Siraru

Hodotermitidae; Temporal range: Krétasius awal nepi ka kiwari
	Siraru nu ilahar ngagimbung ka imah-imah
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Karajaan:	Animalia
Filum:	Arthropoda
Kelas:	Insékta
Ordo:	Isoptera
Kulawarga:	Hodotermitidae; Desneux, 1904
Genera
	Anacanthotermes Jacobson 1905; †Carinatermes Krishna & Grimaldi 2000 ; Hodotermes Hagen 1853; †Jitermes Ren 1995; †Meiatermes Lacasa-Ruiz & Martinez-Declos 1986; Microhodotermes Sjöstedt 1926; †Parotermes Scudder 1883; †Ulmeriella Meunier 1919; †Valditermes Jarzembowski 1981; †Yanjingtermes Ren 1995; †Yongdingia Ren 1995;

Siraru (Basa Yunani: ὁδός (hodós), lalana; Latin termes, cacing leuweung) nyaéta kulawarga rinyuh buhun, Hodotermitidae.^[1] Nu ngabédakeunna unggal kasta téh nyaéta tungtung sungut handapna, jeung panonna, sahingga masing-masing béda fungsina.^[2] Aya siraru aya nu tugasna néangan kahakanan jukut ti peuting jeung ti beurang, sarta siraru pagawé^[3] nu sok rajeun di luareun sayang. Sumebaranna ngawengku padang pasir jeung sabana di Afrika, Wétan Tengah jeung Asia. Mun di wewengkon Sunda mah, istilah siraru leuwih spésifik nuduhkeun rinyuh nu jangjangan, sok eunteup kanu caang mangsa peuting sanggeus hujan (basa Inggris: Flying Termites).

Kulawarga

Kulawarga nu aya ngawengku tilu genera jeung kurang leuwih 18 nepi ka 19 spésiés.^[4] Anacanthotermes kapanggih di padang pasir jeung semi padang pasir di Afrika Kalér, Wétan Tengah jeung Asia, kaasup Baluchistan jeung India bagéan kidul. Hodotermes mibanda sebaran anu lega ti Palaearctic Afrika Kalér, liwat sabana Afrika Wétan ka daérah karroid di Afrika bagéan kidul.. Microhodotermesmangrupa génus spésialis gurun di Namib, Kalahari jeung Karoo, nu mana hontalanna patumpang tindih jeung Hodotermes..

Sanajan rinyuh termopsidae téh sakapeung mah digolongkeun minangka siraru,^[5] saenyana mun ditilik deui mah mibanda garis katurunan nu béda, leuwih dominanna mertahankeun plésiomorfik Isoptera.

Sayang

Ari siraru nyayangna ku cara ngaliang dina jero taneuh, teu kawas Termopsidae jeung Kalotermitidae. Dina perkara Hodotermes mossambicusmah, sistim sayangna téh aya di jero taneuh nu sumebar, mun ti pabeungeutan mah nepi ka jerona téh leuwih ti 6 méter mah. Éta sayang téh ukuranna 60 cm jeung silih sambung ku galéri. Partikel anggang taneuh nu dikali dibawa ka pabeungeutan sarta dipiceun ka sawatara tempat di sabudeureun sayang. Koloni Microhodotermes viator ngasilkeun gundukan taneuh kawas congcot laleutik,^[6] nu taneuhna téh ngadung lempung. Sosiotomi, atawa gerakan massa wawakil sakumna kasta di koloni pikeun manggihan koloni anyar, teu dipikanyaho di Hodotermitidae mah.^[7]^[8]

Baranahan

Geuwat sanggeus hujan, brul siraru hiber pikeun ngalakonan réproduksi, ieu siraru téh salila usum halodo mah cimekblek cicing di jero sayang panghandapna. Ari karawinna, biasana ngariung di nu caang, mantak sok nyampeurkeun kana lampu atawa cahya séjénna. Mun jauh ti sayang indungna, biasana mah sok écag, ngangkatkeun jangjang jeung maluruh pasanganna. Ari siraru nu geus meunang pasanganna, biasana sok nyoplokkeun jangjangna, paantai-antai jeung pasanganna tatar-tutur ka ditu-ka dieu. Pasangan siraru téh sok langsung ngali liang pikeun mitembeyan koloni anyar. Saminggu sanggeus sagulung-sagalang, bikangna langsung ngendog. Sanggeus kurang leuwih opat bulan, sayangna cukup pikeun ngirim pagawé jang néangan kahakanan ka pabeungeutan. Sawatara taun ka hareup, loba endog nu megar jadi pagawé, jeung sawaréhna mah jadi tangtara. Mun sayangna cukup badag mah, réproduksi siraru téh dilakonan deui.^[9]

Diét jeung hakanan

Para pagawé ngumpulkeun nu lolobana mah kakaian, kalawan spésiés Pteronia jeung vygie nu dipikaresepna. Sebalikna, siraru jangjangan mah diét utamana dina ngahakan jukut garing jeung atawa nu ibunan, sok sanajan ari sésa tatangkalan jeung pangpung régang mah dihakan saeutik-saeutik waé mah. Dina studi kastabilan isotop H. mossambicus, asupan kadaharan utamana téh nyaéta komponén rumput, ampir 94%.^[10] Di ieu sésiés, larva instar ka genep nyerna sarta ngadistribusikeun hakanan di jero éta koloni ku cara tropioaksis stomodeal. Ku cara méré dahar babarengan téh ngaruketkeun integritas koloni, lantaran nu maraban téh ngadiskriminasikeun individu ku mikrobiota usus nu teu biasa.^[11]

Prédator

Siraru téh mangrupa kadaharan utamana ajag ceuli lalay di Afrika Wétan jeung kidul.^[12] Pikeun kahakanan nu teu ilahar ieu, sahingga ieu ajag mah mibanda 48 huntu leutik tinimbang anjing séjén nu mibanda 42 huntu. Ieu ajag ogé miboga ceuli nu rebing kawas lalay, fungsina pikeun ngadédéngékeun gegeremet di jero taneuh, nepi ka antukna dikali. Kitu ogé, ajag fennec néangan gegeremetna ku cara ngali. Sanajan ajag marcapada mangrupa prédator husus ti Trinervitermes tinangtu, tapina mun dina usum tiis sok moro siraru ogé.^[13] Aktivitas ngukuy jeung ngali taneuh nu lega ku aardvarks téh dikaitkeun jeung lahan heuweltjies nu dicicingan ku siraru.

Dampak ékonomi

Siraru bisa méakeun jukut di kebon jeung bisa nyebabkeun taneuh jadi urug, ngan teu pati mun kana kebon nu kurang jukutna mah.^[2]^[3] Ngan, dina jangka lilana mah, buburukan jeung daur ulang bahan pepelakan urut siraru téh mibanda kontribusi kana kasuburan taneuh jeung siklus global karbon, nitrogén, sarta unsur lianna.^[10]

Rujukan

↑ Abe, Takuya et al. (2000–2002). Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 35–36. ISBN 0-7923-6361-2.
↑ ^a ^b Scholtz, Clarke H. et al. (1985). Insects of Southern Africa. Durban: Butterworths. p. 57. ISBN 0409-10487-6.
↑ ^a ^b Picker, Mike et al. (2004). Field Guide to Insects of South Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-77007-061-5.
↑ "harvester termites". biolib.cz. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2012.
↑ Roonwal, M. L. (1983). "Evolution and Systematic Significance of Wing Micro-sculpturing in Termites. XIII. Order Isoptera". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India B49 (5): 359–391. http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005bbc_359.pdf. Diakses pada 5 February 2013. Archived 11 Nopémber 2013 di Wayback Machine
↑ Moore, J. M.; Picker, M. D. (1991). "Heuweltjies (earth mounds) in the Clanwilliam district, Cape Province, South Africa: 4000-year-old termite nests". Oecologia 86: 424–432. doi:10.1007/bf00317612.
↑ Bauer, A. M.; Russell, A. P.; Edgar, B. D. (2 October 2015). "Utilization of the termite (Hagen) by gekkonid lizards near Keetmanshoop, South West Africa". South African Journal of Zoology 24 (4): 239–243. doi:10.1080/02541858.1989.11448159. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02541858.1989.11448159. Diakses pada 31 July 2017.
↑ Grassé P. P.; Noirot, J. C. 1951. La Sociotomie: migration et fragmentation de la termitiere chez les Anoplotermes et les Trinervitermes. Behaviour 3: 146-166
↑ Bell, R. A. (1999). "Insect Pests: Harvester Termites". Veld in KwaZulu-Natal 11.1. KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs. Diakses tanggal 21 October 2012. Archived 10 Januari 2011 di Wayback Machine
↑ ^a ^b Symes, Craig T.; Woodborne, Stephan (1 April 2011). "Estimation of food composition of Hodotermes mossambicus (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae) based on observations and stable carbon isotope ratios". Insect Science 18 (2): 175–180. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01344.x. http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/handle/10204/5993.
↑ Minkley, Nina et al. "Nestmate discrimination in the harvester termite Hodotermes mossambicus". IUSSI. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2012. Archived 13 Méi 2008 di Wayback Machine
↑ Ewer, R. F. (1973). The Carnivores. New York: Cornell University Press. p. 161.
↑ Holekamp, Kay E. et al. "Aardwolf: Diet and Foraging". The extant (living) hyaena species. IUCN, Hyaena Specialist Group. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2012.

Tutumbu luar

Data nu patali jeung Siraru di Wikispecies
Média nu patali jeung Siraru di Wikimedia Commons

[evol-1] Abe, Takuya et al. (2000–2002). Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 35–36. ISBN 0-7923-6361-2.

[isa-2] Scholtz, Clarke H. et al. (1985). Insects of Southern Africa. Durban: Butterworths. p. 57. ISBN 0409-10487-6.

[fg-3] Picker, Mike et al. (2004). Field Guide to Insects of South Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-77007-061-5.

[biolib-4] "harvester termites". biolib.cz. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2012.

[roonwl-5] Roonwal, M. L. (1983). "Evolution and Systematic Significance of Wing Micro-sculpturing in Termites. XIII. Order Isoptera". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India B49 (5): 359–391. http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005bbc_359.pdf. Diakses pada 5 February 2013. Archived 11 Nopémber 2013 di Wayback Machine

[oec-6] Moore, J. M.; Picker, M. D. (1991). "Heuweltjies (earth mounds) in the Clanwilliam district, Cape Province, South Africa: 4000-year-old termite nests". Oecologia 86: 424–432. doi:10.1007/bf00317612.

[bauer-7] Bauer, A. M.; Russell, A. P.; Edgar, B. D. (2 October 2015). "Utilization of the termite (Hagen) by gekkonid lizards near Keetmanshoop, South West Africa". South African Journal of Zoology 24 (4): 239–243. doi:10.1080/02541858.1989.11448159. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02541858.1989.11448159. Diakses pada 31 July 2017.

[8] Grassé P. P.; Noirot, J. C. 1951. La Sociotomie: migration et fragmentation de la termitiere chez les Anoplotermes et les Trinervitermes. Behaviour 3: 146-166

[bell-9] Bell, R. A. (1999). "Insect Pests: Harvester Termites". Veld in KwaZulu-Natal 11.1. KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs. Diakses tanggal 21 October 2012. Archived 10 Januari 2011 di Wayback Machine

[est-10] Symes, Craig T.; Woodborne, Stephan (1 April 2011). "Estimation of food composition of Hodotermes mossambicus (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae) based on observations and stable carbon isotope ratios". Insect Science 18 (2): 175–180. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01344.x. http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/handle/10204/5993.

[nest-11] Minkley, Nina et al. "Nestmate discrimination in the harvester termite Hodotermes mossambicus". IUSSI. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2012. Archived 13 Méi 2008 di Wayback Machine

[tc-12] Ewer, R. F. (1973). The Carnivores. New York: Cornell University Press. p. 161.

[iucn-13] Holekamp, Kay E. et al. "Aardwolf: Diet and Foraging". The extant (living) hyaena species. IUCN, Hyaena Specialist Group. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2012.

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