Berkelium
 | ||||||
| Sifat umum | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ngaran, simbol | berkelium, Bk | |||||
| Pasampakan | kapérakan | |||||
| Berkelium dina tabél périodik | ||||||
| ||||||
| Nomer atom (Z) | 97 | |||||
| Golongan, blok | group n/a, [[blok-{{{block}}}]] | |||||
| Périodeu | [[Périodeu (tabel periodik)#Périodeu {{{period}}}|periode {{{period}}}]] | |||||
| Beurat atom standar (Ar) | ||||||
| Konfigurasi éléktron | {{{electron configuration}}} | |||||
per kelopak | 2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2 | |||||
| Sipat fisika | ||||||
| Titik leyur | beta: 1259 K (986 °C, 1807 °F) | |||||
| Titik golak | beta: 2900 K (2627 °C, 4760 °F) | |||||
| Kapadetan ngadeukeutan s.k. | alpha: 14.78 g/cm3 beta: 13.25 g/cm3 | |||||
| Kalor paleyuran | 7.92 kJ/mol (diitung) | |||||
| Sipat atom | ||||||
| Éléktronégativitas | Skala Pauling: 1.3 | |||||
| Énérgi ionisasi | ke-1: 601 kJ/mol | |||||
| Ramo-ramo atom | empiris: 170 pm | |||||
| Lain-lain | ||||||
| Struktur kristal | double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp) | |||||
| Konduktivitas térmal | 10 W/(m·K) | |||||
| Arah mahnét | paramagnétik | |||||
| Nomor CAS | 7440-40-6 | |||||
| Sejarah | ||||||
| Pangaranan | sanggeus Berkeley, Kalifornia | |||||
| Pamanggihan | Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (1949) | |||||
Berkelium mangrupa unsur kimia sintétik; mibanda lambang Bk jeung nomer atom 97. Ieu mangrupa anggota runtuyan unsur aktinida jeung transuranium. Dingaranan kota Berkeley, Kalifornia, lokasi Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Berkeley (teras Laboratorium Radiasi Universitas California) dimana eta kapanggih dina bulan Désémber 1949. Berkelium mangrupa unsur transuranium kalima kapanggih sanggeus neptunium, plutonium, kurium jeung amerisium.
Isotop utama berkelium, 249Bk, disintésis dina jumlah menit dina réaktor nuklir fluks tinggi khusus, utamina di Laboratorium Nasional Oak Ridge di Tennesse, Amérika Serikat, sareng di Institut Panaliti Réaktor Atom di Dimitrovgrad, Rusia. Isotop pangpanjangna umurna jeung kadua pangpentingna, 247Bk, bisa disintésis ngaliwatan iradiasi 244Cm jeung partikel alfa-énergi luhur.
Pamakéan
[édit | édit sumber]
Ayeuna teu aya gunana pikeun isotop berkelium di luar panalungtikan ilmiah dasar.[2] Berkelium-249 mangrupa nuklida udagan umum pikeun nyiapkeun unsur transuranium jeung unsur super beurat,[3] saperti lawrensium, rutherfordium jeung bohrium.[2] Éta ogé kapaké salaku sumber isotop kalifornium-249, anu digunakeun pikeun ngulik kimia kalifornium leuwih sering dipake tinimbang kalifornium-252 anu leuwih radioaktif anu dihasilkeun dina fasilitas bombardment neutron saperti HFIR.[2][4]
22 miligram berkelium-249 ieu disiapkeun dina iradiasi 250 poé lajeng dimurnikeun pikeun 90 poé di Oak Ambat di 2009. Target ieu ngahasilkeun 6 atom mimiti tennessine di Joint Institute pikeun Panalungtikan Nuklir (JINR), Dubna, Rusia, sanggeus bombarding eta kalawan ion kalsium dina cyclotron U400 salila 150 poé. Sintésis ieu mangrupikeun puncak tina kolaborasi Rusia-AS antara JINR sareng Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Livermore dina sintésis unsur 113 dugi ka 118 anu digagas taun 1989.[5][6]
Rujukan
[édit | édit sumber]- ↑ Finally, Element 117 Is Here! Archived 30 Oktober 2010 di Wayback Machine, Science Now, 7 April 2010
- ↑ a b c Hobart, David E.; Peterson, Joseph R. (2006). "Berkelium". Dina Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (éd.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF). Vol. 3 (Édisi 3rd). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. hlm. 1444–98. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_10. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. Diarsipkeun ti asli (PDF) tanggal 17 July 2010. Diaksés tanggal 30 September 2010. Archived 17 Juli 2010 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ Stwertka, Albert. A Guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 211. Galat skrip: tidak ada modul tersebut "Catalog lookup link".Galat skrip: tidak ada modul tersebut "check isxn".
- ↑ Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Californium". Dina Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (éd.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF). Vol. 3 (Édisi 3rd). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. hlm. 1499–1576. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_11. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. Diarsipkeun ti asli (PDF) tanggal 17 July 2010. Archived 17 Juli 2010 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ Collaboration Expands the Periodic Table, One Element at a Time Archived 18 Juli 2011 di Wayback Machine, Science and Technology Review, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, October/November 2010
- ↑ Nuclear Missing Link Created at Last: Superheavy Element 117, Science daily, 7 April 2010
Bibliografi
[édit | édit sumber]- Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (Édisi 2nd). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Nils (2007). Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry (Édisi 102nd). Berlin: de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1.
- Peterson, J. R.; Hobart, D. E. (1984). "The Chemistry of Berkelium". Dina Emeléus, Harry Julius (éd.). Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry. Vol. 28. Academic Press. hlm. 29–64. doi:10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60204-4. ISBN 978-0-12-023628-2.