Azawad
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| ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴷ دولة أزواد المستقلة État indépendant de l'Azawad Nagara Merdika Azawad
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.svg) Azawad, sakumaha diklaim ku MNLA, dina héjo, kalawan Mali kidul dina héjo kolot
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| Ibu kota | Gao (interim) Timbuktu (dinyatakeun)[1] |
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| Kota panggedéna | Gao | |||
| Basa nu dipaké | Basa Tuareg, Arab, Songhay, Fula, Bambara, Perancis sarta nu lian | |||
| Pamaréntah | Komite Eksekutif MNLA[rujukan?] | |||
| - | Présidén | Mahmoud Ag Aghaly | ||
| Kamerdikaan | Ti Mali | |||
| - | Dinyatakeun | 6 April 2012[2][3] | ||
| - | Diakuan | Teu diakuan | ||
| Zona wanci | GMT (UTC+0) | |||
| - | Usum panas (DST) | Teu kaobsérvasi (UTC+0) | ||
| Kode telepon | +223[rujukan?] | |||
Azawad, kawanoh ogé salaku Nagara Merdika Azawad[3] (Tuareg: ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴷ, Azawd; Basa Arab: دولة أزواد المستقلة[4], Dawlat Azawād al-Mustaqillah; Basa Prancis: État indépendant de l’Azawad[3]), nyaéta hiji wewengkon di Mali kalér sarta ogé hiji nagara nu teu diakuan, sacara teu lisan dinyatakeun ku Pagerakan Nasional Pangbébasan Azawad (MNLA) dina 2012 sanggeus hiji Pamberontakan Tuareg nyandak Tentara Mali kaluar ti wewengkon ieu. Azawad, sakumaha diklaim ku MNLA, ngawengku région Timbuktu, Kidal, Gao, jeung sabagian ti Région Mopti,[5] mibanda kira-kira 60 persén ti total wewengkon Mali. Azawad wawatesan jeung Burkina Faso di kidul, Mauritania di kulon jeung kalér-kulon, Aljazair di kalér jeung kalér-wétan, sarta Niger di wétan jeung tenggara, sareng Mali di kidul-kulon. Gao nyaéta kota panggedéna jeung ibu kota saheulaan,[6] samentawis Timbuktu mangrupa kota nu pangedéna kadua, sarta diniatkeun pikeun jadi ibu kota permanén.
Citakan:Contains Tifinagh text
Daptar eusi |
Tingali ogé [édit]
- Azawagh
- Fron Islam Arab Azawad
- Pamberontakan Tuareg (2007–2009)
- Pagerakan Niger pikeun Kaadilan
- Daptar nagara kalawan pangakuan kawates
Rujukan [édit]
- ↑ "Mali: A scramble for power". The Muslim News. 8 April 2012. http://www.muslimnews.co.uk/news/news.php?article=22090. Diakses pada 8 April 2012.
- ↑ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaudi - ↑ a b c Bilal Ag Acherif (6 April 2012). "Déclaration d'indépendence de l'Azawad [Declaration of Independence of Azawad]" (dalam bahasa French). National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad. http://www.mnlamov.net/component/content/article/169-declaration-dindependance-de-lazawad.html. Diakses pada 6 April 2012.
- ↑ Bilal Ag Acherif (6 April 2012). "بيان استقلال أزواد [Declaration of Independence of Azawad]" (dalam bahasa Arabic). National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad. http://ar.mnlamov.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=176:2012-04-06-02-18-09&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50. Diakses pada 28 April 2012.
- ↑ "Mali Tuareg rebels control Timbuktu as troops flee". BBC News. 1 April 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17576725. Diakses pada 3 April 2012.
- ↑ "Tuaregs claim 'independence' from Mali", 6 April 2012. Disalin 6 April 2012.
Pustaka [édit]
- Dubois, Felix (1896). Timbuctoo the mysterious, New York: Longmans..
- Fage, J. D. (1956). An Introduction to the History of West Africa, 22, London: Cambridge University Press.
- Hacquard, Augustin (1900). "Monographie de Tombouctou".. Also available from Gallica.
- Hunwick, J. O. (2000). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume X, 2nd, 508–510, Brill..
- Hunwick, John O. (2003). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents, Brill.. First published in 1999 as ISBN 90-04-11207-3.
- Imperato, Pascal James (1989). Mali: A Search for Direction, Westview Press..
- Kaba, Lansine (1981). "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)". Journal of African History 22 (4): 457–475..
- Kirkby, Coel (2010). "Elusive Autonomy in Sub-Saharan Africa" Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts, 97–120, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- McIntosh, Roderick J. (2008), "Before Timbuktu: cities of the Elder World", The Meanings of Timbuktu (HSRC Press): hlm. 31–43, http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/The_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_3_-_Before_Timbuktu__cities_of_the_elder_world.pdf, diakses pada 9 April 2012
- Saad, Elias N. (1983). Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900, Cambridge University Press..
Tumbu kaluar [édit]
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