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Daptar gunung api di Indonésia

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Gunung seuneuan utama di Indonésia

Kaca ieu mangrupa daptar gunung seuneuan di Indonésia. Géografi Indonésia didominasi ku gunung seuneuan nu kawangun alatan zona subduksi antara lempengan Érasia jeung lempengan Indo-Australia. Aya sababaraha gunung seuneuan anu kasohor bituna, contona, Rakata nu ngabalukarkeun pangaruh global taun 1883,[1] Dano Toba kasohor ku bitu supervolcanona nu diperkirakeun kajadian 74.000 taun Saméméh Kiwari nu ngabalukarkeun genep taun usum tiis gunung seuneuan,[2] sarta Gunung Tambora nu karekam dina sajarah taun 1815 bituna kacida ngaruksakna.[3]

Gunung seuneuan di Indonésia mangrupa bagéan tina Cingcin Seuneu Pasifik (Pacific Ring of Fire). 150 entri dina daptar ieu digolongkeun kana genep wewengkon regional, opat di antarana mangrupa gunung seuneuan dina sistem kanal Cekungan Sunda. Dua golongan sesana mangrupa gunung seuneuan Halmahera, kaasup sabudeureun pulo gunung seuneuan, sarta gunung seuneuan di Sulawesi jeung Pulo Sangihe. Golongan pangpandeurina nyaéta dina hiji cekungan vulkanik nu ngahiji jeung gunung seuneuan Pilipina.

Gunung seuneuan anu pangaktipna nyaéta Kelut jeung Merapi di pulo Jawa anu geus ngabalukarkeun leungitna rebuan nyawa di sabudeureunnan. Saprak taun 1000, Kelut geus bitu leuwih ti 30 kali, bitu pangrongkahna kajadian dina skala 5 Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI),[4] sedengkeun Merapi geus bitu leuwih ti 80 kali.[5] The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior geus nyebutkeun Merapi minangka Decade Volcano saprak 1995 alatan aktivitas letusanna anu remen.

Lingkup

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Acan aya hiji definisi anu baku ngeunaan gunung seuneuan. Hiji gunung bisa ditetepkeun minangka seuneuan tina ayana kawah, volcanic edificies atawa medan vulkanik. Bagian jero rohangan gunung seuneuan purba bisa waé urug atawa kakikis, antukna nyiptakeun kamar-kamar magma anyar minangka gunung-gunung seuneuan anyar. Loba gunung seuneuan anu kiwari aktif mucunghul minangka anak congcot tina sisi kawah atawa tengah kawah. Salah sahiji conto nyaéta gunung Tangkubanparahu anu mucunghul dina kaldera gunung Sunda. Sababaraha congcot vulkanik dikolompokkeun jadi hiji ngaran, contona kompleks kaldera Tenger, sanajan padumuk lokal geus méré ngaran kana tiap kawahna. Status gunung seuneuan, arek aktif atawa henteu aktif henteu bisa didefinisikeun kalayan pasti. Ciri sahiji gunung minangka seuneuan ditetepkeun ku cutatan sajarahna, pananggalan radiocarbon, atawa aktivitas géotermalna.

Di handap ieu aya daftar gunung seuneuan anu dicokot tina sumber utama buku "Volcanoes of the World", anu dikumpulkeun ku dua ahli gunung seuneu Tom Simkin jeung Lee Siebert,[a] anu eusina mangrupa daftar gunung seuneu aktif dina sajero 10,000 taun ka tukang (Holocene).[6] Husus keur Indonésia, Simkin jeung Siebert ngagunakeun sahiji katalog ngeunaan gunung seuneu tina runtuyan publikasi International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior.[b] Daftar Simkin jeung Siebert mangrupa daftar gunung seuneuan di Indonésia anu paling lengkep, tapi katalitian cutatanna béda-béda ti hiji wilayah jeung wilayah lianna dina hal jumlah kajadian jeung rongkahna letusan ka dieunakeun.

Kolompok geografis

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Sumatra

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Tanah Sumatera sabagian gedé dipinuhan ku rangkéan gunung atawa pagunungan anu disebut Bukit Barisan. Pagunungan éta ngawengku ampir 1,700 km (1,050 mi) ti kalér nunjang ngidul. Pagunungan éta kawangun akibat gerak lémpeéng téktonik Australia.[7] Lémpéng kasebut maju 5,5 cm/taun nu ngabalukarkeun lini anu rongkah di sisi beulah kulon Sumatera kaasup lini Sumatera-Andaman dina taun 2004.[8][9] Gerak téktonik lain waé ngabalukarkeun lini, tapi ogé ngwangun kamar magma dina handapeun pulo.[7]

Ti 35 gunung seuneu aktif, ngan aya hiji anu misah ti daratan utama Sumatera, nyaéta gunung Weh. Pisahna ieu gunung disababkeun ku letusan gedé anu ngakibatkeun kawangunna daratan anu handap antukna kaeusi ku cai laut dina mangsa Pleistocene. Gunung seuneuan anu paling gedé di Sumatera nyaéta gunung Toba, anu kaasup gunung seuneuan super, di tengah dano Toba anu boga ukuran 100 km (62 miles) × 30 km (19 miles), anu kawangun saenggeus runtuhna kaldéra (kira-kira 74,000 taun Samemeh Kiwari).[2] Letusanna ditaksir nepi ka level dalapan dina skala VEI, level pangluhurna anu mungkin dina éta skala. Puncak anu paling luhur dina éta pagunungan nyaéta Gunung Kerinci anu luhurna 3,800 m (12,467 ft).


Ngaran Wangun Jangkung Bitu pangpandeurina (VEI) Lokasi di bumi
(m) (ft)
Wéh stratovolcano 617 2,024 Pleistocene 5.82° N 95.28° E
Seulawah Agam stratovolcano 1,810 5,938 1839 (2) 5.448° N 95.658° E
Peuet Sague complex volcano 2,801 9,190 25 Desember 2000 (2) 4.914° N 96.329° E
Geureudong stratovolcano 2,885 9,465 1937 4.813° N 96.82° E
Kembar shield volcano 2,245 7,365 Pleistocene 3.850° N 97.664° E
Sibayak stratovolcano 2,212 7,257 1881 3.23° N 98.52° E
Sinabung stratovolcano 2,460 8,071 teu kanyahoan 3.17° N 98.392° E
Toba supervolcano 2,157 7,077 teu kanyahoan 2.58° N 98.83° E
Helatoba-Tarutung fumarole field 1,100 3,609 Pleistocene 2.03° N 98.93° E
Imun teu kanyahoan 1,505 4,938 teu kanyahoan 2.158° N 98.93° E
Sibualbuali stratovolcano 1,819 5,968 teu kanyahoan 1.556° N 99.255° E
Lubukraya stratovolcano 1,862 6,109 teu kanyahoan 1.478° N 99.209° E
Sorikmarapi stratovolcano 2,145 7,037 1986 (1) 0.686° N 99.539° E
Talakmau complex volcano 2,919 9,577 teu kanyahoan 0.079° N 99.98° E
Sarik-Gajah volcanic cone teu kanyahoan teu kanyahoan teu kanyahoan 0.008° N 100.20° E
Marapi complex volcano 2,891 9,485 5 Agustus 2004 (2) 0.381° S 100.473° E
Tandikat stratovolcano 2,438 7 999 1924 (1) 0.433° S 100.317° E
Talang stratovolcano 2,597 8,520 12 April 2005 (2) 0.978° S 100.679° E
Kerinci stratovolcano 3,800 12,467 22 Juni 2004 (2) 1.697° S 101.264° E
Hutapanjang stratovolcano 2,021 6,631 teu kanyahoan 2.33° S 101.60° E
Sumbing stratovolcano 2,507 8,225 23 Mei 1921 (2) 2.414° S 101.728° E
Kunyit stratovolcano 2,151 7,057 teu kanyahoan 2.592° S 101.63° E
Pendan teu kanyahoan teu kanyahoan teu kanyahoan teu kanyahoan 2.82° S 102.02° E
Belirang-Beriti compound 1,958 6,424 teu kanyahoan 2.82° S 102.18° E
Bukit Daun stratovolcano 2,467 8,094 teu kanyahoan 3.38° S 102.37° E
Kaba stratovolcano 1,952 6,404 22 Agustus 2000 (1) 3.52° S 102.62° E
Dempo stratovolcano 3,173 10,410 Oktober 1994 (1) 4.03° S 103.13° E
Patah teu kanyahoan 2,817 9,242 teu kanyahoan 4.27° S 103.30° E
Bukit Lumut Balai stratovolcano 2,055 6,742 teu kanyahoan 4.23° S 103.62° E
Besar stratovolcano 1,899 6,230 April 1940 (1) 4.43° S 103.67° E
Ranau caldera 1,881 6,171 teu kanyahoan 4.83° S 103.92° E
Sekincau Belirang caldera 1,719 5,640 teu kanyahoan 5.12° S 104.32° E
Suoh caldera 1,000 3,281 10 Juli 1933 (4) 5.25° S 104.27° E
Hulubelu caldera 1,040 3,412 teu kanyahoan 5.35° S 104.60° E
Rajabasa stratovolcano 1,281 4,202 teu kanyahoan 5.78° S 105.625° E
Peta anu ningalikeun lokasi gunung-gunung seuneuan jeung jalur patahan geologis di Sumatra.
Gambar Dano Toba beunang satelit Landsat.
Marapi.
Sumber: Global Volcanism Program.[10]

Selat Sunda jeung Jawa

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Selat Sunda misahkeun pulo Sumatera jeung pulo Jawa ku pulo seuneun Rakata. Rakata bitu rongkah dina taun 1883, ngaruksak dua per tilu éta pulo sarta ninggalkeun hijikaldera gedé handapeun beungeut laut. Letusan cataclysmic ieu kadenge nepi ka pulo Rodrigues deukeut Mauritius (kira-kira 3000 mile atawa 4800 km jauhna).[1] Hiji congcot parasit anyar, anu disebut Anak Rakata, mucunghul tina jero laut dina puseur kaldera dina taun 1930.[11] Pulo-pulo Rakata lainna anu dihasilekun tina letusan taun 1883 dibéré ngaran Sertung, Panjang jeung Rakata. Jawa mangrupa pulo nu relatif leutik lamun dibandingkeun jeung Sumatra mah, tapi boga konsentrasi gunung seuneuan katip nu leuwih loba. Aya 45 gunung seuneuan aktip di Pulo Jawa, henteu kaasup 20 kawah jeung congcot leutik di komplék vulkanik Diéng katut congcot ngora di komplék kaldéra Tengger. Sababaraha gunung seuneuan digolongkeun babarengan dina daptar di handap alatan perenahna nu padeudeukeut. Gunung Merapi, Semeru jeung Kelud mangrupa gunung seuneuan pangaktipna di Jawa. Gunung Semeru terus-terusan bitu ti taun 1967.[12] Gunung Merapi disebut salah sahiji Decade Volcanoes ti taun 1995.[13] Ijen boga situ kaldera nu boga rupa-rupa kelir nu unik mangrupa reservoir alam nu kacida asamna (pH<0.3).[14] Aya tambang walirang di Ijen, panambang ngumpulkeun batu walirang nua sam maké leungeun.

Ngaran Wangun Jangkung Bitu pangpandeurina (VEI) Lokasi di bumi
(m) (ft)
Krakatau kaldera 813 2,667 21 Juli 2001 (1) 6.102° S 105.423° E
Pulosari stratovolcano 1,346 4,416 teu katangén 6.342° S 105.975° E
Karang stratovolcano 1,778 5,833 teu katangén 6.27° S 106.042° E
Kiaraberes-Gagak stratovolcano 1,511 4,957 6 April 1939 (1) 6.73° S 106.65° E
Perbakti stratovolcano 1,699 5,574 teu katangén 6.75° S 106.68° E
Salak stratovolcano 2,211 7,254 31 Januari 1938 (2) 6.72° S 106.73° E
Gedé stratovolcano 2,958 9,705 13 Maret 1957 (2) 6.78° S 106.98° E
Patuha stratovolcano 2,434 7,986 teu katangén 7.160° S 107.40° E
Wayang-Windu lava dome 2,182 7,159 teu katangén 7.208° S 107.63° E
Malabar stratovolcano 2,343 7,687 teu katangén 7.13° S 107.65° E
Tangkubanparahu stratovolcano 2,084 6,837 14 Séptémber 1983 (1) 6.77° S 107.60° E
Papandayan stratovolcano 2,665 8,743 11 Nopémber 2002 (2) 7.32° S 107.73° E
Kendang stratovolcano 2,608 8,556 teu katangén 7.23° S 107.72° E
Kamojang stratovolcano 1,730 5,676 Pleistocene 7.125° S 107.80° E
Guntur complex volcano 2,249 7,379 16 Oktober 1847 (2) 7.143° S 107.840° E
Tampomas stratovolcano 1,684 5,525 teu katangén 6.77° S 107.95° E
Galunggung stratovolcano 2,168 7,113 9 Januari 1984 (1) 7.25° S 108.058° E
Talagabodas stratovolcano 2,201 7,221 teu katangén 7.208° S 108.07° E
Karaha fumarole 1,155 3,789 teu katangén 7.12° S 108.08° E
Ceremé stratovolcano 3,078 10,098 teu katangén 6.892° S 108.40° E
Slamet stratovolcano 3,428 11,247 1 Méi 1999 (1) 7.242° S 109.208° E
Diéng complex volcano 2,565 8,415 31 Désémber 1996 (1) 7.20° S 109.92° E
Sindoro stratovolcano 3,136 10,289 29 Oktober 1971 (2) 7.30° S 109.992° E
Sumbing stratovolcano 3,371 11,060 1730 (1) 7.384° S 110.070° E
Ungaran stratovolcano 2,050 6,726 teu katangén 7.18° S 110.33° E
Telomoyo stratovolcano 1,894 6,214 teu katangén 7.37° S 110.40° E
Merbabu stratovolcano 3,145 10,318 1797 (2) 7.45° S 110.43° E
Merapi stratovolcano 2,968 9,738 15 Méi 2006[15] 7.542° S 110.442° E
Muria stratovolcano 1,625 5,331 160 BC ± 30 yéars 6.62° S 110.88° E
Lawu stratovolcano 3,265 10,712 28 Nopémber 1885 (1) 7.625° S 111.192° E
Wilis stratovolcano 2,563 8,409 teu katangén 7.808° S 111.758° E
Kelud stratovolcano 1,731 5,679 10 Pébruari 1990 (4) 7.93° S 112.308° E
Kawi-Butak stratovolcano 2,651 8,698 teu katangén 7.92° S 112.45° E
Arjuno-Welirang stratovolcano 3,339 10,955 15 Agustus 1952 (0) 7.725° S 112.58° E
Penanggungan stratovolcano 1,653 5,423 teu katangén 7.62° S 112.63° E
Malang Plain maar 680 2,231 teu katangén 8.02° S 112.68° E
Seméru stratovolcano 3,676 12,060 1967–2006 continuing (3) 8.108° S 112.92° E
Tengger stratovolcano 2,329 7,641 8 Juni 2004 (2) 7.942° S 112.95° E
Lamongan stratovolcano 1,651 5,417 5 Pébruari 1898 (2) 7.979° S 113.342° E
Lurus complex volcano 539 1,768 teu katangén 7.73° S 113.58° E
Iyang-Argapura complex volcano 3,088 10,131 teu katangén 7.97° S 113.57° E
Raung stratovolcano 3,332 10,932 2 Juni 2002 (2) 8.125° S 114.042° E
Ijén stratovolcano 2,799 9,183 28 Juni 1999 (1) 8.058° S 114.242° E
Baluran stratovolcano 1,247 4,091 teu katangén 7.85° S 114.37° E
Tangkubanparahu, dipoto ti kota Bandung.
Lightning strikes during the 1982 Galunggung eruption.
Gunung Merapi, the most active volcano in Indonésia.
Semeru, Jawa's highest volcano, which has been erupting since 1967.
The turquoise colored sulfuric lake on the Ijen caldera.
Source: Global Volcanism Program.[16][17]

Kapuloan Sunda Leutik

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Kapuloan Sunda Leutik nyaéta hiji kapuloan nu ti kulon tepi ka wetanna, ngawengku pulo-pulo Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba jeung Timor; sakabéhna aya dina tungtung landasan buana Australia.

Gunung seuneuan di wewengkon ieu kawangun ku ayana kulit samudra sarta gerakan landasannana sorangan.[18] Sababaraha gunung seuneuan sacara lengkep ngawangun pulo, upamana, pulo Sangeang Api. Gunung Tambora, di Pulo Sumbawa, bitu tanggal 5 April 1815, kalayan skala 7 VEI sarta dianggep bitu pangngaruksakna dina sajarah nu kacatet.[3]

Ngaran Wangun Jangkung Last eruption (VEI) Lokasi di bumi
(m) (ft)
Merbuk tba 1,386 4,547 teu katangen -
Bratan kaldera 2,276 7,467 teu katangén 8.28° S 115.13° E
Batur kaldera 1,717 5,633 15 Maret 1999 (1) 8.242° S 115.375° E
Agung stratovolcano 3,142 10,308 18 Pébruari 1963 (5) 8.342° S 115.508° E
Rinjani stratovolcano 3,726 12,224 1 Oktober 2004 (2) 8.42° S 116.47° E
Tambora stratovolcano 2,850 9,350 1967 ± 20 taun (0) 8.25° S 118.00° E
Sangeang Api gunung seuneuan komplék 1,949 6,394 30 Juli 1985 (3) 8.20° S 119.07° E
Wai Sano kaldera 903 2,963 teu katangén 8.72° S 120.02° E
Poco Leok teu katangen 1,675 5,495 teu katangén 8.68° S 120.48° E
Ranakah momolo lava 2,100 6,890 Maret 1991 (1) 8.62° S 120.52° E
Inierie stratovolcano 2,245 7,365 8050 SM 8.875° S 120.95° E
Inielika gunung seuneuan komplék 1,559 5,115 11 Januari 2001 (2) 8.73° S 120.98° E
Ebulobo stratovolcano 2,124 6,969 27 Pebruari 1969 (2) 8.82° S 121.18° E
Iya stratovolcano 637 2,090 27 Januari 1969 (3) 8.897° S 121.645° E
Sukaria kaldera 1,500 4,921 teu katangen 8.792° S 121.77° E
Ndete Napu fumarol 750 2,461 teu katangen 8.72° S 121.78° E
Kelimutu gunung seuneuan komplék 1,639 5,377 3 Juni 1968 (1) 8.77° S 121.82° E
Paluweh stratovolcano 875 2,871 3 Pebruari 1985 (1) 8.32° S 121.708° E
Egon stratovolcano 1,703 5,587 6 Pebruari 2005 (1) 8.67° S 122.45° E
Ilimuda stratovolcano 1,100 3,609 teu katangen 8.478° S 122.671° E
Lewotobi stratovolcano 1,703 5,587 30 Mei 2003 (2) 8.542° S 122.775° E
Leroboleng gunung seuneuan komplék 1,117 3,665 26 Juni 2003 (3) 8.358° S 122.842° E
Riang Kotang fumarol 200 656 teu katangen 8.30° S 122.892° E
Iliboleng stratovolcano 1,659 5,443 Juni 1993 (1) 8.342° S 123.258° E
Lewotolo stratovolcano 1,423 4,669 15 Desember 1951 (2) 8.272° S 123.505° E
Ililabalekan stratovolcano 1,018 3,340 teu katangen 8.55° S 123.38° E
Iliwerung gunung seuneuan komplék 1,018 3,340 22 Mei 1999 (0) 8.53° S 123.57° E
Batu Tara stratovolcano 748 2,454 1847 (2) 7.792° S 123.579° E
Sirung gunung seuneuan komplék 862 2,828 1970 (2) 8.508° S 124.13° E
Yersey dasar sagara -3,800 -12,467 teu katangen 7.53° S 123.95° E
Gunung Agung di Bali.
Bituna Rinjani taun 1984.
Salasahiji tina tilu situ Kelimutu nu kelirna bareda.
Source: Global Volcanism Program.[19]

Laut Banda

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Laut Banda di kiduleun Kapuloan Maluku ngawengku kelompok kapuloan nu leutik. Tilu lempengan tektonik utama di sahandapeun laut, lempengan Érasia, Pasifik jeung Indo-Australia, geus kawangun ti mangsa Mesozoik mula.[20] Gunung seuneuan di Laut Banda Séa utamana mangrupa pulo, tapi sababaraha di antarana mangrupa gunung seuneuan di jeroeun sagara.

Name Shape Elevation Last eruption (VEI) Géolocation
(m) (ft)
Emperor of China submarine -2,850 -9,350 teu katangen 6.62° S 124.22° E
Nieuwerkerk submarine -2,285 -7,500 teu katangen 6.60° S 124.675° E
Gunungapi Wetar stratovolcano 282 925 1699 (3) 6.642° S 126.65° E
Wurlali stratovolcano 868 2,850 3 Juni 1892 (2) 7.125° S 128.675° E
Teon stratovolcano 655 2,150 3 Juni 1904 (2) 6.92° S 129.125° E
Nila stratovolcano 781 2,500 7 Mei 1968 (1) 6.73° S 129.50° E
Serua stratovolcano 641 2,100 18 September 1921 (2) 6.30° S 130.00° E
Manuk stratovolcano 282 925 teu katangen 5.53° S 130.292° E
Banda Api caldera 640 2,100 9 Mei 1988 (3) 4.525° S 129.871° E
Source: Global Volcanism Program.[21]

Sulawesi jeung Kapuloan Sangihe

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Opat bojong ngadominasi wangun pulo Sulawesi. Bagéan tengah mangrupa wewenkon pagunungan, tapi lolobananana henteu lain gunung seuneuan (non-vulkanik). Gunung seuneuan aktip pinanggih di bojong kaler sarta terus manjang tepi ka kalereun Kapuloan Sangihe. Kapuloan Sangihe nandaan wates jeung Pilipina.

Ngaran Wangun Jangkung Bitu pangpandeurina (VEI) Lokasi di bumi
(m) (ft)
Colo stratovolcano 507 1,663 18 Juli 1983 (4) 0.17° S 121.608° E
Ambang complex volcano 1,795 5,890 1845 ± 5 yéars 0.75° N 124.42° E
Soputan stratovolcano 1,784 5,853 26 Desember 2006 (1) 1.108° N 124.73° E
Sempu kaldera 1,549 5,082 teu katangén 1.13° N 124.758° E
Tondano kaldera 1,202 3,944 teu katangén 1.23° N 124.83° E
Lokon-Empung stratovolcano 1,580 5,184 23 September 2003 (3) 1.358° N 124.792° E
Mahawu stratovolcano 1,324 4,344 16 Nopember 1977 (0) 1.358° N 124.858° E
Klabat stratovolcano 1,995 6,545 teu katangén 1.47° N 125.03° E
Tongkoko stratovolcano 1,149 3,770 1880 (1) 1.52° N 125.20° E
Ruang stratovolcano 725 2,379 25 September 2002 (4) 2.30° N 125.37° E
Karangetang stratovolcano 1,784 5,853 2 April 2005 (2) 2.78° N 125.40° E
Banua Wuhu submarine -5 -16.5 18 Juli 1919 (3) 3.138° N 125.491° E
Awu stratovolcano 1,320 4,331 2 Juni 2004 (2) 3.67° N 125.50° E
Jero laut 1922 jero laut -5,000 -16,404 teu katangén 3.97° N 125.17° E
Source: Global Volcanism Program.[22][23]

Halmahera

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Pulo Halmahera di béh kaler Kapuloan Maluku diwangun ku gerakan tilu lempengan tektonik nu ngahasilkeun dua jangkah pagunungan nu pasilang-silang, nu ngawangun opat semenanjung karangan nu dipisahkeun ku tilu teluk jero. Hiji volcanic arc manjang ti kaler ka kidul di sisi béh kulon Halmahera, nu sababaraha di antarana mangrupa kapuloan vulkanik, contona, Gamalama jeung Tidore. Ngaran pulo nu aya Gamalamaan nyaéta Ternate nu geus jadi puseur perdagangan rempah-rempah ti jaman Karajaan Portugis mula nu muka hiji fort taun 1512. Alatan lokasina nu mangrupa puseur perdagangan rempah-rempah salila Age of Discovery, rekaman sajarah bituna gunung seuneuan di Halmahera geus aya ti saprak awal abad ka-16.

Ngaran Shape Jangkung Bitu pangpandeurina (VEI) Géolokasi
(m) (ft)
Tarakan pyroclastic cone 318 1,043 teu kanyahoan 1.83° N 127.83° E
Dukono complex volcano 1,335 4,380 13 Agustus 1933 (3) 1.68° N 127.88° E
Tobaru teu kanyahoan 1,035 3,396 teu kanyahoan 1.63° N 127.67° E
Ibu stratovolcano 1,325 4,347 Mei 2005 (0) 1.488° N 127.63° E
Gamkonora stratovolcano 1,635 5,364 9 Juli 2007 (?) 1.38° N 127.53° E
Todoko-Ranu kaldera 979 3,212 teu kanyahoan 1.25° N 127.47° E
Jailolo stratovolcano 1,130 3,707 teu kanyahoan 1.08° N 127.42° E
Hiri stratovolcano 630 2,067 teu kanyahoan 0.90° N 127.32° E
Gamalama stratovolcano 1,715 5,627 31 Juli 2003 (2) 0.80° N 127.33° E
Tidore stratovolcano 1,730 5,676 teu kanyahoan 0.658° N 127.40° E
Mare stratovolcano 308 1,010 teu kanyahoan 0.57° N 127.40° E
Moti stratovolcano 950 3,117 teu kanyahoan 0.45° N 127.40° E
Makian stratovolcano 1,357 4,452 29 Juli 1988 (3) 0.32° N 127.40° E
Tigalalu stratovolcano 422 1,385 teu kanyahoan 0.07° N 127.42° E
Amasing stratovolcano 1,030 3,379 teu kanyahoan 0.53° S 127.48° E
Bibinoi stratovolcano 900 2,953 teu kanyahoan 0.77° S 127.72° E
Gambar Gamalama nu bitu munggaran dekade 1700-an, katembong fort Portugis.
Sumber: Global Volcanism Program.[24]

Bitu gedé

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Di handap ieu daptar bitu gedé pinilih tina gunung seuneuan di Indonésia, disortir sacara kronologis dumasar kana tanggal. Ukur bitu nu skalana 3 VEI atawa leuwih anu dipidangkeun di dieu dibarengan jeung jeung sumber sarta karuksakannana, kajaba lamun aya bitu nu skalana leutik tapi ngabalukarkeun karuksakan nu gedé.

Tgl bitu Gunung seuneuan Tgl eureun VEI Pasipatan Tsunami Volumeu tephra Karuksakan Sumber
20 Jan 1992 Merapi 19 Okt 2002 2 cv,pf,ld,lm henteu N/A 66 [5]
10 Péb 1990 Kelut Mar 1990 4 cv,cl,pf,ph,ld,lm henteu 0.13 km³ 35 [25]
18 Jul 1983 Colo Des 1983 4 cv,pf,ph henteu N/A 0 [25]
5 Apr 1982 Galunggung 8 Jan 1983 4 cv,pf,lf,lm henteu > 0.37 km³ 68 [26][27]
6 Okt 1972 Merapi Mar 1985 2 cv,pf,lf,ld,lm henteu 0.021 km³ 29 [5]
26 Apr 1966 Kelut 27 Apr 1966 4 cv,cl,pf,lm henteu 0.089 km³ 212 [25]
17 Mar 1963 Agung 27 Jan 1964 5 cv,pf,lf,lm henteu 1 km³ 1,148 [28]
31 Agt 1951 Kelut 31 Agt 1951 4 cv,cl,pf,lm henteu 0.2 km³ 7 [25]
25 Nop 1930 Merapi Sep 1931 3 cv,rf,pf,lf,ld,lm henteu 0.0017 km³ 1,369 [5]
19 Méi 1919 Kelut 20 Mei 1919 4 cv,cl,pf,lm henteu 0.19 km³ 5,110 [25]
7 Jun 1892 Awu 12 Jun 1892 3 cv,pf,lm enya N/A 1,532 [29]
26 Agt 1883 Krakatau Feb 1884 6 cv,se,pf,fa,lm,cc 15–42 m 5–8.5 km³ 36,600 [1][28][30]
15 Apr 1872 Merapi 21 Apr 1872 4 cv,pf henteu 0.33 km³ 200 [5]
2 Mar 1856 Awu 17 Mar 1856 3 cv,pf,lm enya 0.51±0.50 km³ 2,806 [29]
8 Okt 1822 Galunggung Des 1822 5 cv,pf,ld,lm henteu > 1 km³ 4,011 [25]
10 Apr 1815 Gunung Tambora 15 Jul 1815 7 cv,pf,cc 1–2 m 160 km³ > 71,000 [3][31]
6 Agt 1812 Awu 8 Agt 1812 4 cv,pf,lm henteu 0.55±0.50 km³ 963 [29]
12 Agt 1772 Papandayan 12 Agt 1772 3 cv,ph henteu N/A 2,957 [32]
4 Agt 1672 Merapi teu katangen 3 cv,pf,lm henteu N/A 3,000 [5]
1586 Kelut teu katangen 5 cf,cl,lm henteu > 1 km³ 10,000 [25]
≈ 74,000 SK Toba teu katangen 8 pf,lf,cc jigana 2,800 km³ deukeut populasi
padumukan manusa 		[2]
Jumlah karuksakan lolobananana dicokot ti Survey Vulkanologis Indonésia,[33] jeung Tanguy et al (1998).[34]
Catetan: cv=central vent eruption, pf=pyroclastic flow (aliran piroklastik), lf=lava flow (aliran lava), lm=lahar mudflow (aliran leutak lahar), cl=crater lake eruption (bitu situ kawah), ph=phreatic eruption (bitu préatik), ld=lava dome extrusion (ekstrusi momolo lava), cc=caldera collapse (ambrugna kaldéra), se=submarine volcano eruption (bitu gunung seuneuan jero laut, fa=fumarole activity (aktivitas fumarol), rf=radial fissure eruption (bitu rengatan radial).

Tempo ogé

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Ikon portal Portal Indonésia

Rujukan

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Rujukan umum

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  1. ^ a M. Neumann van Padang (1951). "Indonésia". Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, 1, 1–271, Rome: IAVCEI.
  2. ^ a Tom Simkin and Lee Siebert (1994). Volcanoes of the World: A Regional Directory, Gazetteer, and Chronology of Volcanism During the Last 10,000 Years (2nd ed. ed.). Geoscience Press. ISBN 0945005121. 

Catetan

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  1. ↑ a b c Winchester, Simon (2003). Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-621285-5. 
  2. ↑ a b c Oppenheimer, C. (2002). "Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba ≈74 kyr BP?". Quarternary Science Reviews 21 (14–15): 1593–1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00154-8. 
  3. ↑ a b c Stothers, Richard B. (1984). "The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath". Science 224 (4654): 1191-1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.224.4654.1191. 
  4. ↑ "Sajarah Letusan Kelut". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-19.  Archived 2009-03-02 di Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ a b c d e f "Sajarah Letusan Merapi". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-19.  Archived 2007-08-20 di Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ "Summary Data Criteria". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-31. 
  7. ↑ a b Simoes, M., Avouac, J.P., Cattin, R., Henry, P. (2004). "The Sumatra subduction zone: A case for a locked fault zone extending into the mantle". Journal of Geophysical Research 109. doi:10.1029/2003JB002958. http://tectonics.caltech.edu/publications/pdf/simoes_JGR2004.pdf. 
  8. ↑ Subarya, C., Chlieh, M., Prawirodirdjo, L., Avouac, J.P., Bock, Y., Sieh, K., Meltzner, A., Natawidjaja, D.H., McCaffrey, R. (2006). "Plate-boundary deformation associated with the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake". Nature 440: 46–51. doi:10.1038/nature04522. http://tectonics.caltech.edu/publications/pdf/Subarya_Nature2006.pdf. 
  9. ↑ Lay, T., Kanamori, H., Ammon, C., Nettles, M., Ward, S., Aster, R., Beck, S., Bilek, S., Brudzinski, M., Butler, R., DeShon, H., Ekstrom, G. (2005). "The Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake of 26 December 2004". Science 308 (5725): 1127–1133. doi:10.1126/science.1112250. http://tectonics.caltech.edu/publications/pdf/Lay_Science2005.pdf. 
  10. ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Sumatra". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Diakses tanggal 2006-11-17. 
  11. ↑ Whittaker, R. J.; Bush, M. B. (1993). "Anak Krakatau and old Krakatau: a reply". GeoJournal 29 (4): 417–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00807545. 
  12. ↑ "Semeru Weekly Reports". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-07.  Archived 2007-08-20 di Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (1995). "Decade Volcano Update". Bulletin of Volcanology 57 (1): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298711. 
  14. ↑ Ansje Löhr, Thom Bogaard, Alex Heikens, Martin Hendriks, Sri Sumarti, Manfred van Bergen, Kees C.A.M. van Gestel, Nico van Straalen, Pieter Vroonand, and Budi Widianarko (2005). "Natural Pollution Caused by the Extremely Acid Crater Lake Kawah Ijen, East Java, Indonésia". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 12 (2): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2004.09.118. 
  15. ↑ "Mount Merapi Erupts". ANTARA. 2006-05-15. http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=12683. Diakses pada 2006-11-17 
  16. ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Krakatau". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Diakses tanggal 2006-11-17. 
  17. ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Java". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Diakses tanggal 2006-11-17. 
  18. ↑ H. A. Brouwer (1939). "Exploration in the Lesser Sunda Islands". The Geographical Journal 94 (1): 1–10. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0016-7398%28193907%2994%3A1%3C1%3AEITLSI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4. 
  19. ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Lesser Sunda Islands". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Diakses tanggal 2006-11-17. 
  20. ↑ Christian Honthaasa, Jean-Pierre Réhaulta, René C. Maurya, Hervé Bellona, Christophe Hémonda, Jacques-André Maloda, Jean-Jacques Cornéeb, Michel Villeneuveb, Joseph Cottena, Safri Burhanuddinc, Hervé Guilloud and Nicolas Arnaud (1998). "A Neogene back-arc origin for the Banda Sea basins: geochemical and geochronological constraints from the Banda ridges (East Indonésia)". Tectonophysics 298 (4): 297–317. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00190-5. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00401951/1998/00000298/00000004/art00190. 
  21. ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Banda Sea". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Diakses tanggal 2006-11-17. 
  22. ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Sulawesi". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Diakses tanggal 2006-11-17.  Archived 2006-12-30 di Wayback Machine
  23. ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Sangihe Islands". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Diakses tanggal 2006-11-17. 
  24. ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Halmahera". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Diakses tanggal 2006-11-17. 
  25. ↑ a b c d e f g "Large Holocene Eruptions". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-18.  Archived 2012-01-17 di Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ Katili, J.A. and Sudradjat, A. (1984). "Galunggung: the 1982-1983 eruption". Volcanology Survei Indonésia: 102. 
  27. ↑ "Galunggung, Java, Indonésia". Volcano World. Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-30. [tumbu nonaktif]
  28. ↑ a b Michael R. Rampino and Stephen Self (1982). "Historic eruptions of Tambora (1815), Krakatau (1883), and Agung (1963), their stratospheric aerosols, and climatic impact". Quaternary Research 18 (2): 127–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(82)90065-5. 
  29. ↑ a b c "Awu's Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-31.  Archived 2007-07-07 di Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ B.H. Choi, E. Pelinovsky, K.O. Kim and J.S. Lee (2003). "Simulation of the trans-oceanic tsunami propagation due to the 1883 Krakatau volcanic eruption". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3: 321–332. http://iri.ldeo.columbia.edu/~lareef/tsunami/nhs-3-321.pdf.  Archived 2006-09-12 di Wayback Machine
  31. ↑ Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonésia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography 27 (2): 230-259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133303pp379ra. 
  32. ↑ "The Deadliest Eruptions". Volcano World. Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-31.  Archived 2008-07-09 di Wayback Machine
  33. ↑ Salah ngutip: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama vsi
  34. ↑ J.-C. Tanguy, Ch. Ribiére, A. Scarth and W.S. Tjetjep (1998). "Victims from volcanic eruptions: a revised database". Bulletin of Volcanology 60: 137–144. doi:10.1007/s004450050222. http://www.springerlink.com/content/8bn1re4crce6yr8r/. [tumbu nonaktif]

Tumbu luar

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