghanistan.html Laws of Afghanistan]
* [http://www.customs.gov.af/ Afghanistan Customs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111153242/http://www.customs.gov.af/ |date=2007-11-11 }}
* [http://www.ands.gov.af/ Afghanistan National Development Strategy (ANDS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928082412/http://www.ands.gov.af/ |date=2008-09-28 }}
* [http://www.aisa.org.af/ Afghanistan Investment Support Agency (AISA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415145549/http://www.aisa.org.af/ |date=2007-04-15 }}

'''Informasi umum'''
* {{CIA World Factbook link|af|Afghanistan}}
* [http://www.embassyofafghanistan.org/brief.html Afghanistan in Brief (Embassy of Afghanistan)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1162668.stm BBC News Country Profile - Afghanistan]
* [http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/destinationAfghanistan.aspx CDC Health Information for Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114130215/http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/destinationAfghanistan.aspx |date=2007-11-14 }}
* [http://numismondo.com/pm/afg Afghanistan's Paper Money] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021022175857/http://numismondo.com/pm/afg/ |date=2002-10-22 }}
{{wikivoyage|Afghanistan}}

'''Budaya jeung warta'''
* [http://www.afghan-web.com/ Afghanistan Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218214918/https://www.afghan-web.com/ |date=2021-12-18 }}
* [http://www.islamicrepublicofafghanistan.com Islamic Republic Of Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017170425/http://www.islamicrepublicofafghanistan.com/ |date=2008-10-17 }} Afghan cultural issues
* [http://www.afghanistan.culturalprofiles.net/ Afghanistan Cultural Profile] - Afghanistan national cultural portal
* [http://www.kabulpress.org/indexkabul.htm KabulPress.org]
* [http://www.aopnews.com/ Afghan Online Press]
* [http://www.afgha.com/ News, Information, Pictures from Afghanistan]
* [http://www.pajhwok.com/ Local Afghan News]
* [http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/ RAWA News]
* [http://www.bakhtarnews.com.af/?Lang=E Bakhtar News Agency (Official Afghan Agency)]
* [http://www.eafghans.com/ General Afghan Information and Entertainment Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111134949/http://eafghans.com/ |date=2007-11-11 }}

'''Lianna'''
* [http://asiapolis.perspektive89.com/gallery Picture galleries from Kabul and Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613121333/http://asiapolis.perspektive89.com/gallery |date=2007-06-13 }}
* [http://www.afghanistan-photos.com Old photos of Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506205344/http://www.afghanistan-photos.com/ |date=2019-05-06 }}
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/asia/centralasia/afghanistan/returntoafghanistan/returntoafghanistan.htm Return to Afghanistan - Short films by the Washington Post on the New Afghanistan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030621192703/http://www.mod.uk/rcds/bashir.htm British Royal College for Defense Studies analyses and proposes a war in August 2001]
* [http://www.icssa.org/article_detail_parse.php?a_id=804&rel= Afghanistan: The Genesis of the Final Crusade, an insider's perspective of the war on Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221113316/http://www.icssa.org/article_detail_parse.php?a_id=804&rel= |date=2008-02-21 }}
* [http://www.theafghanistandirectory.com/ The Afghanistan Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011053655/http://theafghanistandirectory.com/ |date=2007-10-11 }}

</div>

{{Template group
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{{Countries of Central Asia}}
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